中国科学家在乙烯信号转导领域取得突破性进展

乙烯是一种气态植物激素,在植物生长发育的各个阶段发挥着非常重要的作用。最近,中国科学家在乙烯信号转导的分子机制研究中取得了突破性进展。     

植物细胞骨架与细胞生长

文章就微管和肌动蛋白在植物细胞生长中的调节作用以及调节植物细胞骨架的信号途径的研究进展作简单介绍。     

中国科学家在杂种F1克隆繁殖研究领域取得突破性进展

杂种优势在提高作物产量和适应性方面已得到广泛应用。然而, 由于杂交种后代不能稳定遗传, 每年均需利用不育系和恢复系亲本配置杂交种子, 不仅制种成本高, 而且存在制种纯度问题, 限制了杂种优势利用的推广范围。近期, 中国科学家通过对减数分裂和受精过程关键基因进行编辑, 获得了杂种F₁的克隆种子, 为进一步固定杂种优势、实现“一系法”水稻杂种优势利用带来了曙光。     

中国科学家在植物应答低温信号研究中取得突破性进展

植物具有复杂而精巧的机制以适应各种逆境。最近, 中国科学家在水稻(Oryza sativa)感受冷信号的分子机理、冷信号感应分子在水稻驯化过程中的演化及拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中磷酸化调控冷信号转导的分子机理等研究中取得了突破性进展。     

中国科学家在生长素信号转导领域取得突破性研究进展

生长素(IAA)作为一种重要的植物激素, 参与调节植物生长发育的许多过程, 其作用机理长期以来备受人们的关注。最近, 中国科学家在生长素信号转导的分子机理研究领域取得了突破性进展。     

细胞骨架在植物重力感受和感知中的作用研究进展

重力对地球上生物的生长、发育、代谢、繁殖等都有着深刻的影响.植物细胞对重力的敏感性已被众多研究所证明,而在这一过程中,细胞骨架被认为在植物对重力的感受和感知中扮演着重要角色.本文从一个新的角度介绍植物重力感受和重力感知,以及植物重力信号感受的两大机理--淀粉-平衡石假说和原生质体压力假说,并着重对近些年来国内外有关细胞骨架及其相关蛋白在植物细胞重力感受和感知方面的研究进展进行综述,以明确目前该领域研究工作所存在的问题以及今后的研究发展方向.     

细胞骨架在植物抗病中的作用

植物细胞骨架在调节植物适应周围环境变化方面起的重要作用越来越明显,现对植物细胞骨架在植物病原物互作过程及其信号转导中所起作用的一些新认识进行综述。     

我国科学家在白血病研究领域获突破性进展

<正>上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院研究员张济研究组关于癌蛋白PML/RARα选择性抑制造血特异性转录因子PU.1及其靶基因的研究文章,近日发表于国际著名杂志Cancer Cell上。有关专家认为该研究结果对于推动白血病以及其他恶性肿瘤的研究都具有实质性意义。     

细胞骨架在跨膜信号传递中的作用

细胞骨架在跨膜信号传递中的作用王英杰（杭州大学生物科学与技术系,３１０００７）董萍（浙江省化工研究院）自１９６３年Ｓｌａｕｔｅｒｂａｃｋ首先在水螅刺细胞中发现微管以来,细胞骨架的研究已成为细胞生物学和生物化学研究中最活跃的领域之一。现在,人们普遍认识...     

中国科学家在植物受精过程中雌雄配子体信号识别机制研究中取得突破性进展

阐明植物雄配子体与雌配子体互作的分子机理一直是植物有性生殖研究的前沿和热点。但限于研究难度较大, 很多重要科学问题仍有待回答。关于花粉管如何感知雌配子体信号从而定向生长进入胚囊以投送精细胞就是悬疑多年的问题之一。最近, 中国科学家在解析雄配子体感知雌配子体引导信号的分子机制方面取得了突破性进展。     

微管骨架在植物适应低温胁迫中的功能研究进展

植物细胞骨架对低温胁迫的响应是近年来研究的一个活跃的前沿领域。本文综述了该领域研究的进展情况和发展趋势:植物微管骨架的结构和功能的简介,低温诱导植物细胞微管骨架稳定性的变化;并对微管骨架在冷信号传导中的作用进行了探讨。     

Augmin Antagonizes Katanin at Microtubule Crossovers to Control the Dynamic Organization of Plant Cortical Arrays

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Building the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Piece by Piece

The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton gives cells their shape, organizes the cellular interior, and segregates chromosomes. These functions rely on the precise arrangement of MTs, which is achieved by the coordinated action of MT-associated proteins (MAPs). We highlight the first and most important examples of how different MAP activities are combined in vitro to create an ensemble function that exceeds the simple addition of their individual activities, and how the Xenopus laevis egg extract system has been utilized as a powerful intermediate between cellular and purified systems to uncover the design principles of self-organized MT networks in the cell.     

甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中微管骨架的变化

利用改进的冰冻切片法结合间接免疫荧光标记技术对甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中微管骨架的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中存在4种循序变化的典型微管列阵,即周质微管、早前期微管带、纺锤体微管及成膜体微管。同时,还观察到在各种典型微管列阵相互转变过程中存在各种微管列阵的过渡状态。甘蔗茎尖正在伸长的幼叶部位细胞的周质微管主要为与细胞伸长轴相垂直的横向周质微管：茎尖幼叶部位伸长缓慢细胞的微管主要为纵向及斜向排列的周质微管,在甘蔗茎尖幼叶基部初生增粗分生组织处,横向、斜向、纵向及随机排列的周质微管列阵均有分布。在少数分裂前期的细胞中,发现细胞具有2条早前期微管带,其具体功能还不清楚。表明甘蔗茎尖细胞微管列阵的变化与许多双子叶植物及部分单子叶植物具有共同的变化规律,进一步证明微管骨架的周期性变化在植物中具有普遍性。     

Thematic Minireview Series: The State of the Cytoskeleton in 2015

The study of cytoskeletal polymers has been an active area of research for more than 70 years. However, despite decades of pioneering work by some of the brightest scientists in biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology, many central questions regarding the polymers themselves are only now starting to be answered. For example, although it has long been appreciated that the actin cytoskeleton provides contractility and couples biochemical responses with mechanical stresses in cells, only recently have we begun to understand how the actin polymer itself responds to mechanical loads. Likewise, although it has long been appreciated that the microtubule cytoskeleton can be post-translationally modified, only recently have the enzymes responsible for these modifications been characterized, so that we can now begin to understand how these modifications alter the polymerization and regulation of microtubule structures. Even the septins in eukaryotes and the cytoskeletal polymers of prokaryotes have yielded new insights due to recent advances in microscopy techniques. In this thematic series of minireviews, these topics are covered by some of the very same scientists who generated these recent insights, thereby providing us with an overview of the State of the Cytoskeleton in 2015.     

The adenomatous polyposis coli protein unambiguously localizes to microtubule plus ends and is involved in establishing parallel arrays of microtubule bundles in highly polarized epithelial cells

Loss of full-length adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein correlates with the development of colon cancers in familial and sporadic cases. In addition to its role in regulating β-catenin levels in the Wnt signaling pathway, the APC protein is implicated in regulating cytoskeletal organization. APC stabilizes microtubules in vivo and in vitro, and this may play a role in cell migration (Näthke, I.S., C.L. Adams, P. Polakis, J.H. Sellin, and W.J. Nelson. 1996. J. Cell Biol. 134:165–179; Mimori-Kiyosue, Y., N. Shiina, and S. Tsukita. 2000. J. Cell Biol. 148:505–517; Zumbrunn, J., K. Inoshita, A.A. Hyman, and I.S. Näthke. 2001. Curr. Biol. 11:44–49) and in the attachment of microtubules to kinetochores during mitosis (Fodde, R., J. Kuipers, C. Rosenberg, R. Smits, M. Kielman, C. Gaspar, J.H. van Es, C. Breukel, J. Wiegant, R.H. Giles, and H. Clevers. 2001. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:433–438; Kaplan, K.B., A. Burds, J.R. Swedlow, S.S. Bekir, P.K. Sorger, and I.S. Näthke. 2001. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:429–432). The localization of endogenous APC protein is complex: actin- and microtubule-dependent pools of APC have been identified in cultured cells (Näthke et al., 1996; Mimori-Kiyosue et al., 2000; Reinacher-Schick, A., and B.M. Gumbiner. 2001. J. Cell Biol. 152:491–502; Rosin-Arbesfeld, R., G. Ihrke, and M. Bienz. 2001. EMBO J. 20:5929–5939). However, the localization of APC in tissues has not been identified at high resolution. Here, we show that in fully polarized epithelial cells from the inner ear, endogenous APC protein associates with the plus ends of microtubules located at the basal plasma membrane. Consistent with a role for APC in supporting the cytoskeletal organization of epithelial cells in vivo, the number of microtubules is significantly reduced in apico-basal arrays of microtubule bundles isolated from mice heterozygous for APC.     

Plant villins:Versatile actin regulatory proteins

Regulation of actin dynamics is a central theme in cell biology that is important for different aspects of cell physiology.Villin, a member of the villin/gelsolin/fragmin superfamily of proteins, is an important regulator of actin. Villins contain six gelsolin homology domains(G1–G6) and an extra headpiece domain. In contrast to their mammalian counterparts, plant villins are expressed widely, implying that plant villins play a more general role in regulating actin dynamics. Some plant villins have a de fined role in modifying actin dynamics in the pollen Invitube; most of their in vivo activities remain to be ascertained.Recently, our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of action for plant villins has progressed rapidly, primarily due to the advent of Arabidopsis thaliana genetic approaches and imaging capabilities that can visualize actin dynamics at the single filament level in vitro and in living plant cells. In this review,we focus on discussing the biochemical activities and modes of regulation of plant villins. Here, we present current understanding of the functions of plant villins. Finally, we highlight some of the key unanswered questions regarding the functions and regulation of plant villins for future research.     

应用Steedman's wax切片法观察植物细胞微管骨架

微管骨架在植物发育过程中起重要作用.由于植物细胞的特殊性,与动物细胞相比植物微管骨架的研究遇到更多的困难.简略地介绍了曾被国内外学者应用的植物微管骨架的各种研究方法及其局限性.Steedman's wax是一种多脂蜡.它熔点低(35～37℃),具有与石蜡相同的切片性质,能够切成不同厚度的连续切片,适合深埋于器官内部的组织或细胞的免疫细胞化学研究.介绍了应用Steedman's wax切片法观察植物细胞微管骨架的一般程序和方法以及经过作者检验且切实可行的一些技术改进.