苏云金芽胞杆菌sigK 基因插入失活突变体的特点及其对cry3A基因启动子活性的影响

摘要: 【目的】构建苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt) sigK 基因插入失活突变体,分析突变体特点并明确其对cry3A 基因启动子的影响。【方法】采用同源重组技术在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD-73 菌株sigK 基因中插入卡那霉素抗性基因,构建了sigK 基因插入失活突变体。通过生长曲线测定、扫描电子显微镜观察晶体、芽胞形成情况和芽胞计数及SDS-PAGE 等方法分析了突变体的特点; 构建了遗传恢复菌株对上述性状进行了功能验证; 利用启动子融合lacZ 技术检测了cry3A 基因启动子的转录活性。【结果】获得了苏云金芽胞杆菌HD-73 菌株sigK 基因突变体,生长曲线测定表明,突变体较出发菌株在稳定期后期生长较慢; 扫描电子显微镜观察和芽胞计数分析显示,突变体丧失了形成芽胞和晶体的能力; SDS-PAGE 分析表明突变体中伴胞晶体蛋白的表达量明显低于出发菌株和恢复菌株。利用载体pHT315 携带sigK 基因及其启动子在突变株中表达,所获得的遗传恢复菌株恢复了突变株产生芽胞和晶体的能力; sigK 基因的突变可以提高cry3A 基因启动子在产胞后期的转录活性,对cry3A 启动子指导的Cry 蛋白表达量没有显著影响。【结论】本研究证明sigK 基因为苏云金芽胞杆菌芽胞形成所必需,并影响伴胞晶体蛋白的产量; sigK 基因功能的丧失有利于cry3A 基因启动子在产胞后期的转录。     

多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1杀南方根结线虫活性产物研究

【目的】南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)是一种危害严重的土传性植物病原线虫,给农业生产造成了巨大的经济损失,前期研究发现多粘类芽胞杆菌(Panebacillus polymyxa) KM2501-1具有很好的温室防治南方根结线虫效果,且可产生多种挥发性杀线虫活性物质,但对其非挥发性产物是否有杀线虫活性没有研究。本研究拟进一步分离鉴定其产生的杀线虫活性代谢产物,发掘新的杀线虫药物。【方法】对菌株KM2501-1进行液体发酵并离心收集发酵上清液,通过硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱分离等方法得到高纯度的杀线虫活性物质,并通过液相色谱质谱联用分析、核磁共振等技术鉴定杀线虫活性物质的结构。【结果】生物活性检测显示,多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1发酵上清液具有较强的南方根结线虫触杀活性,并能有效抑制南方根结线虫卵孵化,体外杀线虫效率高达87.66%,抑制卵孵化效率达92.26%。结构鉴定结果显示多粘类芽胞杆菌产生的杀线虫活性物质为环二肽类物质cyclo (Pro-Phe),800 mg/L的cyclo(Pro-Phe)杀线虫效率达84.75%。进一步的显微观测结果表明,与对照组相比,活性物质cyclo(Pro-Phe)处理后的根结线虫肠道组织紊乱、结构发生破坏。【结论】多粘类芽胞杆菌KM2501-1产生的cyclo (Pro-Phe)是一个具有杀线虫新功能的活性物质,其可能通过破坏线虫肠道杀死线虫。     

蔬菜根结线虫生防芽胞杆菌的筛选及作用机理研究

芽胞杆菌是一类重要的植物病害生防因子.为挖掘防治蔬菜根结线虫的芽胞杆菌优良菌株,从根结线虫病抑制性土壤中分离到62株芽胞杆菌,测定不同菌株发酵滤液对二龄幼虫的致死作用和卵孵化的抑制作用初筛生防菌,然后利用室内盆栽试验测定生防菌株的防治效果,结果发现NB-04菌液灌根处理根结指数最低,防治效果达61.6％.进一步通过形态...     

