趋磁细菌及磁小体的生物医学应用研究进展

近年来,趋磁细菌及其生物自身合成的磁小体由于良好的生物安全性逐渐被人们所认识,并被用于生物工程和医学应用研究。与人工化学合成磁性纳米颗粒相比,从趋磁细菌中提取的磁小体具有生物膜包被、生物相容性高、粒径均一及磁性高等优势。趋磁细菌因磁小体在其胞内呈链状排列,具有沿磁场方向泳动的能力,也被应用于各种应用研究。因此,综述了趋磁细菌及磁小体特性,并就最近的研究进展重点综述趋磁细菌和磁小体在生物工程及医学应用等领域的最新研究进展。     

趋磁细菌及磁小体研究的回顾和展望

趋磁细菌及磁小体研究的回顾和展望陈明杰,卫扬保（武汉大学生命科学学院微生物学与免疫学系．武汉４３００７２）一趋磁细菌研究现状１趋磁细菌的发现１９７５年,美国人Ｂｌａｋｅｍｏｒｅ在显微镜下观察湖泊底部污泥的富集样品时,发现有一类细菌总是聚集在视野的靠北...     

趋磁细菌及其应用于生物导航的研究进展

趋磁性细菌是一种由于体内含有对磁场具有敏感性的磁小体,而能够沿着磁力线运动的特殊细菌,本文综述了趋磁细菌的分布、分类、特性、磁小体研究以及趋磁细菌在生物导航方面的研究进展。     

趋磁细菌生态学研究进展

趋磁细菌是一类革兰氏阴性的原核生物,广泛分布于淡水和海水环境中的有氧-无氧过渡区.趋磁细菌的分布与其环境中的氧、硫化物及铁等的浓度相关,不同种类分布在不同的物化梯度范围内.趋磁细菌的生长、磁小体的合成及磁小体的成分对环境有一定程度的指示作用.它们在生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.主要针对以上研究内容进行回顾,同时结合本实验室的一些研究结果做初步的分析,并对趋磁细菌生态学研究进行展望.     

趋磁细菌的磁小体

趋磁细菌是一类对磁场有趋向性反应的细菌,其菌体能吸收外界环境中铁元素并在体内合成包裹有膜的纳米磁性颗粒Fe₃O₄或Fe₃O_{3S4晶体即磁小体。综述了趋磁细菌的磁小体生物矿化的条件,以及趋磁细菌的铁离子吸收、磁小体囊泡的形成、铁离子的转运到磁小体囊泡及囊泡中受控的Fe3O4生物矿化的分子生物学和生物化学等方面的研究进展,重点介绍了趋磁细菌磁小体合成机制的研究进展及未来研究磁小体的发展方向。}     

趋磁细菌概述及应用进展

趋磁细菌是一类具有趋磁行为的革兰氏阴性茵的统称,其趋磁特性是由于菌体内含有磁小体。磁小体是由膜包被的纳米尺寸单磁畴颗粒,在菌体内多呈链状排列。自被发现以来,趋磁细菌及磁小体已逐步成为新的生物资源被广泛研究于材料学、医学、生物学、物理学、地质学等多个学科领域,并在仿生学、生态学、医学、地质学、工业处理、卫生检验等多个领域得到应用。主要介绍了趋磁细菌的生物特征、研究发展进程,以及近年来在多个学科领域的研究与应用。     

趋磁细菌及其应用于生物导航的研究进展

趋磁性细菌是一种由于体内含有对磁场具有敏感性的磁小体,而能够沿着磁力线运动的特殊细菌,本文综述了趋磁细菌的分布、分类、特性、磁小体研究以及趋磁细菌在生物导航方面的研究进展.     

青岛太平湾潮间带趋磁细菌多样性

在青岛太平湾潮间带沉积物中发现了一定量的海洋趋磁细菌,最大丰度可达350个/cm~3。透射电镜观察发现该区域趋磁细菌均为趋磁球菌。磁小体个体形状单一,皆是立方体状;磁小体排列方式多样,以链状排列为主,包括单链、双链与多链,也有少数成簇排列。EDS结果表明,磁小体成分为四氧化三铁。据估算,趋磁细菌的铁元素含量(干重)范围在0.40%—6.91%之间,平均为2.19%。通过16S rRNA基因文库的构建与测序得到了47个趋磁细菌序列,分属13个OTU。系统发育分析结果表明,它们都属于α-变形菌纲,其中9个OTU与已知最相似序列的相似性低于97%,有5个OTU与已知最相似序列的相似性低于93%,可能代表了趋磁细菌的9个新种、5个新属,说明该区域潜在的微生物新种质资源十分可观。     

趋磁细菌及磁小体在肿瘤治疗中的应用

提高抗肿瘤药物的靶向性是肿瘤治疗、降低药物副作用的重要手段。在肿瘤组织内部由于癌细胞的快速增殖致使其形成低氧区,低氧区会对多种肿瘤治疗方案产生耐受。趋磁细菌 (Magnetotactic bacteria, MTB) 是一类能在细胞内产生外包生物膜、纳米尺寸、单磁畴磁铁矿 (Fe3O4) 或硫铁矿 (Fe3S4) 晶体颗粒-磁小体的微生物的统称。在磁场的作用下,趋磁细菌可凭借鞭毛运动至厌氧区。趋磁细菌在动物体内毒性较低且生物相容性良好,其磁小体与人工合成的磁性纳米材料相比优势显著。文中在介绍趋磁细菌及其磁小体生物学特点、理化性能的基础上,综述了趋磁细菌作为载体偶联药物进入肿瘤内部,并通过感受低氧信号定位于肿瘤低氧区,以及趋磁细菌竞争肿瘤细胞铁源的研究进展,总结了磁小体运载化疗药物、抗体、DNA疫苗靶向结合肿瘤的研究进展,分析了趋磁细菌及磁小体肿瘤治疗中面临的问题,并对趋磁细菌和磁小体在肿瘤治疗中的应用进行了展望。     

