葡萄种间杂交砧木育种F1代植株耐碱性盐能力分析

我们对以左山一山葡萄(Vitis amurensis cv. ‘Zuoshan1’)为母本、SO4为父本杂交的4个子代株系(A11、A14、A15和A17)及101-1为父本杂交的2个子代株系(B24和B26)的耐碱性盐能力进行评价, 旨在探明杂交砧木在碱性盐胁迫下的生理响应, 筛选出耐碱性盐的株系作为我国盐碱地栽培的候选砧木。实验以砧木1103P及Crimson为对照, 对组培苗炼苗后的盆栽苗进行100 mmol∙L^-1 NaHCO₃ (pH8.62)浇灌处理, 通过主成分分析和相关性分析等方法进行综合评价。结果表明, NaHCO₃胁迫降低了各植株的株高、叶片含水量、植株含水量和根系活力, 增加了叶片电导率、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖与游离脯氨酸含量。A17的株高增长量受影响最小; Crimson、A17和B24植株含水量降低较少; A14和A15的根系活力与对照差异不显著; 1103P、B24、A14、B26、Crimson和A15的相对电导率及B26、A17和A15叶片丙二醛含量与对照无显著差异; A15的叶片可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸含量增加最高。各株系耐碱能力D值分析表明, A14、A15和B24的耐碱性较强, Crimson、A11与A17的耐碱性中等, 1103P和B26的耐碱性较弱。     

碱性盐胁迫对葡萄种间杂交育种F1代光系统活性的影响

以左山一葡萄(Vitis amurensis cv. ‘Zuoshan1’)为母本、SO4为父本杂交的4个子代株系(A11、A14、A15和A17)为实验材料, 以砧木1103Paulsen (1103P, 耐碱性较强)以及欧亚栽培品种Crimson (V. vinifera cv. ‘Crimson’) (Crimson的耐碱性强于砧木1103P)为参照, 通过测定葡萄叶片PSI及PSII荧光参数, 分析葡萄种间杂交砧木育种F₁代光系统活性对100mmol·L^–1 NaHCO₃的响应。结果表明, NaHCO₃胁迫下, 随着处理时间的延长, Crimson、A15和A14的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、光下最大光化学效率(F_v'/F_m')及最大P700荧光产量(P_m)降低幅度较小, 非调节性能量耗散(Y(NO))升高幅度也较小, 调节性能量耗散(Y(NPQ))升高幅度较大; 而A11、A17与砧木1103P各荧光参数变化相近, 其F_v/F_m、qP、F_v'/F_m'及P_m的值降低幅度与Y(NO)升高幅度均较大。进一步分析显示, NaHCO₃胁迫8天后, A15和A14的环式电子传递速率(ETR(I)–ETR(II))维持在较高水平, 缓解了碱性盐胁迫对光系统活性的抑制。各荧光参数指标的主成分分析结果表明, A15的耐碱性较强, A14与Crimson的耐碱性中等, A11、A17与1103P的耐碱性较弱, 耐性分级结果与前期依据生物量所得分级结果一致。     