水稻条斑病菌pilT基因在致病性中的功能分析

【目的】本实验室前期研究发现水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)RS105菌株中pil T基因Tn5转座子插入突变体在寄主水稻上致病性明显降低,在非寄主烟草上激发过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的能力也明显减弱。为了揭示pilT基因在Xoc菌株中的功能,本文进行了深入研究。【方法】本实验通过无标记双交换敲除的方法获得Xoc RS105菌株pil T基因缺失突变体RΔpilT,并对该突变体的游动性以及生物膜等表型进行了检测。【结果】与野生型RS105菌株相比,敲除突变体RΔpilT不仅在感病水稻IR24上的致病性显著降低,在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应的能力减弱,而且突变体游动性降低,生物膜含量增加,互补子能够恢复上述缺陷至野生型水平。qRT-PCR结果显示,在RΔpil T中,hrpG、hrpX、hrcC、clp、rpfG、pilA、pilC基因表达量明显降低。【结论】Xoc中pilT为重要的毒性相关基因,其致病性与游动性和生物膜含量变化相关,并且受clp、rpfG、pilA、pilC等基因调控。pil T基因编码的Pil T蛋白是构成IV型菌毛的亚基之一,为菌体运动提供能量。本文对pilT基因的功能研究,为进一步分析IV型菌毛在Xoc中的功能提供了线索。     

荧光假单胞菌2P24中opgGH基因影响抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚的产生

【目的】抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚(2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol,2,4-DAPG)是生防菌株荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens) 2P24防治植物病害的关键因子,然而对2,4-DAPG生物合成的调控通路并未完全解析。【方法】前期利用Tn5随机突变的方法获得一株对棉花立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)拮抗能力完全丧失的突变菌株W3,本研究利用基因互补等方法研究该突变体中被破坏的基因对菌株2P24分泌2,4-DAPG和其他生防相关性状的影响。【结果】Tn5插入位点及其序列分析表明突变菌株W3中Tn5破坏了opgG基因。鉴于opgG和opgH基因组成操纵子,利用同源重组技术构建了opgGH内缺失突变菌株。与野生菌株2P24相比,opgGH突变菌株中2,4-DAPG的产量显著降低。对其他生防相关性状的检测发现,突变opgGH基因并不影响群体感应系统(quorum sensing,QS)信号分子的产生、氢氰酸的产生以及生物膜的形成,但可抑制菌株2P24的游动性。转录融合实验进一步表明opgGH基因并不调控gacA基因及其调控...     

永兴岛土壤芽胞杆菌多样性与抗线虫活性分析

从永兴岛的土壤中分离到187株芽胞杆菌,利用16S r DNA序列分析与RFLP技术对芽胞杆菌进行多样性分析,并初步探索了其抗南方根结线虫的活性。16S r DNA PCR-RFLP酶切图谱和代表菌株系统发育分析表明,永兴岛土壤中分离的187株芽胞杆菌分属于16个遗传类群,这些芽胞杆菌主要分布在Bacillus、Lysinibacillus、Paenibacillus、Brevibacillus和Sporosarcina 5个属。抗线虫的筛选结果显示,有5株芽胞杆菌表现出很好的抗线虫活性,其中活性最高的DB14381,可能是Lysinibacillus属的新资源。本研究揭示了永兴岛土壤蕴含丰富的芽胞杆菌物种多样性及潜在的新分类单元,并且存在拮抗南方根结线虫的芽胞杆菌资源。     

芽胞杆菌在防治水稻稻瘟病中的应用及生防机制

芽胞杆菌具有人畜安全、不污染环境、病原菌不易产生抗药性、抗逆性强和促进植物生长等优点,是稻瘟病防治上的重要生防菌。芽胞杆菌的生防机制主要包括竞争作用、拮抗作用和诱导抗病性。芽胞杆菌定殖在水稻植株上,产生抗菌活性物质抑制稻瘟病菌的生长,诱导水稻产生抗病性,对水稻植株具有促生作用,可以挽回水稻产量损失。芽胞杆菌可以制备生防制剂用来防治我国南方稻区和北方稻区的稻瘟病危害,在水稻产业的可持续发展中对稻瘟病的生物防治具有指导意义。本文主要综述芽胞杆菌在防治水稻稻瘟病中的应用研究、芽胞杆菌在防治水稻稻瘟病中的生防机制、影响稻瘟病生防芽胞杆菌防效的因素。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌bkd基因簇的转录调控

