白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的寄生和繁殖生物学

白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂Spathius agrili Yang是我国天津地区寄生白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的一种重要天敌。本研究通过林间调查并结合室内观察,测定了该寄生蜂在不同营养条件下的存活时间和不同时期的产卵量,调查了不同寄主大小对寄生蜂后代生长发育的影响,以及寄生蜂对不同深度树皮下的寄主利用情况。结果表明：不同营养条件下白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的存活时间差异很大,补充20％蜂蜜水的成蜂存活时间明显延长,最长可达3个月。相同条件下雌蜂的存活时间比雄蜂略长。在补充营养的条件下,茧蜂的产卵时间最长可达8周,产卵的高蜂在羽化后第2周前后,平均每雌每周产卵量在整个产卵期内基本保持在8～12粒上下,没有大的波动。茧蜂低龄幼虫也可能分泌毒素主动攻击寄主,提高了寄生蜂后代的生存能力。寄主个体大,营养量也大,寄生其上的茧蜂幼虫成功完成发育的数量随之增加,表明寄主营养资源的多少直接影响到寄生蜂后代的生长发育和存活。白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂对1～6.5 mm树皮深度范围内的适龄寄主幼虫均能够寄生利用,约92％的被寄生白蜡窄吉丁幼虫个体分布于1～4 mm深度的树皮下,在3 mm厚的树皮下分布的数量最多。茧蜂数量与树皮深度大致上呈抛物线关系,理论上在树皮深度为3.97 mm处茧蜂分布数量最多。     

温度对白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂发育和繁殖的影响

为了提高白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis的重要天敌——白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂Spathius agrili Yang的繁育效率, 本研究调查了不同温度（22, 24, 26, 28, 30和32℃）对该蜂生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明, 在22~32℃范围内, 白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的卵、茧蛹及世代发育速率均随着温度的升高而加快, 而幼虫的发育速率在26℃时最快. 卵、幼虫、茧蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为14.34, 16.89, 14.16和13.84℃, 有效积温分别为24.59, 61.16, 166.27和276.80日·度。温度对白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂数量和性比都有不同程度的影响。据此提出适于人工繁育白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的温度范围为26~28℃。     

白蜡窄吉丁幼虫及其天敌在空间格局上的关系

调查了白蜡窄吉丁幼虫与其寄生性天敌白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂和捕食性天敌啄木鸟啄食白蜡窄吉丁的啄痕在空间格局上的规律.结果表明,在林间水平方向上,白蜡窄吉丁幼虫呈聚集分布,白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂和啄木鸟的啄痕也表现为聚集分布;在垂直方向上,白蜡窄吉丁幼虫分布于地面至3.37m以下的树干,主要集中于1.0m左右的主干,天敌也集中在此范围内活动.     

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的生物学和生态学特性及繁殖技术研究

采用室内测定并结合林间实地调查的方法,研究了新发现的寄生于蛀干害虫白蜡窄吉丁的外寄生蜂——白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao的生物学特性及其人工繁殖技术。结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂外寄生于白蜡窄吉丁的幼虫和蛹及预蛹,是自然控制该害虫的一种重要寄生蜂,自然寄生率为13.9%左右。该蜂在天津1年发生5代,世代重叠明显,寿命长。白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的卵、幼虫、茧蛹期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为（16.89±0.79）℃,（17.03±1.42）℃,（16.90±1.68）℃和（15.31±0.47）℃。有效积温分别为（33.82±4.13）日·度、（49.11±7.93）日·度、（128.88±27.87）日·度和（277.00±14.15）日·度。雌性成蜂易于低温保存,对寄主有较强的搜索力和攻击力。繁蜂寄主容易大量获得,是生物防治白蜡窄吉丁的重要理想天敌之一。     

黑胸茧蜂与寄主关系的研究

黑胸茧蜂除寄生根红铃虫、梨小食心虫外,豆荚螟是又一发现的新寄主。黑胸茧蜂对棉红铃虫寄生率高,豆荚螟、梨小食心虫依序次之。在湖北,黑胸茧蜂越冬代于5月上、中旬开始羽化,5月中、下旬寄生第二代梨小食心虫,6月中、下旬越冬代大量羽化集中寄生春大豆上第二代豆荚螟,7月上、中旬转移至棉田寄生第一代棉红铃虫,8月上、中旬又向棉田四周的夏大豆田转移寄生第三代豆荚螟,9月上、中旬迁回棉田寄生第三代棉红铃虫直至越冬。     