两个葡萄杂交后代根系抗葡萄根瘤蚜及抗寒性鉴定

【目的】为了筛选抗葡萄根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch且抗寒的葡萄砧木以适应我国葡萄生产需求。【方法】以山葡萄Vitis amurensis Rupr.左山1号×SO4杂种F1代的45个株系(A系列)和左山1号×101-1杂种F1代27个株系(B系列)为试材,采用离体根接种鉴定法进行抗葡萄根瘤蚜鉴定及抗性分级;采用差热分析系统(differential thermal analysis,DTA)进行各株系根系的低温放热(low temperature exotherms,LTE)分析,建立各株系根系韧皮部及木质部的温度-伤害度(LT-I)回归方程,评估各株系根系的抗寒性。【结果】葡萄根瘤蚜在杂交株系根系上的产卵量均显著低于敏感品种巨峰,筛选出被葡萄根瘤蚜侵染后不能形成根瘤,抗葡萄根瘤蚜级别为0级的A系列杂交株系18个和B系列株系11个。被葡萄根瘤蚜侵染后形成根瘤比例低于10%的抗葡萄根瘤蚜级别为1级的A系列杂交株系9个和B系列株系4个;筛选出A系列综合低温放热温度隶属度函数、韧皮部和木质部低温放热温度隶属度函数3个指标均低于贝达的株系27个,B系列各指标均低于贝达的株系3个。【结论】本研究筛选出抗寒性强且对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性强的A系列株系15个和B系列株系2个。其中,A14,A16,A18,A22,A23,A28,A34,A35,A38,A44,A50,B24和B26对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性级别为0;A11,A15,A17和A27对葡萄根瘤蚜抗性级别为1。     

盐胁迫下小麦体细胞杂种与亲本小麦幼苗的生长量和Na+、K+含量比较

对小麦体细胞杂种F6株系Ⅰ-1-3和其亲本小麦济南177的幼苗在不同NaC1浓度处理6d时的生长量和Na^ 、K^ 含量进行了比较。结果表明：盐胁迫下杂种的生长量明显高于亲本小麦。随着盐浓度的增加,杂种和亲本的叶、茎和根中Na^ 含量均增加,但杂种叶与茎的Na^ 含量显著低于亲本,而根的却高于亲本,这可能提示杂种根部液泡较亲本有较强的储Na^ 功能。受盐胁迫的杂种叶与茎中K^ 含量显著高于亲本,K^ ／Na^ 比值高。杂种的Na^ 净积累速率也高于亲本。可见杂种比亲本小麦有更强的耐盐性。     

转柽柳晚期胚胎富集蛋白基因烟草T1代的耐盐性评价

目的:验证转柽柳晚期胚胎富集(LEA)蛋白基因烟草T1代的耐盐性。方法:采用盐胁迫方式,对转柽柳LEA蛋白基因烟草T1代的6个株系及非转基因对照烟草T1代进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理,分析了NaCl胁迫下转基因烟草的生长量、根系的发育及盐害程度。结果:各转基因烟草T1代组培苗在150mmol/L的NaCl培养基上根系生长良好,平均增重(鲜重)是非转基因对照的7.72倍,平均高生长是非转基因对照的3.51倍,盐害指数低于或等于50%;而非转基因对照烟草T1代组培苗生长缓慢,根系几乎不能生长发育,盐害指数达65%。结论:柽柳LEA蛋白基因的导入提高了T1代烟草的耐盐性。     

转柽柳eIF1A基因烟草的耐盐性分析

目的:验证柽柳eIF1A基因的功能,为通过基因工程手段培育耐盐植物提供基础资料。方法:对转eIF1A基因的烟草和对照烟草进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫实验,测定其相对电导率、SOD活性和丙二醛含量,统计生根率、生长量和盐害程度。结果:转基因烟草的相对电导率、丙二醛含量均随盐浓度的增加而增大,但都较非转基因对照烟草低。SOD活性随着盐浓度的升高而升高,相同浓度NaCl胁迫下各转基因烟草的SOD活性均高于对照烟草的SOD活性。NaCl浓度为240mmol/L时,非转基因对照烟草不能生根,盐害指数高达67.7%;而转基因烟草均能生根,大部分转基因株系的生根率大于50%。结论:柽柳eIF1A基因的转化提高了烟草的耐盐性。     