【目的】通过分析苏云金芽胞杆菌bkd基因簇的转录调控和bkdR突变体的表型特征,明确bkdR所在基因簇的转录调控机制和对Cry蛋白产量的影响。【方法】通过生物信息学方法分析bkdR所在基因簇的结构,RT-PCR分析基因簇的转录单元,采用同源重组技术敲除苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73菌株的bkdR基因,利用启动子融合lacZ的方法分析启动子的转录活性。利用总蛋白定量确定Cry1Ac蛋白产量。【结果】bkd基因簇由8个基因组成,其中ptb-bkdB7个基因组成1个转录单元。ptb基因的启动子转录活性在sigL和bkdR突变体中均明显降低。bkdR基因的缺失对菌体生长、芽胞形成率和Cry1Ac蛋白产量无影响,但使运动能力减弱。【结论】bkd操纵子受Sigma 54控制,并由BkdR激活,bkdR基因的缺失对Cry蛋白产量无影响,对菌株的运动能力有影响。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Sigma H对芽胞形成的影响

【目的】检测苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73中的转录调控因子Sigma H(σ~H)对spo0A基因转录的调控作用;异源表达纯化Sigma H蛋白,验证其对spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;检测sigH基因的缺失对苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73芽胞形成和晶体蛋白产生的影响。【方法】通过测定spo0A基因启动子指导的β-半乳糖苷酶活性评价spo0A基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73野生型和sigH缺失突变体中的转录水平;通过PCR扩增苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73的sigH基因并插入到表达载体pET21b上,将质粒转入到表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,得到重组菌株BL21 (pETsigH);利用镍柱亲和纯化和阴离子交换纯化得到纯化的Sigma H蛋白;通过凝胶迁移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)验证Sigma H蛋白与spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;通过显微镜观察、活芽胞计数的方法对突变株HDΔsigH进行表型特征分析。【结果】sigH缺失后,spo0A基因转录活性降低;在大肠杆菌中正确表达并纯化出大小约为28kDa的Sigma H-His蛋白;EMSA结果表明纯化后的Sigma H-His蛋白可与spo0A基因启动子结合;镜检和活芽胞计数结果表明突变株HDΔsigH无法产生芽胞和蛋白晶体。【结论】Sigma H蛋白通过与spo0A基因启动子结合直接调控spo0A基因的表达且sigH基因的缺失阻断了苏云金芽胞杆菌中芽胞和晶体蛋白的产生。     

生防菌Bs-916突变菌株M49芽胞形成和感受态形成能力

摘要：生防枯草芽胞杆菌Bs-916（Bacillus subtilis）在水稻纹枯病的防治上效果显著。应用离子注入突变对Bs-916进行了突变,获得了一系列的突变菌株。其中突变菌株M49,其表面活性素Surfactin分泌量比出发菌株Bs-916大大降低并导致其防效降低。【目的】为了确认影响该菌株防效降低的影响因子,对其表型和相关基因表达水平进行了研究。【方法】应用生孢培养基,通过芽胞形成能力评测方法比较该菌株和野生菌株Bs-916的芽胞形成能力;通过转化质粒的实验评测突变菌株M49和野生型Bs-916的     

suhB基因对绿针假单胞菌HT66生防能力的影响

[背景]绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonaschlororaphis)HT66是一株兼具生防安全性和吩嗪-1-甲酰胺(Phenazine-1-Carboxamide,PCN)高产的植物根际促生菌,在生物防治、生态农业及可持续发展农业领域具有广阔的应用前景.非编码RNA(ncRNA)SuhB参与了细胞中多个过程的代谢调控...     

铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中c-di-GMP代谢相关基因PA0575对表型的影响

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中存在与环鸟苷二磷酸(cyclic-di-guanosine monophosphate,c-di-GMP)代谢相关基因PA0575。【目的】探讨铜绿假单胞菌PAO1中环鸟苷二磷酸代谢相关基因PA0575对运动能力及生物膜的影响。【方法】通过PCR对菌株遗传背景进行确认;利用刚果红结合实验及电转PcdrA-gfp质粒间接测量胞内c-di-GMP水平;利用泳动性(swimming)、蜂群泳动(swarming)、蹭行运动(twiching)和生物膜定量实验对细菌进行表型分析,并在运动培养基中添加抗生素研究其对运动能力的影响;针对PA0575基因进行融合蛋白表达载体的构建,并对蛋白进行原核诱导表达。【结果】3株突变体菌株的转座子插入突变位点不一致,胞内c-di-GMP水平检测结果显示,PA0575-1菌株的c-di-GMP含量高于野生型PAO1菌株(P0.05),PA0575-2、PA0575-3菌株胞内c-di-GMP水平与野生型PAO1菌株无差异(P0.05)。运动能力检测实验中,与野生型PAO1菌株相比,PA0575-1菌株泳动性增强(P0.05);PA0575-2、PA0575-3菌株的泳动性、蜂群运动均增强(P0.05);该基因不同位点的突变均导致氯霉素对菌株的运动能力产生抑制作用。生物膜定量结果显示,与野生型PAO1菌株相比,细菌培养18 h后PA0575-1的生物膜含量降低(P0.05),PA0575-2、PA0575-3菌株的生物膜含量升高。最后成功构建了PA0575基因不同结构域的8个表达载体,并获得了异源表达蛋白。【结论】PA0575基因降低铜绿假单胞菌胞内c-di-GMP的水平,影响表型的同时也抑制了氯霉素抗性基因的表达。以上研究为PA0575基因对表型的影响奠定了基础。     

Bacterial swimming, swarming and chemotactic response to heavy metal presence: which could be the influence on wastewater biotreatment efficiency?

Fixed-bed reactors are usually designed for wastewater biotreatments, where the biofilm establishment and maintenance play the most important roles. Biofilm development strictly relies on different types of bacterial motility: swimming, swarming, and chemotaxis, which can be altered by the microenvironment conditions. The aim of this work is to do an integrated study on the effects of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Cr(VI) on swimming, swarming and chemotaxis of Pseudomonas veronii 2E, Delftia acidovorans AR and Ralstonia taiwanensis M2 to improve biofilm development and maintenance for metal loaded wastewater biotreatment in fixed-bed bioreactors. Swimming, swarming and chemotactic response evaluation experiments were carried out at different metal concentrations. P. veronii 2E motility was not affected by metal presence, being this strain optimal for fixed-bed reactors. D. acidovorans AR swarming was inhibited by Cd and Zn. Although R. taiwanensis M2 showed high resistance to Cu, Cd, Cr and Zn, motility was definitively altered, so further studies on R. taiwanensis M2 resistance mechanisms would be particularly interesting.     

Anti-Oomycete Activity and Pepper Root Colonization of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida YJR13 and Pseudomonas putida YJR92 against Phytophthora capsici

