Morphological variability and quality of seeds of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> (Rupr.) Rupr.

The results of studying the variability of morphological features and quality of seeds of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. in Eastern Siberia are presented in this paper. The main regularities and characteristics of the variability of some qualitative and quantitative features of this larch species were obtained. The perspectives for selection of more productive stands of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. in Eastern Siberia were defined.     

利用正交设计优化兴安落叶松RAPD-PCR反应体系

以兴安落叶松针叶DNA为模板,对影响落叶松RAPD-PCR 扩增的重要参数进行了优化试验,以期建立兴安落叶松RAPD PCR反应的最佳体系。通过采用正交设计L₁₆(4⁵)对兴安落叶松RAPD-PCR反应的5因素(Taq酶、Mg²⁺、dNTP、模板DNA、引物)在4个水平上进行优化试验,结果表明兴安落叶松最佳的RAPD-PCR的反应体系(20 μL)中含有模板90 ng,0.5 μmol·L^-1的引物,1×反应缓冲液,DNTP各为0.25 mmol·L^-1,1 U的Taq DNA聚合酶,Mg²⁺ 2.5 mmol·L^-1。在此基础上筛选出20个扩增稳定、多态性丰富的RAPD引物,并通过梯度 PCR试验,确定了引物最佳退火温度。     

刺五加内生真菌分离鉴定及抗菌活性研究

为开发利用刺五加内生真菌资源,寻找新型抗菌物质,从刺五加根茎叶中分离纯化得到内生真菌71株,经菌落形态和显微形态去重后进行ITS序列分子鉴定为18个种,来自于4目、8科、11属,其中链格孢属与镰孢霉属为优势属。根、茎、叶中内生真菌多样性指数分别为1. 112 31、1. 523 658、0. 264 1。18种刺五加内生真菌中,16种内生真菌至少对一种指示菌有抗菌活性。CWJ-5(镰孢霉属Fusarium oxysporum)对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果显著,抑菌直径27. 17±0. 07 mm; CWJ-6(链格孢属Alternaria alternata)对大肠埃希菌抑菌效果显著,抑菌直径18. 07±0. 01 mm。结果表明刺五加内生真菌资源丰富,有很大的开发利用空间,部分菌种抑菌活性显著,值得进一步研究。     

无梗五加根中苯丙素类化合物的研究

从无梗五加(Acanthoparax sessiliflorus( Rupr.et Maxim.)Seem.)根70％乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层中提取分离得到8个苯丙素类化合物.经理化和波谱分析鉴定为(+)-表芝麻脂素(1)、(-)-芝麻脂素(2)、赛菊芋黄素(3)、洒维宁(4)、咖啡酸甲酯(5)、对羟基桂皮酸(6)、(-)-丁香脂素(7)、(+)-松脂索(8).化合物8是首次从五加科植物中分离得到,化合物1和5是首次从五加属植物中分离得到,化合物3、6和7是首次从该植物中分离得到.     

金银忍冬雌雄配子体发育的解剖学研究

对金银忍冬(Lonicera maackii(Rupr.)Maxim)大、小孢子的发生和雌、雄配子体的发育过程进行了研究,结果表明:(1)4月上中旬,幼嫩的花粉囊壁由表皮、纤维层、中层和绒毡层共4层细胞组成,绒毡层类型为变形绒毡层。4月15日左右小孢子母细胞进行减数分裂形成四面体型四分体,四分体时期后,部分小孢子为空瘪状态。4月23-26日即将开花时形成三细胞型的成熟花粉。(2)子房三心皮,中轴胎座,胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心。4月下旬开花前发育形成成熟胚囊,胚囊的发育为蓼型,合点端具有承珠盘。研究结果表明金银忍冬雌雄配子体的发育均属正常。     

From modeling the kinetics of cell enlargement to building tracheidograms of Larix gmelinii Rupr. (Rupr.) in the permafrost zone in Siberia