隔离饲养对白蜡窄吉丁成虫寿命和繁殖力的影响

白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire是近年来发生和危害严重的国际性检疫害虫。为了了解不同饲养条件和种内个体间相互感知对成虫生物学的影响, 本研究采用群体饲养、 单对饲养、 无隔离单雌饲养、 视觉隔离单雌饲养和嗅觉隔离单雌饲养等5种处理, 在室内测定了白蜡窄吉丁成虫的寿命、 取食量、 产卵量和产卵历期等参数的变化。结果显示： 隔离饲养降低了白蜡窄吉丁成虫的寿命和繁殖力, 且不同处理下白蜡窄吉丁成虫的寿命和取食量均存在显著差异（P<0.05）, 但产卵量的差异不明显（P>0.05）。其中无隔离单雌饲养时成虫的平均寿命最长, 为32.40 d, 群体饲养的寿命最短, 为20.77 d, 且单雌饲养的寿命均比单对饲养和群体饲养的长。单雌饲养的3种情况下, 视觉隔离条件下的日均取食量最大, 为156.16 mm², 嗅觉隔离的最小, 为107.35 mm²; 无隔离饲养条件下雌虫的产卵量最大, 产卵历期也最长, 分别为98.33 d和21.33 d。这些研究结果表明, 白蜡窄吉丁种内个体间相互感知的阻断对成虫的取食、 发育和繁殖活动存在明显影响, 且嗅觉在其种群内的交流活动中作用最重要, 其次是视觉。此外, 个体之间的相互干扰或竞争对白蜡窄吉丁成虫的寿命和繁殖力也可能存在一定的影响。这为生产上采用隔离措施如营造混交林带防治该虫提供了理论基础。     

美洲斑潜蝇寄生峰——黄腹潜蝇茧蜂成虫的生物学特性

黄腹潜蝇茧蜂Opius caricivorae Fischer是美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blandchard幼虫 蛹期的一种重要内寄生蜂。在实验室条件下,用菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris L.上的美洲斑潜蝇作为寄主,对其成蜂的生物学特性做了初步研究。成虫主要在白天羽化,羽化高峰期在8:00～10:00,且多数（91%）当日交尾,羽化出的成蜂性比明显偏雌性（雌∶雄=1.51∶1）。在17℃～33℃温度下,提供蜂蜜液时,黄腹潜蝇茧蜂雌蜂和雄峰的寿命随着温度的升高而缩短,雌蜂的寿命明显长于雄峰的寿命,分别从17℃时81天和47天降到33℃时的14天和13天。雌蜂羽化后1～2天即可产卵,在21℃～29℃温度下,产卵高峰期在2～7日龄,平均产卵量随温度变化的方程为=-0.057x^{2+2.728x-20.601（r2=0.934）。而且成蜂取食能够致死寄主。另外,本文对雌蜂的寄主搜索、产卵和寄主取食行为做了详细描述。}     

寄主龄期对可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂寄生及其后代适合度的影响

采用单选试验,观察了可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂（Tysiphlebus anbiguus）对不同发育时期黑豆蚜的寄生选择及其后代生长发育适合度相关特征,以检验寄主大小与其质量是否存在正相关关系。结果表明,黑豆蚜（Aphis fabae）1～4龄和成蚜均被寄生,但对2龄若蚜的寄生率最高（35．25％）,对成蚜寄生率最低（14．75％）;寄生低龄蚜虫的羽化率显著高于高龄若蚜和成蚜。寄生2龄若蚜的发育历期（8．4d）最短,而寄生1龄若蚜最长（9．3d）;寄生2～4龄蚜虫的后代蜂体型显著大于寄生1龄和成蚜;寄生4龄若蚜的后代中,雌蜂比例（75．74％）显著高于1龄若蚜（62．89％）和成蚜（65．19％）,但与寄生2～3龄若蚜无显著差异。寄主黑豆蚜的质量从高至低依次为2龄〉3龄=4龄〉成蚜〉1龄,因此,对可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂而言。寄主大小与其质量并非存在正相关性。     

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂田间发生动态及田间繁育

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall和广双瘤蚜茧蜂Binodoxys communis Gahan是大豆田大豆蚜的重要寄生蜂。2009—2010年,采取棋盘式采样和随机抽样调查相结合的方法,在辽宁岫岩对大豆田内的豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂的发生动态进行了研究。结果显示,2009年,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂6月20号前后在田间开始少量发生,7月上旬数量急速上升,中旬达到最高值,然后开始下降;8月中旬出现第2个高峰,数量上明显小于第1个高峰期,但2010年只有1个高峰,第2个高峰不明显;广双瘤蚜茧蜂6月底开始出现并不断上升,到7月上、中旬达到一定量后持续到8月底。总体来说,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂发生的时间比广双瘤蚜茧蜂早,且数量也较多。同时在大田按照不同的处理,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂进行大田罩笼繁殖研究,当豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂与适龄蚜虫数量比值为1:100的情况下产生的僵蚜数量最多。为大田有效利用蚜茧蜂控制大豆蚜提供了必要的基础资料。     