盐胁迫下番茄砧木对嫁接苗生物量、氨基酸含量和活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨砧木对提高番茄嫁接苗耐盐性的作用机理,以耐盐性较敏感的‘中杂9号’(S)为接穗,耐盐性较强的‘OZ-006’(R)为砧木,采用劈接法形成嫁接苗(RS)以及接穗自嫁接苗(SS)、砧木自嫁接苗(RR)3个试验材料,在175 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理下测定植株生长、Na⁺积累、氨基酸含量和活性氧代谢的变化。结果表明: NaCl胁迫导致番茄幼苗的盐害指数和Na⁺含量均显著提高,幼苗生长速率和叶绿素含量显著降低,但不同嫁接苗的类型差异显著,在盐害表型上表现为SS>RS>RR的规律。NaCl胁迫诱导嫁接苗的叶片和根系总氨基酸含量显著提高,其中RR、RS叶片有9种、根系有8种氨基酸含量显著高于对照,以脯氨酸含量变化最为显著,而SS叶片中仅有2种、根系中仅有4种氨基酸含量显著高于对照;幼苗间的氨基酸含量呈现RR>RS>SS的规律,RR、RS叶片的氨基酸含量分别比SS叶片上升了32.8%、16.6%,根系分别比SS上升了53.1%和32.5%。NaCl胁迫造成活性氧代谢的变化,幼苗叶片和根系的抗氧化酶活性、超氧阴离子产生速率、丙二醛含量均显著提高,以RR叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性的增幅最大,其次为RS;SS和抗氧化酶活性的增幅最小,品种间活性氧水平表现为SS>RS>RR。综上,砧木通过抑制Na⁺向上运输、提高氨基酸水平和抗氧化酶活性缓解了盐胁迫对嫁接苗的伤害,但不同砧穗组合的耐盐性差异较大,以RR的耐盐性最强,其次为RS,SS最弱。因此,番茄嫁接苗的耐盐性主要受砧木耐盐性的影响,其次为接穗,同时,其与番茄体内的氨基酸和活性氧代谢调控密切相关。     

盐胁迫下不同葡萄砧木的渗透调节及抗氧化能力

该研究以13种葡萄砧木品种为材料,采用盆栽试验用100 mmol/L NaCl的1/2 Hoaglands营养液浇灌处理,以葡萄砧木无盐胁迫为对照,待砧木长至20片完全展开叶后测定各品种叶片的相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量、MDA含量、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性等指标,探究不同葡萄砧木耐盐能力及其机制。结果显示：(1)至盐胁迫处理结束时,葡萄砧木 ‘188 08’、‘3309C’、‘140R’的处理组叶片近乎完全脱落,‘贝达’、‘5BB’、‘Dogridge’有少部分叶片脱落,而‘101 14’和‘110R’叶枯现象最少。(2)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较差的品种‘3309C’和‘140R’叶片相对电导率均大于90%,而耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’的叶片相对电导率在60%左右;随着盐胁迫处理天数的增加,‘110R’的MDA含量呈明显的上升趋势。(3)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’积累了较多的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质,而耐盐性弱的品种‘3309C’则积累了较多的活性氧,引起明显的脂膜过氧化,严重影响砧木的正常代谢。(4)在盐胁迫条件下,耐盐品种‘101 14’的SOD、POD等抗氧化酶活性显著提高,有效清除体内过量的活性氧,从而维持细胞膜的稳定性。研究发现,葡萄砧木品种‘101 14’、‘110R’在盐胁迫下能积极积累较多渗透调节物质,增强自身抗氧化酶活性,表现出较强的渗透调节和抗氧化能力,有效抵御盐胁迫造成的伤害,可作为西北盐渍化地区葡萄栽培的砧木品种。     

转ZjAPX基因拟南芥对NaCl、干旱胁迫的耐性研究

旨在探讨枣树抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因ZjAPX在植物渗透胁迫中的作用。将ZjAPX基因转入到模式植物拟南芥,以野生型(WT)、转ZjAPX拟南芥株系T2为试材,进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫和干旱胁迫。结果表明,转基因株系的种子萌发、植株生长均优于野生型株系;荧光定量PCR检测转基因拟南芥植株在干旱和盐胁迫处理10 d后目的基因ZjAPX的表达量显著高于野生拟南芥,表明ZjAPX的高表达明显提高了植株的抗旱和耐盐性。     