Boreal forest ecosystems are a crucial element in the global climate balance. In harsh environments functioning lateral meristems of trees are more regulated by the exogenous (included local climate) than endogenous factors. This information is encoded in the tree-ring structure which can be effectively decomposed by the process-based tree-ring growth simulations. Moreover, the process-based modeling can be used to describe non-linear processes linking climate variables with tree-ring formation. In this study, we applied the Vaganov-Shashkin model to simulate seasonal cell production and cell enlargement of Larix gmelinii Rupr. (Rupr.) growing in the permafrost zone of Central Siberia. We developed a procedure for calculating the radial cell diameter based on specific Gompertz function combined with the “instantaneous tracheidogram” approach to estimate effectively seasonal cell production and timing of cell enlargement under climate control. Simulated cell number and cell size matched well with direct xylogenesis observations. The developed procedure demonstrate strong relationships between seasonal simulated growth rate and measured tracheid radial size (the average correlation is 0.64, $p$ < 0.01). A highly significant correlation ($p$ < 0.01) between simulated and observed cell profiles was obtained for 71% of the growing seasons over the period 1950–2011. The strong exponential relationship (R² = 0.67) was obtained between the day of the year (DOY) when cambial cell transfers into enlargement zone and simulated time intervals of cell enlargement. Based on the strong exponential relationship it was possible to reproduce the basic pattern of the observed tracheidograms over 1950–2011 with a systematic overestimation of final cell sizes at the beginning of the growing season, which will be possible to eliminate by using more anatomical data (trees) and longer period. The proposed approach of simulating intra-annual cell dynamics (cell production) has a great potential for studying how climate affects tree-ring formation.     

HPLC-ELSD法在刺五加药材糖类成分分析中的应用

建立一种高效、快速的高效液相色谱—蒸发光散射检测法(HPLC-ELSD)分析刺五加药材中糖类成分—葡萄糖及蔗糖组分。采用CHROMATOREX NH2柱为固定相;以乙腈：水为84.5：15.5(V/V)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^-1;漂移管温度为100℃;氮气流速为2.5 L·min^-1。在上述色谱条件下,葡萄糖和蔗糖的线性范围分别为0.023 2～0.116 0 mg·mL^-1及0.099 6～0.496 5 mg·mL^-1;且该二种糖的检测限分别（信/噪=3）为3.87 ng和3.31 ng。本方法无须进行糖衍生化而直接用于刺五加药材中糖类成分的分离分析。     

Effect of larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) root exudates on Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) growth and soil juglone in a mixed-species plantation

The establishment and productivity of a Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) plantation can be improved by inter-planting with larch (Larix gmelini Rupr.) in Northeast China, but the potential mechanism remains obscure. We carried out a series of experiments in a 20-year-old mixed-species plantation, as well as in Manchurian walnut and larch plantations. Manchurian walnut seedlings had difficulty surviving in the Manchurian walnut plantation because their growth was inhibited by their own soil and root exudates. In sharp contrast, Manchurian walnut seedlings grew well in larch and mixed-species plantations. Larch soil and root exudates greatly stimulated the growth of Manchurian walnut seedlings in controlled conditions. In particular, larch root exudates can increase the soil microbial populations, including bacteria, actinomycetes, azotobacter and cellulose-decomposing microorganisms; larch root exudates can also increase the enzyme activities of saccharase, urease, proteinase and polyphenol oxidase. Significant results led to a rapid degradation of the root-exuded phytotoxic juglone from Manchurian walnut. Manchurian walnut root exudates contained juglone at a high concentration of 121.3?±?6.6 mg g^?1, while juglone concentrations in the soil beneath Manchurian walnut trees ranged from 2.9–6.2 µg g^?1 soil. It appears from the results that juglone may be released from Manchurian walnut roots into the soil in a sufficient quantity but rapidly degrades due to interactions with soil factors. Furthermore, juglone was more resistant toward degradation in the Manchurian walnut soil (t _1/2 ?=?7.36?±?0.63 h) when compared to the larch soil (t _1/2 ?=?4.66?±?0.82 h). The results suggest that larch may improve the establishment and productivity of Manchurian walnut in a mixed-species plantation through the release of root exudates.     

