脱落酸衍生物及其类似物研究进展

脱落酸是一种广泛存在于植物体内的植物激素,它与植物离层形成、诱导休眠、抑制发芽、促进器官衰老和脱落及增强抗逆性等密切相关。本文就其衍生物及类似物的研究做一概要综述,并对脱落酸的衍生化及结构改造与生物活性关系做了综合评价,从目前的情况来看,对8'或9'位甲基的衍生化是相对比较成功的,其中出现了一些活性较高的化合物,这也是近年来ABA衍生化研究的热点。     

脱落酸衍生物及其类似物研究进展

脱落酸是一种广泛存在于植物体内的植物激素,它与植物离层形成、诱导休眠、抑制发芽、促进器官衰老和脱落及增强抗逆性等密切相关.本文就其衍生物及类似物的研究做一概要综述,并对脱落酸的衍生化及结构改造与生物活性关系做了综合评价,从目前的情况来看,对8'或9'位甲基的衍生化是相对比较成功的,其中出现了一些活性较高的化合物,这也是近年来ABA衍生化研究的热点.     

脱落酸的生物合成和信号调控进展

脱落酸是植物体内多功能激素之一,是调节植物响应非生物胁迫的重要信号分子。近年来关于脱落酸在生物合成、代谢和信号转导等方面的研究已取得突破性进展。现就脱落酸在上述相关方面的研究进行综述。     

重金属对植物吲哚乙酸合成与分解影响研究进展

生长素在调节植物生长和抗重金属胁迫中具有重要作用。重金属胁迫下植物为维持自身生长,必须维持生长素的内稳态和自身代谢平衡。生长素的内稳态受到生物合成、生长素结合以及水解、代谢失活等生理活动的严格控制。一些涉及生长素合成与分解的相关酶系和基因已被识别或克隆,然而重金属胁迫下与生长素合成与分解有关基因的上调或下调以及相关酶系的激活或失活却研究尚少。揭示植物遭受重金属胁迫后生长素合成与分解变化的机理,可为植物修复实践中合理使用植物生长调节剂提供理论依据。本文以生长素的主要代表物吲哚乙酸(IAA)为例,讨论重金属胁迫下,植物体内IAA合成、分解机制及其赋存形态等方面的研究进展,并从重金属胁迫下植物IAA合成途径的相对重要性、IAA形态变化和作用以及激素间的交互作用等方面探讨了该领域的研究方向。     

脱落酸在植物抗虫性中的作用研究进展

脱落酸是植物的五大类激素之一,增强植物对非生物胁迫的抗逆性,在植物抵抗病菌、病毒及害虫等生物胁迫中也起到重要作用。脱落酸在植物应对病原物侵染过程中所起着复杂的作用,可以利于植物抗病或促进植物感病;与抗病原物相似的是,昆虫为害植物时,脱落酸诱导植物抗虫或感虫。植物体内的多种激素信号间是交互作用的,它们既可以互作促进,又可以相互拮抗抵消,脱落酸与其它植物激素如茉莉酸、乙烯、水杨酸等也存在互作。其中,脱落酸与茉莉酸协同抗虫的研究较多,是否有拮抗抗虫未见报道,但它们在参与植物对线虫防御中起拮抗作用;有少量研究发现脱落酸与乙烯间有拮抗抗虫作用;脱落酸与水杨酸间有拮抗作用,但互作抗虫的研究较少。该篇综述对了解植物激素互作和抗虫机制具有重要意义。     

植物激素脱落酸受体及其信号转导途径研究进展

脱落酸是广泛存在于植物体的多功能激素,通过与体内受体及随后的复杂信号网络互作进而调节植物生长发育、抵御环境胁迫。脱落酸受体的筛选和鉴定一直备受关注,并已取得较大突破,其信号转导机制也再次成为人们研究的热点。对脱落酸受体的鉴定以及介导的信号转导途径方面最新进展进行了综述并展望,以期对相关研究领域提供参考。     

高等植物赤霉素2-氧化酶基因的克隆、表达及其调控

赤霉素(GA)是一类重要的植物激素,对高等植物整个生命周期的生长发育起关键作用。调控赤霉素生物合成和代谢途径中的关键酶基因的表达可以控制植物体内赤霉素的含量。GA2-氧化酶是调节赤霉素合成和代谢的关键酶之一,使活性GA失活。本文主要对GA2-氧化酶基因的克隆、表达调控及其在植物基因工程中的应用等方面进行综述,为通过基因工程技术调控植物体内活性赤霉素的含量从而得到改良品种提供思路。     

植物中的核糖体失活蛋白及其抗病毒机制

植物中的核糖体失活蛋白是一类分布于植物体内的毒蛋白,其作用于真核细胞大亚基28S导致核糖体失活,抑制蛋白质的生物合成,从而对细胞产生毒害作用.文章简述了植物核糖体失活蛋白的酶活性和抗病毒的可能分子机制.     

