H7亚型禽流感病毒概述

自2002年以来,全球报道的人感染H7亚型禽流感病毒病例超过100人,波及荷兰、意大利、加拿大、美国以及英国等国家。人感染H7亚型禽流感病毒的临床表现由结膜炎至轻微的上呼吸道疾病,甚至是肺炎。2013年3月31日,中国报道了上海市和安徽省两地共3例H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIVs)感染死亡病例。由于从家禽中分离到的H7亚型流感病毒不断增加,而且H7亚型AIVs感染人所导致的严重的临床症状,因此该亚型流感病毒对人类健康造成严重威胁,所以我们必须提高对H7亚型AIVs的认识,并要加强人群和动物中流感病毒的持续监测以及疫苗和药物的研究,以应对可能由于H7亚型AIVs引起的流感大流行。     

2017年河北省蛋鸡养殖场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的遗传演化和抗原性分析

【背景】H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在鸡群中广泛流行,引起巨大损失。【目的】了解河北省蛋鸡养殖场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的基因序列和抗原性的变异情况,为该病原的科学防控提供理论依据。【方法】于2017年从河北省部分蛋鸡养殖场分离鉴定出7株H9N2亚型AIV,对其HA基因进行序列测定,并进行遗传演化、关键氨基酸位点及抗原性分析。【结果】7株分离毒株HA基因同源性在95.5%?97.2%之间;与2016年前的流行毒株相比,分离病毒HA裂解位点均为典型低致病性AIV特征,在受体结合区域出现变异,潜在糖基化位点无明显差异;抗原分析结果显示分离毒株与早期分离株相比抗原性发生了变异,形成了新的抗原群;抗原性相关位点分析显示,分离毒株在9个位点发生了较为明显的突变,可能是导致抗原性变异的分子基础。【结论】河北省蛋鸡养殖场H9N2亚型AIV中的流行毒株在关键功能区发生基因突变,并且抗原性发生变异,提示应持续监测H9N2亚型AIV的遗传变异情况,并及时更换疫苗株。     

苏州活禽市场禽流感病毒(H7N9)季节变化及HA、NA、PB2基因系统进化分析

自2013年3月中国首次发现新型禽流感病毒H7N9以来,其于2013-2014年期间发生流行,2015年也有散发性感染。该病毒的流行不仅危及家禽养殖业,还对公共卫生安全造成严重威胁。为调查活禽市场中H7N9的进化史和季节性变化,本研究于2013年7-12月在H7N9主要流行地区之一江苏省苏州市活禽市场采集2 655份鸡、鸭咽拭子样本,对样本中流感病毒核酸进行检测。结果显示,冬季样本中H7N9阳性率显著高于夏季样本,同时发现样本中存在H5、H7和H9亚型毒株之间的混合感染。进一步对H7N9阳性样本的HA、NA和PB2基因序列进行分析,结果表明阳性样本中HA、NA和PB2基因序列与新型H7N9病毒的相应基因序列同源,其在家禽体内传代时也在继续进化。特别是一些样品中PB2基因序列与H5N1病毒PB2基因序列的同源性较高。结果提示,苏州存在一种新型H7N9病毒基因重排的可能性,建议在活禽市场对所有禽流感病毒亚型进行持续监控,从而有助于流感病毒的及时防控。     

重组人禽流感H7N9疫苗株在Vero细胞上的适应性和传代稳定性研究

本文主要研究重组人感染高致病性禽流感H7N9株作为主工作种子批在Vero细胞连续传代中的高产特性和传代稳定性,为疫苗开发提供前期研究。将重组获得的H7N9流感病毒Vero细胞适应株(A/Anhui/1/2013Va)按照病毒感染复数(MOI) 0. 01的病毒量接种于Vero细胞,并连续传15代。血凝试验检测每代病毒血凝效价,并绘制病毒在Vero细胞上的生长曲线;每代病毒用MDCK细胞检测病毒的感染性滴度;通过单向免疫扩散试验对重组病毒H7N9的第1及第16代进行型别鉴定;取第1、5及16代病毒,用鸡胚半数感染量及致死量检测病毒在传代过程中毒力变化;分别提取第1和16代H7N9流感病毒的RNA,反转录及克隆后测序,对比病毒在连续传代过程中血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的变化。试验结果表明:在连续传代过程中,病毒效价越来越趋于稳定,血凝效价稳定维持在384～448;病毒感染性滴度维持在7 Log10TCID50/mL左右;病毒在传代过程中毒力未发生显著变化; HA和NA在连续传代过程中并未出现因基因变异导致的编码氨基酸改变的状况。H7N9安徽株病毒在Vero细胞传代过程中不仅产量稳定,其毒力和基因也很稳定,可以将其作为H7N9流感疫苗候选株。     