Previously, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida YJR13 and Pseudomonas putida YJR92 from a sequential screening procedure were proven to effectively control Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. In this study, we further investigated the anti-oomycete activities of these strains against mycelial growth, zoospore germination, and germ tube elongation of P. capsici. We also investigated root colonization ability of the bacterial strains in square dishes, including cell motility (swimming and swarming motilities) and biofilm formation. Both strains significantly inhibited mycelial growth in liquid and solid V8 juice media and M9 minimal media, zoospore germination, and germ tube elongation compared with Bacillus vallismortis EXTN-1 (positive biocontrol strain), Sphingomonas aquatilis KU408 (negative biocontrol strain), and MgSO₄ solution (untreated control). In diluted (nutrient-deficient) V₈ juice broth, the tested strain populations were maintained at >10⁸ cells/ml, simultaneously providing mycelial inhibitory activity. Additionally, these strains colonized pepper roots at a 10⁶ cells/ml concentration for 7 days. The root colonization of the strains was supported by strong swimming and swarming activities, biofilm formation, and chemotactic activity towards exudate components (amino acids, organic acids, and sugars) of pepper roots. Collectively, these results suggest that strains YJR13 and YJR92 can effectively suppress Phytophthora blight of pepper through direct anti-oomycete activities against mycelial growth, zoospore germination and germ tube elongation. Bacterial colonization of pepper roots may be mediated by cell motility and biofilm formation together with chemotaxis to root exudates.     

生防假单胞菌2P24中mvaT和mvaV基因对PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统的调控作用

【目的】自小麦全蚀病自然衰退土壤分离得到的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)2P24,可防治多种由植物病原菌引起的土传病害。菌株2P24具有群体感应(quorum-sensing,QS)系统PcoI/PcoR,该系统影响生防菌2P24生物膜的形成以及其在小麦根围的定殖能力,从而影响2P24的生防能力。本文利用遗传学方法进一步研究了2P24中QS系统的调控途径。【方法】将QS系统信号合成基因pcoI的转录报告质粒p970Gm-pcoIp转入gacA基因突变菌株PM201中,再利用Tn5转座子对该菌株进行随机突变,筛选影响pcoI基因表达的调控因子。【结果】根据菌落颜色的变化筛选到2株突变菌株。Tn5插入位点和基因序列分析表明这2个突变体中Tn5破坏了同一个基因mvaT;设计引物利用PCR方法从2P24基因组中获得mvaT基因及其同源基因mvaV。转录融合报告实验表明:与野生菌株2P24相比,mvaT及mvaV突变体中pcoI基因的表达和N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯的产量显著提高;HPLC试验表明mvaT和mvaV基因影响抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚的合成。细菌双杂交试验证实,MvaT蛋白和MvaV蛋白在体内发生自身互作,这两个蛋白也可相互作用。【结论】以上结果表明mvaT和mvaV参与调控生防假单胞菌2P24的PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统,并可能影响其生防功能基因的表达。     

Virulence factors in Proteus bacteria from biofilm communities of catheter-associated urinary tract infections

More than 40% of nosocomial infections are those of the urinary tract, most of these occurring in catheterized patients. Bacterial colonization of the urinary tract and catheters results not only in infection, but also various complications, such as blockage of catheters with crystalline deposits of bacterial origin, generation of gravels and pyelonephritis. The diversity of the biofilm microbial community increases with duration of catheter emplacement. One of the most important pathogens in this regard is Proteus mirabilis. The aims of this study were to identify and assess particular virulence factors present in catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) isolates, their correlation and linkages: three types of motility (swarming, swimming and twitching), the ability to swarm over urinary catheters, biofilm production in two types of media, urease production and adherence of bacterial cells to various types of urinary tract catheters. We examined 102 CAUTI isolates and 50 isolates taken from stool samples of healthy people. Among the microorganisms isolated from urinary catheters, significant differences were found in biofilm-forming ability and the swarming motility. In comparison with the control group, the microorganisms isolated from urinary catheters showed a wider spectrum of virulence factors. The virulence factors (twitching motility, swimming motility, swarming over various types of catheters and biofilm formation) were also more intensively expressed.     