脱落酸在植物花发育过程中的作用

植物激素脱落酸(ABA)对植物的生长发育具有多方面的调节作用,比如种子休眠、萌发,营养生长,环境胁迫反应等。大量研究显示,ABA也参与了植物的成花调控。影响植物成花调控的环境因子,包括光周期变化、春化作用、干旱等均会导致植物体内ABA代谢的变化。本文从调控植物开花的4条主要途径与植物体内ABA代谢变化之间的相互关系,花芽分化时期ABA在植物叶芽和花芽中的动态分布以及离体培养条件下ABA对花芽分化的影响等方面总结了ABA与植物花发育这一领域的最新研究进展。对ABA在植物成花诱导和花发育中的作用进行了综合分析。     

外源脱落酸对湿地植物美人蕉抗寒性的影响

低温时植物枯萎导致人工湿地运行效率降低,研究将脱落酸应用于湿地植物,以期提高其抗寒性。采用0、5、10、15、20和25 mg/L的脱落酸(ABA)对美人蕉(Canna indica L.)幼苗叶面进行喷施并进行阶段性降温培养,评价各组在0℃时的抗寒性,筛选出最适ABA处理浓度。结果表明:在低温条件下,经过适宜浓度外源脱落酸预处理组的丙二醛(MDA)、相对电导率显著性低于对照组;脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量显著高于对照组,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也有所提高。综合以上指标,认为15 mg/L脱落酸处理为最佳。随后将其应用于人工湿地,对其冬季净化效果进行评估。结果发现, 15 mg/L脱落酸预处理可使人工湿地的冬季TP、TN和COD去除率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,一定浓度的脱落酸预处理能够有效提高美人蕉的抗寒性,并提高人工湿地冬季净化效果。     

Occurrence and metabolism of 1′,4′-trans-diol of abscisic acid

The 1′,4′-trans-diol of abscisic acid was first identified in higher plants with GC-ECD and GC-SIM. The ²H-labelled derivative was converted into abscisic acid (ABA) in pea and avocado, but ²H-labelled ABA was not converted into the diol. These results suggest that the diol is one of the precursors of ABA in higher plants.     

Structure-Activity Correlations with Compounds Related to Abscisic Acid

Inhibition of cell expansion of excised embryonic axes of Phaseolus vulgaris was used to evaluate the growth-inhibiting activity of abscisic acid and related compounds. None of the 13 compounds tested was as active as abscisic acid. 4-Hydroxyisophorone, a substance representative of the abscisic acid ring system was essentially inactive; cis, trans-3-methylsorbic acid, a compound resembling the side chain of abscisic acid, had low activity; and cis, trans-beta-ionylideneacetic acid was one-sixth as active. Loss of the ring double bond results in a drastic decrease in biological activity. Comparison of our results with those reported previously leads to the suggestion that the double bond of the cyclohexyl moiety may have an important function in determining the degree of activity of cis, trans-ionylideneacetic acids. Two modes of action are discussed. It seems possible that the ring double bond is involved in covalent bonding in binding of the abscisic acid analogue to macromolecules. This may require formation of an intermediate epoxide. It can also be argued that stereochemical differences between cyclohexane derivatives are important factors in determining the degree of biological activity.     

Sumoylation, a post-translational regulatory process in plants

The reversible conjugation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) peptide to protein substrates (sumoylation) is emerging as a major post-translational regulatory process in animals and other eukaryotes, including plants. Database annotation, and genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that components of the SUMO conjugation and deconjugation systems are conserved in plants such as Arabidopsis, rice, tomato, and Medicago. Specifically, Arabidopsis AtSUMO1/2 and SUMO E2 conjugation enzyme AtSCE1a are implicated in abscisic acid (ABA) responses and the ubiquitin-like SUMO protease 1 (ULP1) AtESD4 in flowering time regulation. The AtSIZ1 SUMO E3 ligase functions in phosphate starvation responses, cold tolerance, basal thermotolerance, salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathogen defense, and flowering time regulation. Following is a brief overview of the current understanding of SUMO conjugation and deconjugation determinants, and biological processes that are regulated in plants.     