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)叶片养分的空间分布格局

对中国东北温带森林生态系统主要树种兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)24个采样点72个叶片样品有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)和全钾(K)的化学组成、地理分布格局及其与气候因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明,叶片C、N、P和K含量的几何平均数分别为543.970、16.902、2.373mg/g和14.625mg/g,且叶片的C含量>N含量>K含量>P含量;叶片的C/N、C/P和N/P分别为32.183、229.226和7.123.随纬度的增加、年均温度和年均降雨量的降低,兴安落叶松叶片C、N含量和N/P显著降低,叶片C/N和K含量显著升高,叶片P含量和C/P的变化没有达到显著水平.叶片N含量随纬度与年均温度的变化与全球及其它大尺度的研究结果相反,而N/P与其一致,这与在该区域的其它物种的研究结果基本一致.这可能是由于在本研究区域北部寒温带越往高纬度地区年均温度和年均降雨量越低、生长季越短,因此成土作用弱导致植物可以吸收利用的养分越少,但是由于植物显著降低的N含量和变化不明显的P含量导致了叶片N/P随纬度的增加和年均温度和年均降雨量的降低而降低,这与全球尺度的研究结果一致.兴安落叶松叶片养分分布格局与全球尺度和中国区域研究结果的差异说明了加强区域叶片养分特征研究的重要性.叶片养分与气候因子的显著线性相关说明气候因子是影响叶片养分特征的一个主要因子.     

Photosynthesis and activity of photosystem II in response to drought stress in Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.)

The Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) cultivars ??shuangFeng?? and ??ZuoShanyi?? were grown in shelter greenhouse under natural sunlight and subjected to drought. Sap flow rate, net photosynthetic rate (P _N), and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence were measured on Amur Grape leaves subjected to different drought treatments. Significant decreases in P _N were associated with increasing intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i), suggesting that the reduction in P _N was caused by nonstomatal limitation. Analysis of OJIP transients according to the JIP-test protocol revealed that specific (per PSII reaction center) energy fluxes for light absorption, excitation energy trapping and electron transport have significantly changed. The appearance of a pronounced K-step and J-step in polyphasic rise of fluorescence transient suggested the oxygen-evolving complex and electron transport were inhibited. Drought stress has relatively little effect on the parameter maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), but the performance index (PIABS) is more sensitive in different drought treatment. There are cultivar differences in the response of PSII activity to drought, the photosynthetic apparatus of ??ZuoShanyi?? cultivar is more resistant to drought than that of ??ShuangFeng??, and JIP-test could be a useful indicator for evaluation and selection to drought tolerance.     

Two new diphenyl ethers from Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms with PTP1B inhibitory activity

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOAc-soluble extract of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms yielded two new diphenyl ethers, 3-[3′-methoxy-4′-(4″-formyl-2″,6″-dimethoxy-phenoxy)-phenyl]-propenal (1) and 3-[3′,5′-dihydroxy-4′-(4″-hydroxymethyl-3″,5″-dimethoxy-phenoxy)-phenyl]-propenal (2), along with eight other known compounds (3–10). The structures of these new ethers were elucidated with spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All of the isolates were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against PTP1B, VHR and PP1. The new compounds (1 and 2) inhibited PTP1B with IC₅₀ values ranging from 9.2 ± 1.4 to 12.6 ± 1.2 μM.     