NaCI胁迫下不同南瓜幼苗耐盐性研究

研究了300mmol／L NaCl胁迫对19个不同类型南瓜品种幼苗盐害指数、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,随NaCl胁迫时间延长,南瓜幼苗盐害指数、电解质渗透率、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量均呈升高趋势。盐害指数和电解质渗透率能较好反映南瓜幼苗的耐盐性,可作为南瓜品种耐盐性的筛选指标。在NaCl胁迫下,青栗南瓜（Q1）表现出很强的耐盐性,黑蛮南瓜（H2）和黑籽南瓜（H3）为盐敏感品种,而其他为耐盐性中等品种。     

4种桦树幼苗耐盐性分析与评价

耐盐植物引种和培育是开发利用盐碱地的主要方式,具有重要的研究价值。本试验以哈萨克斯坦引进的吉尔吉斯白桦（Betula kirghisorum）、欧洲白桦（B.pendula）、毛枝桦（B.pubescens）和本地的白桦（B.platyphylla Suk.）1年生幼苗为试验材料,于2014年7月在东北林业大学进行中性盐（NaCl）和碱性盐（NaHCO₃）的胁迫试验,测定生长量、光合参数和叶绿素含量,并通过因子分析法,对比评价4种桦树幼苗的耐盐碱能力,筛选出综合性状优良的桦树树种,为耐盐植物引种和培育提供有价值的数据。结果表明：随着盐浓度的升高,桦树幼苗的高生长和光合效率受到显著抑制,而当浓度≥0.5%时,大部分幼苗枯死。株高增长量、基径增长量、净光合速率（P_n）、光能利用效率（SUE）、羧化效率（CUE）、表观量子效率（AQY）及叶绿素含量之间的相关性多数达到了显著水平;最后利用因子分析法分别构建了0.1% NaCl、0.3% NaCl、0.1% NaHCO3和0.3% NaHCO₃胁迫处理的综合评价公式,并分别筛选出了综合性状相对优良的单株,其中NaCl胁迫下较优单株为32、33、34、35;NaHCO₃胁迫下较优单株为262、263、264、35。综合比较认为,吉尔吉斯白桦对低中浓度的中性盐的抗性最强,本地对照白桦对低中浓度碱性盐的抗性最强,而吉尔吉斯白桦和毛枝桦对高浓度碱性盐抗性较强。     

盐胁迫对沙拐枣光合生理特性的影响

以采自甘肃民勤一年生的沙拐枣幼苗为试材,对不同NaCl浓度(0、50、100、200、300mmol·L~(-1))处理下沙拐枣光合生理特性进行分析,并对各生理指标与地上生物量进行灰色关联度分析,以探讨荒漠植物沙拐枣的抗盐机理,为沙拐枣的保护及其恢复荒漠生态系统稳定提供理论依据。结果显示:随着NaCl浓度的升高,沙拐枣同化枝内脯氨酸含量逐渐增大,而其可溶性糖含量逐渐减小;在低浓度NaCl(50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)处理下,同化枝光合参数均增加,且净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均达到最大值,比对照分别显著增加了33.3%、68.0%、60.8%;与50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl相比,处理浓度超过50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时,Pn、Gs、Tr均降低;同化枝叶绿素b含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而降低,而叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。灰色关联度分析发现,同化枝的Tr、Gs、Ci以及叶绿素b与地上生物量的关联度较大。研究表明,低盐浓度NaCl激活了沙拐枣的某些生理机制,有利于植株的光合作用和生长,而植物在高盐浓度胁迫时能通过调节脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量,减少叶绿素含量、Pn和Tr等维持自身的生长。     