Expression of a single-chain Fv antibody against abscisic acid creates a wilty phenotype in transgenic tobacco

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) participates in the control of several important physiological processes in plants such as stomata regulation, seed dormancy and stress tolerance. A new strategy was developed to study these phenomena by blocking abscisic acid with intracellularly expressed specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies. Here evidence is presented that the expression of single-chain Fv antibodies against abscisic acid in the endoplasmic reticulum of transgenic tobacco cells leads to a wilty phenotype. Stomatal conductance is increased at high CO₂ concentrations dependent on the level of antibody expression in leaves. Symptoms of abscisic acid deficiency were generated in the transformants although they have even higher levels of abscisic acid than wild-type plants.     

In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Some Plant Hormones on Rat Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activities

The present study was undertaken to determine in vivo and in vitro effects of some plant growth regulators on rat erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities. Both in vivo and in vitro, spermidine and kinetin did not affect enzymatic activities of CA and G6PD, whereas putrescine decreased these activities, and abscisic acid increased them. Since plants use such growth regulators, their effects should be considered on mammals consuming them since they may possess important biological effects.     

In vivo and in vitro effects of some plant hormones on rat erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities

The present study was undertaken to determine in vivo and in vitro effects of some plant growth regulators on rat erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities. Both in vivo and in vitro, spermidine and kinetin did not affect enzymatic activities of CA and G6PD, whereas putrescine decreased these activities, and abscisic acid increased them. Since plants use such growth regulators, their effects should be considered on mammals consuming them since they may possess important biological effects.     

Arabidopsis C3HC4‐RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase AtAIRP4 positively regulates stress‐responsive abscisic acid signaling

Degradation of proteins via the ubiquitin system is an important step in many stress signaling pathways in plants. E3 ligases recognize ligand proteins and dictate the high specificity of protein degradation, and thus, play a pivotal role in ubiquitination. Here, we identified a gene, named Arabidopsis thaliana abscisic acid (ABA)‐insensitive RING protein 4 (AtAIRP4), which is induced by ABA and other stress treatments. AtAIRP4 encodes a cellular protein with a C3HC4‐RING finger domain in its C‐terminal side, which has in vitro E3 ligase activity. Loss of AtAIRP4 leads to a decrease in sensitivity of root elongation and stomatal closure to ABA, whereas overexpression of this gene in the T‐DNA insertion mutant atairp4 effectively recovered the ABA‐associated phenotypes. AtAIRP4 overexpression plants were hypersensitive to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination, and showed drought avoidance compared with the wild‐type and atairp4 mutant plants. In addition, the expression levels of ABA‐ and drought‐induced marker genes in AtAIRP4 overexpression plants were markedly higher than those in the wild‐type and atairp4 mutant plants. Hence, these results indicate that AtAIRP4 may act as a positive regulator of ABA‐mediated drought avoidance and a negative regulator of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.     

干旱胁迫下外源脱落酸和硅对沙枣幼苗叶片水势及保护酶活性的影响

以一年生沙枣幼苗为材料,研究了外源脱落酸和外源硅在干旱（T2:SRWC=35%~40%,处理时间30 d）胁迫下沙枣幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶片水势、质膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响。结果表明：沙枣幼苗T2干旱处理时,与对照(ck)相比其叶片相对含水量和水势均极显著降低,质膜相对透性有所增大,沙枣幼苗被受到了一定程度的伤害。同时,向T2干旱处理的幼苗使用外源脱落酸(ABA)后,可以极显著提高其叶片相对含水量和过氧化氢酶活性,极显著降低叶片质膜相对透性和丙二醛含量,叶片水势也有所降低,这说明使用外源脱落酸能够减轻干旱胁迫对沙枣幼苗的伤害。同时,向T2干旱处理的幼苗使用外源硅(Si)时,与未使用外源硅的T2相比其叶片相对含水量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性极显著上升,叶片水势也有下降趋势,这说明使用外源硅在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对沙枣幼苗的伤害。