Native parasitoids and recovery of Spathius agrili from areas of release against emerald ash borer in eastern Tennessee,USA

The parasitoid Spathius agrili Yang, introduced in the USA to suppress populations of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, has been recovered at a release site for the first time in eastern Tennessee after a single year of releases. Other native parasitoids, including Spathius floridanus Ashmead, undetermined species of Spathius (possibly Spathius elegans Matthews and Spathius parvulus Matthews) and Atanycolus cappaerti Marsh & Strazanac, also known to be associated with EAB, were recovered. These recoveries represent the first documentation of these four species, including the introduced S. agrili, associated with EAB in the southern USA. Implications for biological control efforts against EAB are discussed.     

Biology and damage traits of emerald ash borer planipennis Fairmaire）in China

Emerald ash borer （Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire） （Coleoptera： Buprestidae） is a major stem borer of ash （Fraxinus spp.）. It is univoltine in Tianjin, while it is semivoltine in Heilongjiang Province, and both univoltine and semivoltine in Changchun, Jilin Province, where the majority is univoltine. The longevity of emerald ash borer adults is 17.2 ± 4.6 days （n = 45）, eggs 9.0 5：1.1 days （n = 103）, univoltine larvae 308 days, semivoltine larvae 673 days, and pupae 61.2 ± 1.6 days （n = 45）. It takes about 100 days from the time larvae bore into the phloem to when they complete the pupal cell. In a 10-year-old velvet ash （Fraxinus velutina Tort.） plantation in Tianjin, emerald ash borer preferred to oviposit on the regions of boles from 50-150 cm above ground, accounting for 76.7% of the total girdling. Girdling on the south side of the tree boles accounted for 43.40% of the total girdling. The emerald ash borer population density is higher at the edge of the plantation compared with the center.     

Molecular characterization of mariner‐like elements in emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera,Polyphaga)

Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis), an exotic invasive pest, has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America and continues to threaten the very survival of the entire Fraxinus genus. Despite its high‐impact status, to date very little knowledge exists for this devastating insect pest at the molecular level. Mariner‐like elements (MLEs) are transposable elements, which are ubiquitous in occurrence in insects and other invertebrates. Because of their low specificity and broad host range, they can be used for epitope‐tagging, gene mapping, and in vitro mutagenesis. The majority of the known MLEs are inactive due to in‐frame shifts and stop codons within the open reading frame (ORF). We report on the cloning and characterization of two MLEs in A. planipennis genome (Apmar1 and Apmar2). Southern analysis indicated a very high copy number for Apmar1 and a moderate copy number for Apmar2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both elements belong to the irritans subfamily. Based on the high copy number for Apmar1, the full‐length sequence was obtained using degenerate primers designed to the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of irritans MLEs. The recovered nucleotide sequence for Apmar1 consisted of 1,292 bases with perfect ITRs, and an ORF of 1,050 bases encoding a putative transposase of 349 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Apmar1 contained the conserved regions of mariner transposases including WVPHEL and YSPDLAP, and the D,D(34)D motif. Both Apmar1 and Apmar2 could represent useful genetic tools and provide insights on EAB adaptation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Responses of two parasitoids,the exotic Spathius agrili Yang and the native Spathius floridanus Ashmead,to volatile cues associated with the emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

Two parasitoids, the introduced specialist Spathius agrili Yang (Braconidae), and the native generalist Spathius floridanus Ashmead, have been proposed as biological control agents of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Buprestidae). However, little is known about their host-location behaviors. We evaluated responses to their host complex, Fraxinus pennsylvanica stem tissue, F. pennsylvanica foliage, and an A. planipennis larva within a stem. Experiments were conducted in a Y-tube olfactometer, using wasps reared on A. planipennis larvae in F. pennsylvanica stems. Naïve S. agrili were attracted to the entire complex, and to leaf tissue, relative to blanks. S. agrili were also more attracted to stems containing larvae and leaf tissue together than leaf tissue alone. Naïve S. floridanus were attracted to larvae within stems, but nothing else. A further distinction is that S. agrilli moved more, in the presence of foliage. Thus, S. agrili and S. floridanus appear to employ different host-location strategies. The former is attracted to host plant cues, which then elicit increased searching, whereas the latter is only attracted to infested tissue directly. We found no evidence that oviposition influences attraction by S. agrili, suggesting other forms of experience should be evaluated for potential sources of learned cues. Further, S. agrili that declined opportunities to oviposit oriented away from host-associated cues, suggesting distinct behavioral sequences occur by females that are not reproductively ready. Further understanding of host-location behavior may improve biological control by these parasitoids, by suggesting strategies for pre-release conditioning and providing tools for assessing post-release establishment.     