Biocontrol activity and root colonization by Pseudomonas corrugata strains CCR04 and CCR80 against Phytophthora blight of pepper

Previously, we selected Pseudomonas corrugata strains CCR04 and CCR80 as rhizobacteria suppressive to Phytophthora blight of pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici. In this study, we investigated soil microbial activity in pepper plants root-drenched with strains CCR04 and CCR80 in relation to their biocontrol activity, root colonization by using bacterial population counts and scanning electron microscopy, biofilm formation and cell motility as well as cell sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). As a result, strains CCR04 and CCR80 more effectively suppressed disease expression in pepper plants through root colonization than did Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1 (positive control), Escherichia coli DH5α (negative control) or MgSO₄ solution (untreated control). Strains CCR04 and CCR80 had efficient biofilm formation and cell motility (swimming and swarming activities) abilities and responded to certain tested compounds (amino acids, organic acids and sugars), which can be found in root exudates. Strains CCR04 and CCR80 and the positive control strain AC-1 were relatively insensitive to H₂O₂, a reactive oxidative species at concentration up to 20 mM, unlike the negative control strain DH5α. Taken together, these results suggest that P. corrugata CCR04 and CCR80 can effectively inhibit P. capsici infection of pepper plants through successful colonization of plant roots. This bacterial colonization may be facilitated by the biofilm formation ability and cell motility in addition to reduced sensitivity to H₂O₂ and probably the production of antimicrobial compounds. These findings highlight the potential of strains CCR04 and CCR80 as biocontrol agents for the management of Phytophthora blight of pepper.     

Minor Pilins of the Type IV Pilus System Participate in the Negative Regulation of Swarming Motility

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits distinct surface-associated behaviors, including biofilm formation, flagellum-mediated swarming motility, and type IV pilus-driven twitching. Here, we report a role for the minor pilins, PilW and PilX, components of the type IV pilus assembly machinery, in the repression of swarming motility. Mutating either the pilW or pilX gene alleviates the inhibition of swarming motility observed for strains with elevated levels of the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) due to loss of BifA, a c-di-GMP-degrading phosphodiesterase. Blocking PilD peptidase-mediated processing of PilW and PilX renders the unprocessed proteins defective for pilus assembly but still functional in c-di-GMP-mediated swarming repression, indicating our ability to separate these functions. Strains with mutations in pilW or pilX also fail to exhibit the increase in c-di-GMP levels observed when wild-type (WT) or bifA mutant cells are grown on a surface. We also provide data showing that c-di-GMP levels are increased upon PilY1 overexpression in surface-grown cells and that this c-di-GMP increase does not occur in the absence of the SadC diguanylate cyclase. Increased levels of endogenous PilY1, PilX, and PilA are observed when cells are grown on a surface compared to liquid growth, linking surface growth and enhanced signaling via SadC. Our data support a model wherein PilW, PilX, and PilY1, in addition to their role(s) in type IV pilus biogenesis, function to repress swarming via modulation of intracellular c-di-GMP levels. By doing so, these pilus assembly proteins contribute to P. aeruginosa's ability to coordinately regulate biofilm formation with its two surface motility systems.     

Enhanced Control of Cucumber Wilt Disease by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 by Altering the Regulation of Its DegU Phosphorylation

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain SQR9, isolated from the cucumber rhizosphere, suppresses the growth of Fusarium oxysporum in the cucumber rhizosphere and protects the host plant from pathogen invasion through efficient root colonization. In the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus, the response regulator DegU regulates genetic competence, swarming motility, biofilm formation, complex colony architecture, and protease production. In this study, we report that stepwise phosphorylation of DegU in B. amyloliquefaciens SQR9 can influence biocontrol activity by coordinating multicellular behavior and regulating the synthesis of antibiotics. Results from in vitro and in situ experiments and quantitative PCR (qPCR) studies demonstrate the following: (i) that the lowest level of phosphorylated DegU (DegU∼P) (the degQ mutation) impairs complex colony architecture, biofilm formation, colonization activities, and biocontrol efficiency of Fusarium wilt disease but increases the production of macrolactin and bacillaene, and (ii) that increasing the level of DegU∼P by degQ and degSU overexpression significantly improves complex colony architecture, biofilm formation, colonization activities, production of the antibiotics bacillomycin D and difficidin, and efficiency of biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease. The results offer a new strategy to enhance the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9.