植物角质层蜡质基因的研究进展

角质层是覆盖在植物地上部分最表层的保护层,具有降低植物表面的水分散失、防止紫外线辐射伤害和抵抗病虫害侵入等环境胁迫等功能,在植物适应外界环境作用方面起重要作用.作对近年来角质层蜡质基因的研究进展进行综述,同时也对蜡质基因的研究前景提出一些看法.     

植物角质层蜡质合成与调控的分子生物学研究进展

角质层覆盖于陆生植物的地上部分。沉积于其表面的外角质层蜡质组成了植物与外部环境之间的屏障。蜡质的合成是由大量酶类协同作用的结果,又是一个积极可调控的过程。综述了近年来角质层蜡质合成与调控的分子生物学研究进展,包括突变体筛选、基因克隆和鉴定,以及功能基因组学研究等三方面,并对植物蜡质代谢基因克隆鉴定中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

植物角质层对非生物逆境胁迫响应研究进展

角质层,包括角质和蜡质,是主要由脂肪酸及其衍生物构成的覆盖在植物的外表面的高度疏水层,在植物生长发育过程中起到非常重要的保护屏障作用。除了在极端温度、干旱、高盐等多种非生物逆境胁迫下起到保护作用外,还能够保护植物内部组织免受细菌、真菌病原体的侵染。现就植物角质层的组成、合成途径以及与植物抗逆性,特别是与抗旱能力的关系方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

植物角质层分析术语新体系

目前,我国研究被子植物化石的工作更深入,除应用叶结构分析外,叶表皮角质层特征也日益受到重视。广泛的资料已证实,叶表皮特征的研究可提供很有价值的分类学证据;尤其是在近十几年的植物系统与进化研究领域,更发挥了独特的作用。例如,对地层中植物化石角质层的研究,结合叶形与叶脉结构的分析,提高了化石植物鉴定与分类的可靠性,对过去仅基于叶形相似而建立的原有进化概念也作了修正与深化。     

植物超长链脂肪酸及角质层蜡质生物合成相关酶基因研究现状

超长链脂肪酸(very long chain fatty acids, VLCFAs)在生物体中具有广泛的生理功能, 它们参与种子甘油酯、生物膜膜脂及鞘脂的合成, 并为角质层蜡质的生物合成提供前体物质。角质层是覆盖在植物地上部分最表层的保护层, 由角质和蜡质组成, 其中蜡质又分为角质层表皮蜡和内部蜡, 在植物生长发育、适应外界环境方面起重要作用。VLCFAs的合成由脂肪酰-CoA延长酶催化, 该酶是由b-酮脂酰-CoA合酶、b-酮脂酰-CoA还原酶、b-羟脂酰-CoA脱水酶和反式烯脂酰-CoA还原酶组成的多酶体系。合成后的VLCFAs通过脱羰基与酰基还原作用进入角质层蜡质合成途径, 形成各种蜡质组分。文章就VLCFAs及角质层蜡质合成代谢途径中相关酶基因研究进展方面做了综述, 并对植物蜡质基因研究中存在的问题提出一些看法。     

植物角质层蜡质的化学组成研究综述

角质层是植物与外界的第一接触面,而角质层蜡质则是由位于角质层外的外层蜡质和深嵌在角质层中的内层蜡质两部分构成。植物角质层蜡质成分极其复杂,具有重要的生理功能。综述了有关植物角质层蜡质的化学组成信息,探讨了目前植物角质层蜡质化学成分研究中存在的一些问题,展望了角质层蜡质成分的研究前景。     

植物花青素合成途径中的调控基因研究进展

花青素广泛分布于高等植物中,是一种水溶性的植物色素,与农作物的多种品质性状密切相关。虽长期受到关注,但其生物合成途径则是近年来随着拟南芥等植物突变体研究的深入才取得突破的。对于花、果实和种子中的花青素研究始终是热点,近来国内外有很多关于花青素合成与基因调控发明研究的报道。随着研究的深入不仅可以为医疗保健等提供科学依据,而且有助于其在农业生产中应用。本文综述了植物花青素基因的研究现状和发展趋势,包括植物花青素生物合成途径,生物合成途径中相关转录因子的调控,以及已经分离和克隆的调控基因在功能方面的研究进展。     

植物生物碱代谢生物学研究进展

目前,植物生物碱作为植物的化学防御武器,在植物的生态适应过程中发挥积极作用的观点已得到了普遍的接受。生物碱代谢生物学的研究近年来取得了长足的进步,主要集中在生物碱合成和贮存部位、转运途径、代谢调控因子、生物合成途径和关键酶及其编码基因等方面,现就这方面的进展作一简要综述,并提出了该领域尚存在的问题和前景展望。     

中国植物化石角质层研究综述

总结近30年来中国大陆植物化石角质层研究的进展,介绍角质层分析的3个主要研究方向:植物化石表皮微细构造研究、植物化石气孔参数与大气CO2和气候变化研究以及植物化石角质层地球化学特征研究.举出众多典型实例,提出植物化石角质层分析的研究展望.     