寄生钻蛀害虫的瘦角姬蜂属(膜翅目,姬蜂科)二新种及中国已知种检索表

报道寄生天牛的瘦角姬蜂属Ischnoceros Gravenhorst,1829 2新种:天牛瘦角姬蜂I.eutetraphae sp.nov.,寄生直脊天牛Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata(Motschulsky) ;松瘦角姬蜂I.laricinus sp.nov.,寄生云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius Gebler。编制了中国已知种检索表。天牛瘦角姬蜂,新种Ischnocero s eutetraphae sp.nov.(图1 ~3)新种与北海道瘦角姬蜂I.sapporensis Uchida,1928 ,相近,可通过下列特征区别:并胸腹节基区与中区由横脊分隔,侧突高为触角第2鞭节直径的1.5 ~1.6倍;腹部第2节背板具横细纹;翅基片褐色;中足基节大部分为红褐色;中足腿节红褐色或主要为红色。北海道瘦角姬蜂:并胸腹节基区与中区合并,无横脊分隔,侧突高约等于触角第2鞭节直径;腹部第2节背板具刻点;翅基片褐黑色;中足基节和中足腿节黑色。正模♀,辽宁新宾, 546m, 2005-08-20 ,盛茂领。副模: 1♀,辽宁新宾, 546m, 2005-06-09 ,盛茂领; 1 ♂,吉林伊通, 336m,2005-05-17 ,盛茂领。寄主:直脊天牛Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata(Motschulsky)。寄主植物:紫椴Tilia amurensis Rupr.。松瘦角姬蜂,新种Ischnoceros laricinus sp.nov.(图4 ~7)本种与三峡瘦角姬蜂I.sanxiaensis Wang,1997相近,可通过下列特征区别:并胸腹节第1侧区具清晰的斜纵皱;腹部第3 ~6节背板具横细纹;产卵器鞘长为后足胫节长的1.4~1.6倍;产卵器腹瓣端部,在脊的内侧具1粗糙区。三峡瘦角姬蜂:并胸腹节第1侧区具清晰的刻点;腹部第3 ~6节背板具稠密的刻点;产卵器鞘长约为后足胫节长的1.1倍;产卵器腹瓣端部无粗糙区。正模♀,吉林大兴沟, 586m, 2005-07-02 ,盛茂领。副模: 1♀,1 ♂,吉林大兴沟, 586m, 2005-07-01 ~03 ,盛茂领; 1 ♂,辽宁新宾, 546m, 2005-06-10 ,盛茂领; 1♀,3 ♂♂,辽宁本溪, 418m, 2006-06-20 ,盛茂领。寄主:云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius Gebler。寄主植物:兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.。瘦角姬蜂属中国已知种检索表1.额具稠密的横皱……………………………………………………2额无皱………………………………………………………………32.并胸腹节基部中央具1半圆形深凹,基区两侧的纵脊平行;产卵器腹瓣端部,在纵脊的内侧具1段粗糙的纵带;后足腿节黑色……………………………暗足瘦角姬蜂I.pedipullus Sheng并胸腹节基部中央无半圆形凹,基区两侧的纵脊向前强烈分散;产卵器腹瓣光滑,无粗糙的纵带;后足腿节红色赤足瘦角姬蜂I.rusticus(Geoffroy)…………………………………………3.腹部第3 ~6节背板具稠密的刻点三峡瘦角姬蜂I.sanxiaensisWang………………………………………………………………腹部第3 ~6节背板具稠密的细横线纹…………………………44.产卵器腹瓣端部,在纵脊的内侧具1段粗糙的纵带松瘦角姬蜂,新种I.laricinus sp.nov.……………………………………产卵器腹瓣光滑,无粗糙的纵带…………………………………55.腹部第1节背板的中纵脊至少伸抵气门;第2节背板具清晰的横线纹;基节具较大的红褐斑;中足腿节红褐色或主要为红色天牛瘦角姬蜂,新种I.eutetraphae sp.nov.………………………腹部第1节背板的中纵脊至多伸达基部至气门的一半;第2节背板无横线纹;基节黑色;中足腿节黑色………………………………………北海道瘦角姬蜂I.sapporensis Uchida     

RESPONSE TESTS OF CONE FLIES (STROBILOMYIA SPP.) TO DAHURIAN LARCH CONE VOLATILES1)

Abstract Several main monoterpenes and their combinations from Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) cones were used as odor sources in olfactory experiment to test the responses of larch cone flies (Strobilomyia spp.) in 1998. The results revealed that blend of α -pinene, β -pinene, laurene and β -ocimene in a ratio close to its volatile profile of damaged cones achieved the best response while certain odors showed repellent tendency to cone flies. Field spraying Dahurian larch cones with some of its volatile components had mixed results but support the olfactory testing results. The role of monoterpenes in cone fly host location and oviposition in terms of attractive signals or repellent is discussed.     