趋磁细菌磁小体合成机制研究进展

趋磁细菌可在环境中吸收大量铁并在细胞内合成纳米级磁性颗粒—磁小体。比较几种趋磁细菌基因组特征,针对磁小体岛及与磁小体合成相关基因功能特点等方面,综述了当前磁小体合成机制的研究进展。     

Diversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms associated with marine sponges

Marine sponges harbor diverse microbial communities, encompassing not only three domains of life including Bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes, but also many different phyla within Bacteria. This diversity implies a rich source for biodiscovery of new natural products. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of this genetic diversity, its retrieval via culture and genomic approaches, and its implications for chemical diversity and other biotechnology applications of sponge microorganisms and their genes.     

Dynamic Model and Motion Mechanism of Magnetotactic Bacteria with Two Lateral Flagellar Bundles

Magnetotactic Bacteria (MTB) propel themselves by rotating their flagella and swim along the magnetic field lines.To analyze the motion of MTB,MTB magneto-ovoid strain MO-1 cells,each with two bundles of flagella,were taken as research object.The six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DoF) dynamic model of MO-1 was established based on the Newton-Euler dynamic equations.In particular,the interaction between the flagellum and fluid was considered by the resistive force theory.The simulated motion trajectory of MTB was found to consist of two kinds of helices:small helices resulting from the imbalance of force due to flagellar rotation,and large helices arising from the different directions of the rotation axis of the cell body and the propulsion axis of the flagellum.The motion behaviours of MTB in various magnetic fields were studied,and the simulation results agree well with the experiment results.In addition,the rotation frequency of the flagella was estimated at 1100 Hz,which is consistent with the average rotation rate for Na+-driven flagellar motors.The included angle of the magnetosome chain was predicted at 40° that is located within 20° to 60° range of the observed results.The results indicate the correctness of the dynamic model,which may aid research on the operation and control of MTB-propelled micro-actuators.Meanwhile,the motion behaviours of MTB may inspire the development of micro-robots with new driving mechanisms.     

Effects of N-pyrrole substitution on the anti-biofilm activities of oroidin derivatives against Acinetobacter baumannii

Bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter spp. are rapidly emerging as problematic pathogens in healthcare settings. This is exacerbated by the bacteria’s ability to form robust biofilms. Marine natural products incorporating a 2-aminoimidazole (2-AI) motif, namely from the oroidin class of marine alkaloids, have served as a unique scaffold for developing molecules that have the ability to inhibit and disperse bacterial biofilms. Herein we present the anti-biofilm activity of a small library of second generation oroidin analogues against the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii.     

In vitro evaluation of antibacterial substances produced by bacteria isolated from different marine organisms

Bacteria from several groups of marine organisms were isolated and, using direct antibiograms, identified those that produce antibacterial substances, using a human pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 as revealing microorganism. Bacteria which produce substances that inhibited S. aureus growth were identified through morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. Out of 290 bacteria, 54 (18.6%) inhibited the growth of S. aureus, but only 27 survived for identification. Bivalves, sponges and corals were the most represented from which 41.2, 33.3 and 29.7%, respectively, produced antibacterial substances of the isolated bacteria in each group. The marine species with highest proportions of these bacteria were the hard coral Madracis decactis (62.5%), the sponges Cliona sp. (57.1%) and the octocoral Plexaura flexuosa (50.0%). Out of the 27 strains that produced antibacterial substances, 51.8% were Aeromonas spp. and 14.8% Vibrio spp. Marine bacteria that produce antibacterial substances are abundant, most belong in the Vibrionacea group and were isolated mainly from corals and bivalve mollusks.     

Isolation of Clostridium tertium from a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Adriatic Sea

Bacteriologic examination of an abscess found between blubber and musculature of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) found dead on 30 March 2002 in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia, was performed and an aerotolerant, nontoxogenic Clostridium tertium was isolated in pure culture. National Collections of Industrial Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB Ltd., Aberdeen, Scotland, UK) confirmed the results. Sequencing results showed it to be C. tertium with 100% similarity. The strain was named Clostridium tertium strain Zagreb, acceded to the culture collection and assigned the accession number NCIMB 13970. This is the first record of C. tertium in marine mammals.     

High 16S rDNA bacterial diversity in glacial meltwater lake sediment,Bratina Island,Antarctica

The microbial diversity in maritime meltwater pond sediments from Bratina Island, Ross Sea, Antarctica was investigated by 16S rDNA-dependent molecular phylogeny. Investigations of the vertical distribution, phylogenetic composition, and spatial variability of Bacteria and Archaea in the sediment were carried out. Results revealed the presence of a highly diverse bacterial population and a significantly depth-related composition. Assessment of 173 partial 16S rDNA clones analyzed by amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using tetrameric restriction enzymes (HinP1I 5'G/CGC3'and Msp I. 5'C/CGG3', BioLabs) revealed 153 different bacterial OTUs (operational taxonomic units). However, only seven archaeal OTUs were detected, indicating low archaeal diversity. Based on ARDRA results, 30 bacterial clones were selected for sequencing and the sequenced clones fell into seven major lineages of the domain Bacteria; the alpha, gamma, and delta subdivisions of Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides, the Spirochaetaceae, and the Actinobacteria. All of the archaeal clones sequenced belonged to the group Crenarchaeota and phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships with members of the deep-branching Group 1 Marine Archaea.