植物角质层内外蜡质的差异及其与抗逆性的关系

植物角质层是覆盖在植物地上部分的叶、花和非木质茎等器官表面的保护层,包括角质和蜡质。其中蜡质根据分布位置不同又分为表皮蜡质和内部蜡质。大量研究表明,表皮蜡质含量和结构在植物生长发育和抗逆性申发挥着重要作用。近年来有研究发现构成蜡质的成分在内外蜡质层中的分布存在差异,角质层蜡质成分影响植物抗逆性。本文针对角质层结构和内外蜡质差异性以及角质层结构和组成与植物抗逆性之间的关系进行了综述。     

Inhibition of cuticular lipid synthesis and its effect on insect survival

A new approach to insect control—using sodium trichloroacetate (NaTCA) to inhibit synthesis of the hydrophobic cuticular lipids that protect insects from dehydration—was tested on Triatoma infestans. In vivo and in vitro studies of incorporation of radioactive precursors showed diminished cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis after NaTCA treatment. Thin layer chromatography and scanning electron microscopy showed disruption of the cuticular lipid layer of NaTCA-treated insects, which also have increased mortality and altered molting cycles. NaTCA treatment enhanced the penetration and increased the lethality of a contact insecticide. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Antigenic epitope in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide immunologically cross-reactive with Escherichia coli 026 lipopolysaccharide

The human monoclonal antibody MH-4H7 recognizes the lipopolysaccharide outer core region of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and in of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and in particular strongly binds to strains of Lányi serotype 04. In this paper, we report that this monoclonal antibody also reacts with Escherichia coli O26 LPS. However, our results suggest that the previous reported immunological cross reaction between P. aeruginosa 04 and E. coli O26 strains (which was observed by using antisera against heat-stable antigens) is not due to the similarity of the O-polysaccharides.     

Gene expression and morphogenesis during the deposition of Drosophila wing cuticle

The exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods is a very versatile material that is characterized by a complex multilayer structure. In Sobala and Adler (2016) we analyzed the process of wing cuticle deposition by RNAseq and electron microscopy. In this extra view we discuss the unique aspects of the envelope the first and most outermost layer and the gene expression program seen at the end of cuticle deposition. We discussed the role of undulae in the deposition of cuticle and how the hydrophobicity of wing cuticle arises.     

Alternate pathways of malonylCoA formation in Streptomyces aureofaciens

Alternate metabolic pathways for the formation of malonylCoA in the actinomycete Streptomyces aureofaciens are examined. Comparison of the specific activities of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase during cultivation, the degree of incorporation of individual radioactive substrates into the tetracycline molecule, and the high randomization of acetate-[2-¹⁴C], indicate that the malonylCoA used in tetracycline biosynthesis does not appear solely through the carboxylation of acetylCoA. The role of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and oxaloacetate dehydrogenase systems in the formation of malonylCoA is established, and using radio-GLC, a cell-free preparation of S. aureofaciens mycelium is shown to form malonate from oxaloacetate. The reaction requires HSCoA and NAD⁺.     

通过转基因提高β-胡萝卜素生物合成量

在黄花龙胆 (Getianalutea)花瓣中获得了植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的 5个基因GGPS、PSY、ZDS、LycB、LycE ,它们分别位于类胡萝卜素合成途径中生成α 和 β 胡萝卜素的上游 .将其中的主要酶基因PSY、ZDS与 35S启动子和NOS终止子相连 ,通过根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)转入烟草 ,并通过RT PCR ,Northern分子杂交 ,Western分子杂交等证实这些基因在RNA、蛋白质水平能较好转录及表达 .高效液相层析法分析显示 ,这些基因的翻译产物具有酶的活性 .结果表明 ,PSY可使 β 胡萝卜素含量提高 1 0 8% .     

POR C of Arabidopsis thaliana: a third light- and NADPH-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase that is differentially regulated by light

During the sequencing of the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana a gene has been identified that encodes a novel NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR)-like protein (accession number AC 002560). This protein has been named POR C. We have expressed the POR C protein in Escherichia coli and have determined its in vitro activity. POR C shows the characteristics of a light-dependent and NADPH-requiring POR similar to POR A and POR B. The expression of the POR C gene differs markedly from that of the POR A and POR B genes. In contrast to the POR A and POR B mRNAs, the POR C mRNA has been shown previously to accumulate only after the beginning of illumination. In light-adapted mature plants only POR B and POR C mRNAs were detectable. The amounts of both mRNAs show pronounced diurnal rhythmic fluctuations. While the oscillations of POR B mRNA are under the control of the circadian clock, those of POR C mRNA are not. Another difference between POR B and POR C was found in seedlings that were grown under continuous white light. The concentration of POR C mRNA rapidly declined and soon dropped beyond the limit of detection, after these seedlings were transferred to the dark. On the other hand, POR B mRNA was unaffected by this light/dark shift. When seedlings were exposed to different light intensities, the amounts of POR B mRNA remained the same, while POR A and POR C mRNAs were modulated in an inverse way by these light intensity changes. POR A mRNA was still detectable in seedlings grown under low light intensities but disappeared at higher light intensities, while the mRNA concentration of POR C rose with increasing light intensities. These different responses to light suggest that the functions of the three PORs of Arabidopsis are not completely redundant, but may allow the plant to adapt its needs for chlorophyll biosynthesis more selectively by using preferentially one of the three enzymes under a given light regime.     

Saponins in Calendula officinalis L. – Structure, Biosynthesis, Transport and Biological Activity

Trends in research on Calendula officinalis L. saponins performed in Department of Plant Biochemistry at Warsaw University are reviewed. Calendula officinalis, a well known medicinal plant, contains significant amounts of oleanane saponins, which form two distinct series of related compounds, called “glucosides” and “glucuronides” according to the structure of the respective precursor. Both series differ in the pathway of their biosynthesis and further metabolism, i.e. the rate of formation and stages of possible degradation; distribution in the single cell and in the whole plant, including accumulation sites; and the possible physiological role played in the plant according to appropriate biological activities.