季节性流感疫苗对小鼠感染 H7N9 禽流感病毒的保护效力简

目的 评价季节性流感裂解疫苗对流感病毒H7N9的免疫保护效力.方法 用我国2012～2013年度季节性流感裂解疫苗,以腹腔注射方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,并设PBS免疫模型组,末次免疫14 d后以5 LD50 A/Anhui/1（H7N9）进行攻试验.感染后观察记录小鼠临床表现,体重变化,并分别于第2天和第4天每组处死3只小鼠,取肺组织和鼻甲骨测病毒滴度和载量.结果 感染后疫苗与模型组小鼠体重下降明显,疫苗组存活率为10%,模型组全部死亡.感染后第4天疫苗组鼻甲骨滴度显著低于模型组.血凝抑制试验及中和实验表明免疫小鼠血清无中和H7N9病毒抗体.结论 季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中对于H7N9流感病毒感染无明显保护作用.     

甲型H7N9流感疫苗的临床研究进展

2016年10月以来,我国感染甲型H7N9流感病例数量急剧增加,截至日前,内地已新增460例病例,已死亡78例,引起了国内外的密切关注。H7N9病毒一旦获得持续人传人的能力,将造成流感的大流行。因此,研发安全有效的H7N9流感疫苗具有重要意义。本文就国内外目前处于临床试验阶段以及已有临床试验结果的H7N9流感疫苗做一综述。     

基于禽中低致病性的H7N9禽流感模型的动力学性质

考虑到新型H7N9禽流感病毒在禽类中低致病性而在人类中的高致病性,建立了一类总人口均变化的SE-SIR人一禽H7N9禽流感模型,其中禽间的疾病传播服从饱和接触率函数,病毒从禽到人的传播服从线性接触率函数.根据Poincare-Bendixson定理、LaSalle不变原理以及极限系统理论证明了系统平衡点的全局稳定性,理论结果很好地解释了现实的应对措施.最后通过计算机仿真进一步评估了防控措施的效果.     

一例混合感染中H3N2和H7N9流感病毒的分子遗传特性

【目的】揭示一例混合感染中H3N2和N7N9流感病毒的分子遗传特性。【方法】通过荧光定量PCR法对标本进行流感病毒分型检测。通过二代测序技术对病毒分离物进行全基因组测序分析。【结果】2013年4月在南京市检测到一例人季节性H3N2流感病毒和禽流感H7N9病毒混合感染,混合病毒分别命名为A/Nanjing/M1/2013 (H3N2) (M1-H3N2)和A/Nanjing/M2/2013 (H7N9) (M2-H7N9)。分离株M2-H7N9 HA蛋白的Q226L位点和PB2蛋白E627K位点发生突变,增强了病毒对人体的感染能力。【结论】报道了一起人混合感染H3N2和N7N9流感病毒病例,提示人可能成为流感病毒基因“混合器”,应高度关注H7N9病毒与人季节性流感病毒的基因重配现象。     