超表达拟南芥2-烯醛还原酶基因对烟草抗旱性的作用机理分析

为研究是否可以利用2-烯醛还原酶(AER)来清除活性氧下游的醛自由基达到提高植物的抗旱性,以超表达拟南芥AER基因烟草和野生型烟草(SR)为研究材料,利用干旱胁迫处理进行抗旱性分析,测定了干旱胁迫及复水后各个烟草株系的生物量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、MDA和H2O2含量等指标。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下,转基因烟草株系的生物量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率及H2O2的清除能力均显著高于对照;(2)复水之后,烟草植株的各项生理指标都得到一定程度的恢复,而转基因株系相比于野生型恢复迅速,恢复能力更强。研究认为,超表达AER基因可以通过清除活性氧及其下游醛自由基来提高烟草的抗旱能力。     

干旱胁迫下镉处理对互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、镉积累及光合生理的影响

为探究干旱条件下,互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.)幼苗对重金属镉胁迫的生长及光合生理响应机制,以两年生互叶醉鱼草幼苗为试验材料,设置对照与干旱两个水分处理组(土壤相对含水率分别为:65%—60%,35%—30%),每个水分处理条件下再分别设置3个镉处理浓度(0.28、(0.6+0.28)、(1.2+0.28)mg/kg),共6个处理。测定不同水分及镉处理对互叶醉鱼草生长、生物量、光合参数及体内重金属含量的影响。结果表明:干旱与镉复合胁迫下植物的存活率为100%。镉胁迫、干旱与镉复合胁迫均不同程度抑制了互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、生物量积累、植株的光合作用及叶绿素含量,且其光合和叶绿素含量的降幅明显大于单一镉胁迫。镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草幼苗单株最高镉富集量为69.33 mg/kg,而复合胁迫下单株最高镉富集量为50.68 mg/kg。以上结果表明:干旱胁迫能够加重镉胁迫对植物的影响,使复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草生长、光合生理及镉富集能力下降。但单一镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草对镉具有更强的耐受性,并有较高的生物富集能力,且干旱与Cd复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草幼苗仍有一定的镉积累量。因此在干旱半干旱区园林绿化以及Cd污染地区的生态建设中,互叶醉鱼草是一种具有巨大应用潜力和前景的灌木树种。     

Phytobeneficial and salt stress mitigating efficacy of IAA producing salt tolerant strains in Gossypium hirsutum

Salinity is one of the major agricultural concern that significantly limits the crop productivity. The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may contribute in sustainable crop production under salt stress. The current study was designed to isolate the Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) producing salt tolerant PGPR to promote the growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, FH-142) and induce its salt stress tolerance. Ten Salt Tolerant (ST) bacterial strains were screened for their PGP trait in vitro and evaluated for their beneficial effect on cotton plants growth by plant–microbe interaction assay in lab and under natural condition. GC–MS analysis of the metabolites of the selected bacterial strains confirmed the presence of indolic compounds like indole, indole-3-butyramide, benzylmalonic acid and 4-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The bacterial isolates ST4, ST5, ST6, ST15, ST16, ST17, ST18, ST20, ST22 and ST25 were identified as Bacillus sp., B. sonorensis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Brevibacillus sp. B. safensis, B. paramycoides, Bacillus sp., B. cereus and B. tequilensis respectively on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing. Bacteria inoculated plants had a significant (P < 0.05) increase in percentage germination up to (31%), root length (17%) and shoot length (34%) in lab while in wire house pot experiments, maximum enhancement in root length (31%) and shoot length (29%) was observed. ST bacterial strains inoculation improved the chlorophyll content index (34%), relative water content (36%), leaf area (33%), absorption of K⁺ (28%) and decreased the uptake of Na⁺ (58%) from soil in plants under salt stress over control in pot experiment. These ST PGPR have the potential to act as plant defense agents by enhancing plant growth, productivity, and tolerance in saline environment.     