Isolation and characterisation of Isaria farinosa and Purpureocillium lilacinum associated with emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis in Canada

Entomopathogenic fungi of the genera Isaria and Purpureocillium were recovered from infestation sites of emerald ash borer (EAB) in Southern Ontario, Canada. Isolates were identified using morphological characters and by sequencing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA gene and partial β-tubulin gene. Phylogenetic analysis and constructed trees based on the ITS and β-tubulin gene explicitly confirm isolates L66B, SY17-a and LHY46-a as Isaria farinosa and B3A, B59A and SY45B-a as Purpureocillium lilacinum. Pathogenicity was tested in the laboratory against adult EAB using a single concentration (2.0×10⁷ conidia/ml) applied topically to adults. Controls included three commercial isolates: Isaria fumosorosea LRC176, Metarhizium brunneum LRC187 and Beauveria bassiana strain GHA. The native isolates I. farinosa L66B and P. lilacinum SY45B-a killed 75 and 50% of the beetles 14 days post-inoculation. Although these indigenous entomogenous fungi were less virulent compared with the commercial isolates, yearly isolation from EAB populations suggests they are one of the natural mortality factors of EAB in Canada.     

Patterns in the within-tree distribution of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) in young, green-ash plantations of south-western Ontario, Canada

1 The emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a serious exotic pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America, and is responsible for the deaths of millions of trees in Ontario and Michigan. One of the greatest challenges facing the successful management of the pest is the ability to accurately detect its presence in a tree. 2 Observations were made on A. planipennis larval feeding galleries found within 65 young, green‐ash trees cut from plantations in Essex County, Ontario, Canada. The within‐tree distributions of feeding galleries were described in relation to height‐above‐ground, stem diameter, bark thickness and stem aspect. 3 Galleries were not distributed randomly or evenly; minimum boundaries of stem diameter and bark thickness and a maximum boundary of height‐above‐ground were detected. Indications of maximum boundaries for stem diameter and bark thickness were also observed. Galleries were found most often on the south‐west side of the tree. 4 Using the technique of upper boundary regression, we were able to identify significant quadratic relationships between A. planipennis gallery density and stem diameter and bark thickness, as well as a significant negative linear relationship between gallery density and height‐above‐ground. 5 Agrilus planipennis gallery density in newly‐infested trees was lower than in previously‐infested trees, and was observed to peak at smaller stem diameters and bark thicknesses than in previously‐infested trees. 6 Survey teams would increase their probability of detecting new A. planipennis infestations by initiating searches for exit holes and feeding galleries in trunk sections and branches of approximately 7 cm in diameter.     

The persistence of blue ash in the aftermath of emerald ash borer may be due to adult oviposition preferences and reduced larval performance

1. We examined the health of mature blue ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata, in two forests in southwestern Ohio in relation to that of mature white ash, F. americana, and examined the potential importance of oviposition preferences and larval resistance in the persistence of blue ash.
2. Both blue ash and white ash were largely unaffected by emerald ash borer in 2012. By 2018, nearly 90% of the blue ash trees observed in these forests had full or nearly full canopies, as opposed to less than 20% of the white ash encountered in our studies. In 2021, blue ash maintained a similar degree of canopy health as in 2018, but no standing live mature white ashes remained.
3. Bark removals revealed no current or past larval feeding attempts in blue ash in 2018 or 2021, except for one attacked and killed tree in 2018. All white ash trees examined were attacked. In a laboratory bioassay with cut stems, emerald ash borer larvae fed less and grew significantly more slowly on blue ash than on white ash.
4. Both reduced larval performance and reduced adult oviposition likely contribute to the persistence of blue ash in forests devastated by emerald ash borer.

     

中国白蜡窄吉丁研究进展

白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire是近年来发生和影响比较严重的国际性检疫害虫,主要危害白蜡属(Fraxinus spp.)树木。它以幼虫在树木的韧皮部、形成层和木质部浅层蛀食,从而切断树木的营养输导组织,导致树木衰弱死亡。为了深入了解该害虫,探索合理的治理策略,本文对国内外有关白蜡窄吉丁的生物学特性,包括生活习性、生活史、分布与危害、寄主范围等方面以及防治技术的研究进展进行了系统总结,并讨论了白蜡窄吉丁今后的研究方向和研究趋势。