近20年中国部分地区鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因遗传演化及其变异频率北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过比较不同时期的H9N2亚型禽流感流行毒株HA基因的分子特征和变异频率,揭示免疫压力下病毒的遗传演化趋势。【方法】选取源于课题组的40株鸡源H9N2毒株,以及从Gen Bank下载的136株中国鸡源H9N2流行毒株和7株经典毒株的序列,利用Lasergen 7.1和MEGA 5.1等软件,对其HA基因进行系统演化、分子特征和变异频率分析。【结果】系统发育分析表明,近20年的鸡源H9N2流行株分属于BJ94、Y280和S2等谱系,优势流行株的分布与年代密切相关。氨基酸序列比较显示,H9N2病毒不同谱系之间具有各自的特征,且存在着明显的氨基酸变异积累。以Ck/BJ/1/1994 HA基因为参照,1994–2014年间,H9N2流行株核苷酸和氨基酸的年均进化率分别为5.73×10^(–3)和4.25×10^(–3)。其中,2011–2014年的核苷酸(氨基酸)年均进化率为6.35×10^(–3)(5.32×10^(–3)),明显高于2006–2010年5.22×10^(–3)(3.70×10^(–3)),更显著高于疫苗推广初期1999–2005年的0.74×10^(–3)(0.50×10^(–3))。【结论】H9N2疫苗株和流行毒株的不匹配是病毒变异频率加快的重要原因。     

H7N9禽流感病毒裂解佐剂(MF59)疫苗的长期免疫原性研究

目的 评价H7N9禽流感病毒裂解佐剂(MF59)疫苗的长期免疫原性。方法 制备含MF59佐剂的H7N9禽流感病毒裂解疫苗成品,放置于(6±2)℃环境下,取保存6、24和30个月后的疫苗,对小鼠进行免疫,以血凝抑制效价和微量中和抗体滴度来评估该疫苗的免疫原性。同时,用存放30个月的疫苗进行2次免疫后,对小鼠进行攻毒,观察MF59佐剂疫苗的免疫保护效应。结果 H7N9禽流感病毒裂解佐剂(MF59)疫苗在(6±2)℃保存30个月后免疫小鼠,检测其血凝抑制抗体效价和微量中和抗体滴度均没有明显的变化,且免疫小鼠能够有效抵御H7N9病毒的感染及其致病效应。结论 H7N9禽流感病毒裂解佐剂(MF59)疫苗具有良好的免疫原性,在(6±2)℃至少可保存30个月。     

多形拟杆菌肝素酶Ⅰ的SUMO融合表达及酶学特性分析

【目的】克隆多形拟杆菌(Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) Heparinase I基因,在大肠杆菌(Escherichiac。")中进行基因工程表达获得重组酶SUMO-Bt-HepI和Bt-HepI,并研究其酶学特性。【方法】对B.thetaiotaomicron肝素酶I (Bt-HepI)的基因序列进行密码子优化,PCR扩增得到目的基因,构建表达载体pET-28a-Bt-HepI和pE-SUMO-Bt-HepI,并转化至E. colt Rosetta (DE3)进行表达,分别得到重组产物Bt-HepI和SUMO-Bt-HepI,以肝素钠为底物研究两者的酶学性质。【结果】SDS-PAGE检测显示Bt-HepI和SUMO-Bt-HepI的分子量大小分别约为42.5 kDa和55 kDa。与Bt-HepI相比,融合SUMO-Tag后的肝素酶I比酶活提高了 48.9%。酶学性质表明:Bt-HepI和SUMO-Bt-HepI的最适pH和温度均为pH 9、45℃,二者在pH 5-9都具有很好的稳定性,但pH<5时,SUMO-Bt-HepI的耐酸性明显高于Bt-HepI0同时,在温度低于50 ℃时,SUMO-Bt-HepI的比酶活高于Bt-Hepl。此外,Ca^2+和Mg^2+对重组肝素酶I具有明显的促进作用,而CU^2+、Mr^2+、Zt^2+则表现出一定的抑制作用,提示在多形拟杆菌肝素酶I的结构中除了存在已知的Ca2+结合位点外,可能还存在Mg2+的结合位点。【结论】本研究首次将多形拟杆菌来源的肝素酶I和SUMO-Tag进行了融合表达,使其比酶活得到了显著的提高,为其生产应用奠定了基础。     

Total synthesis of dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues with potential inhibitory activity against drug-resistant neuraminidases