Piriformospora indica?rescues growth diminution of rice seedlings during high salt stress

Piriformospora indica association has been reported to increase biotic as well as abiotic stress tolerance of its host plants. We analyzed the beneficial effect of P. indica association on rice seedlings during high salt stress conditions (200 and 300 mM NaCl). The growth parameters of rice seedlings such as root and shoot lengths or fresh and dry weights were found to be enhanced in P. indica-inoculated rice seedlings as compared with non-inoculated control seedlings, irrespective of whether they are exposed to salt stress or not. However, salt-stressed seedlings performed much better in the presence of the fungus compared with non-inoculated control seedlings. The photosynthetic pigment content [chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, and carotenoids] was significantly higher in P. indica-inoculated rice seedlings under high salt stress conditions as compared with salt-treated non-inoculated rice seedlings, in which these pigments were found to be decreased. Proline accumulation was also observed during P. indica colonization, which may help the inoculated plants to become salt tolerant. Taken together, P. indica rescues growth diminution of rice seedlings under salt stress.     

Indigenous salt-tolerant rhizobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pantoea dispersa</Emphasis> (PSB3) reduces sodium uptake and mitigates the effects of salt stress on growth and yield of chickpea

Salt stress has multiple damaging effects on plants including physiological damage, reduced growth, and productivity. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are one of the valuable options to mitigate the negative effects of this stress. In the present study, native bacteria from chickpea’s rhizosphere were isolated, and checked for their salt tolerance and plant growth-promoting attributes (phosphate (P) solubilization, siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production). One isolate, subsequently identified as Pantoea dispersa, showed appreciable production of IAA (218.3 µg/ml) and siderophores (60.33% SU), P-solubilization (3.64 µg/ml) and ACC deaminase activity (207.45 nmol/mg/h) in the presence of 150 mM NaCl, under laboratory conditions. Salt stress in uninoculated chickpea (GPF2 cultivar) plants induced high accumulation of Na⁺ ions (3.86 mg g^?1 dw) in the leaves, along with significant reduction in K⁺ uptake, membrane integrity, chlorophyll concentration, and leaf water content, thus resulting in impaired growth of the plant and yield (pods and seeds) in a salt concentration-dependent manner. The damage due to salt stress was restored significantly in plants inoculated with P. dispersa. A significant improvement in biomass (32–34%), pods number (31–34.5%), seeds number (32–35.7%), pods weight (30–32.6%), and seeds weight (27–35%) per plant occurred in salt stress-affected plants, which was associated with significant reduction in Na⁺ uptake, reduced membrane damage, significantly improved leaf water content, chlorophyll content, and K⁺ uptake. This study suggests for the first time that native P. dispersa strain PSB3 can be used to alleviate the negative effects of salt stress on chickpea plants and holds the potential to be used as a biofertilizer.     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on photosynthesis and water status of maize plants under salt stress

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on characteristics of the growth, water status, chlorophyll concentration, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence of maize plants under salt stress was studied in the greenhouse. Maize plants were grown in sand and soil mixture with five NaCl levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg dry substrate) for 55 days, following 15 days of non-saline pretreatment. Under salt stress, mycorrhizal maize plants had higher dry weight of shoot and root, higher relative chlorophyll content, better water status (decreased water saturation deficit, increased water use efficiency, and relative water content), higher gas exchange capacity (increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, and decreased intercellular CO(2) concentration), higher non-photochemistry efficiency [increased non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ)], and higher photochemistry efficiency [increased the maximum quantum yield in the dark-adapted state (Fv/Fm), the maximum quantum yield in the light-adapted sate (Fv'/Fm'), the actual quantum yield in the light-adapted steady state (varphiPSII) and the photochemical quenching values (qP)], compared with non-mycorrhizal maize plants. In addition, AM symbiosis could trigger the regulation of the energy biturcation between photochemical and non-photochemical events reflected in the deexcitation rate constants (kN, kN', kP, and kP'). All the results show that G. mosseae alleviates the deleterious effect of salt stress on plant growth, through improving plant water status, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic capacity, while the influence of AM symbiosis on photosynthetic capacity of maize plants can be indirectly affected by soil salinity and mycorrhizae-mediated enhancement of water status, but not by the mycorrhizae-mediated enhancement of chlorophyll concentration and plant biomass.