黄檗落叶化学成分的研究

从黄檗落叶的95％乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别为phellodenol-A(1),茵芋苷(skimmin,2),phellodenol E(3),黄檗苷(amurensin,4),黄柏苷(phellamurin,5),(2R) -phellodensin-F(6)和clerosterol 3-Oβ-D-galactopyranoside (7).其中,化合物7为首次从黄柏属植物中分离得到,化合物3和6为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

水曲柳花发育过程中AG、SOC1基因表达的qRT-PCR分析

以水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.)不同时期的雌雄花为材料,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了18S rRNA、GAPDH、β-actin和TU 4个常用内参基因在水曲柳花中的表达情况。经NormFinder软件分析选择出TU作为内参基因,并对水曲柳中的开花相关基因AG和SOC1在开花不同时期的表达情况进行了分析,结果表明：在水曲柳花发育期间AG、SOC1表达量在雌雄花间存在差异,AG基因在雌花初期表达量最高,之后逐渐降低,到了成熟胚囊时AG表达量又有所增加;而在雄花中AG在减数分裂时最高为1.53。SOC1基因在雌花中的表达量低于雄花。这一研究结果为深入了解水曲柳花发育过程中相关基因的表达提供理论依据。     

Study of the acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides from larch wood for obtaining crystalline glucose

This study has been conducted within the framework of the realization of complex wasteless technology for processing the biomass of the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and the Dahurian larch (L. gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr.). Experimental data on the acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides from the larch wood cellolignin residue have been summarized with the aim to develop the technology of manufacturing crystalline glucose.     

Genetic variability and interrelationship of Siberian and Far Eastern larches from RAPD-analysis data

Genetic diversity of larches from six geographically isolated regions, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude (Siberia), and Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Far East) was examined by means of RAPD analysis. Tree DNA samples were compared using 457 RAPD loci (97% of which were polymorphic), identified with 17 primers of random sequences. In the samples examined, 32 to 49% of the genes were in heterozygous state, mean expected heterozygosity (Hexp) varied from 0.1373 to 0.1891, and the genetic distances (DN) for different sample pairs varied from 0.0361 to 0.1802. The main population parameters were determined for Larix sibirica Ledeb., L. gmelinni (Rupr.) Rupr., and L. kamtschatica (Rupr.) Carr. Analysis of the genetic relationships showed that L. kamtschatica was characterized by highest genetic differentiation from the other larches examined, while larches from Primorskii krai were genetically close to L. sibirica.     

短胖孢属、菌绒孢属和假尾孢属的几个新组合

本文报道5个新组合：金银忍冬短胖孢(Cercosporidium diervilae (Ell. Et Ev) Baiet Cheng,comb．Nov．);紫穗槐菌绒孢(Mvcovelloslclla passaloroidzs(Winte r)Bai et Chengcomb．Nov．);朝鲜槐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora cladrastidis(Jacz.) Bai et Cheng·comb. Nov);白头翁假尾孢(pscudoccrco spora]ilitormis(D;vi s)Bai et Chengt comb·nOV·)荚燕假尾孢(Pseudocercospora varia(Peck)Bai et Cheng。Comb．nOV·)这5个新组合是从Cercospora属转来修正的。     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Gmelin larch Larix gmelinii populations from Evenkia (Central Siberia)

Within- and among-population diversity of Gmelin larch Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. from Evenkia was inferred from data on 17 genes determining allozyme diversity of ten enzymes. More than 50% of the genes proved to be polymorphic. On average, each tree was heterozygous at 9.2% genes. Heterozygosity expected from the Hardy-Weinberg proportions was higher, 12.5%. A deficit of heterozygous genotypes was observed in all populations under study and attributed to inbreeding. With Wright's F statistics, average individual inbreeding was estimated at 26.6% relative to the population (F(IS)) and at 27.8% relative to the species (F(IT)). The greatest deficit of heterozygosity was observed for the youngest population. Within-population variation accounted for more than 98% of the total variation, while the contribution of among-population variation was 1.66%. Genetic distance between populations varied from 0.0025 to 0.0042, averaging 0.0035.     

猕猴桃属植物狗枣子的修订

作者将海棠猕猴桃Actinidia maloides H.L.Li,心叶海棠猕猴桃A.maloides H.L.Lif.cordata C.F.Liang合并于狗枣子(Actinidia kollmikta (Maxim. and Rupr.)Maxim.)中作为异名,同时对狗枣子及其近缘种软枣猕猴桃A.arguta (Side. and Zucc.)Planch.ex Miq,木天蓼A.polygama(Sieb. and Zucc.)Maxim.和四数猕猴桃A.arguta (Sieb. and Zucc.)Planch.ex Miq,木天蓼A.polygama(Sied.and Zucc.)Maxim.和四数猕猴桃A.tetramera Maxim.的形态学特征进行了辨析。