The stems of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, one of the main components of Lianhua-Qingwen Formula (LQF) was traditionally used for heat-clearing and detoxifying. Dryocrassin ABBA is a key antiviral component in the herbal medicine while the compound is hard to get in large amounts with the features of homologous compounds, polyphenol groups, and low contents. Therefore, the present work aims to seek influenza H7N9 virus inhibitors from natural source by synthesis of dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues. As a result, total synthesis of the compound was achieved in nine steps with an over-all yield of 4.6%. Neuraminidases (NAs) inhibitory activities of the synthesized product and its analogues were evaluated afterward. Comparing with the positive control, OSV (9.6 μM), it was very exciting that dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues (b5 and e2) showed better NAs inhibitory activity against Anhui H7N9 with IC₅₀ values of 3.6 μM, 2.5 μM and 1.6 μM. For the highly resistant Shanghai N9, these compounds can also show medium inhibitory activities. Docking results indicated the direct interaction of synthesized 3 hits with the key K294 by hydrogen bonds, but no direct interaction of OSV with the key K294 was observed in Shanghai N9. This study suggested that dryocrassin ABBA and its analogues especially AB, which consisted of polyphenol groups may have beneficial effects on treating avian influenza H7N9 virus.     

Investigation of avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds due to novel avian-origin influenza A(H10N8) in Nanchang City,China

Multiple reassortment events within poultry and wild birds had resulted in the establishment of another novel avian influenza A(H10N8) virus, and finally resulted in human death in Nanchang, China. However, there was a paucity of information on the prevalence of avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds in Nanchang area. We investigated avian influenza virus in poultry and wild birds from live poultry markets, poultry countyards, delivery vehicles, and wild-bird habitats in Nanchang. We analyzed 1036 samples from wild birds and domestic poultry collected from December 2013 to February 2014. Original biological samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza virus using specific primer and probe sets of H5, H7, H9, H10 and N8 subtypes by real-time RT-PCR. In our analysis, the majority (97.98%) of positive samples were from live poultry markets. Among the poultry samples from chickens and ducks, AIV prevalence was 26.05 and 30.81%, respectively. Mixed infection of different HA subtypes was very common. Additionally, H10 subtypes coexistence with N8 was the most prevalent agent during the emergence of H10N8. This event illustrated a long-term surveillance was so helpful for pandemic preparedness and response.     

Honeysuckle-encoded atypical microRNA2911 directly targets influenza A viruses

Influenza A viruses (IAVs), particularly H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9, pose a substantial threat to public health worldwide. Here, we report that MIR2911, a honeysuckle (HS)-encoded atypical microRNA, directly targets IAVs with a broad spectrum. MIR2911 is highly stable in HS decoction, and continuous drinking or gavage feeding of HS decoction leads to a significant elevation of the MIR2911 level in mouse peripheral blood and lung. Bioinformatics prediction and a luciferase reporter assay showed that MIR2911 could target various IAVs, including H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9. Synthetic MIR2911 significantly inhibited H1N1-encoded PB2 and NS1 protein expression, but did not affect mutants in which the MIR2911-binding nucleotide sequences were altered. Synthetic MIR2911, extracted RNA from HS decoction and HS decoction all significantly inhibited H1N1 viral replication and rescued viral infection-induced mouse weight loss, but did not affect infection with a mutant virus in which the MIR2911-binding nucleotide sequences of PB2 and NS1 were altered. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of HS decoction on viral replication was abolished by an anti-MIR2911 antagomir, indicating that the physiological concentration of MIR2911 in HS decoction could directly and sufficiently suppress H1N1 viral replication. MIR2911 also inhibited H5N1 and H7N9 viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, administration of MIR2911 or HS decoction dramatically reduced mouse mortality caused by H5N1 infection. Our results demonstrate that MIR2911 is the first active component identified in Traditional Chinese Medicine to directly target various IAVs and may represent a novel type of natural product that effectively suppresses viral infection.     

Detection sensitivity of influenza rapid diagnostic tests

The sensitivity of influenza rapid diagnostic tests (IRDTs) currently available in Japan for various influenza virus strains, including human H7N9 and H5N1 isolates, were compared and it was found that all of the IRDTs examined detected these viruses; however, their detection sensitivities differed.