批次和流加培养中国仓鼠卵巢工程细胞的细胞周期相关基因转录谱分析

以表达人重组尿激酶原中国仓鼠卵巢 (CHO) 工程细胞系11G-S为研究对象,运用基因芯片技术比较了CHO工程细胞在批次及流加培养不同生长阶段基因表达水平的差异,在此基础上采用Genmapp软件,同时结合已知的细胞周期信号通路图,着重分析了批次及流加培养CHO工程细胞的细胞周期调控基因转录谱差异。在基因芯片涉及的19 191个目标基因中,批次和流加培养不同生长阶段CHO工程细胞的下调表达的基因数量多于上调表达基因数目;两种培养模式下的基因差异表达有着明显的不同,尤其是在细胞生长的衰退期,流加培养CHO工程细胞中下调表达的基因数量明显多于批次培养。有关调控细胞周期关键基因的转录谱分析表明,CHO工程细胞主要是通过下调表达CDKs、Cyclin及CKI家族中的Cdk6、Cdk2、Cdc2a、Ccne1、Ccne2基因及上调表达Smad4基因,来达到调控细胞增殖及维持自身活力的目的。     

siRNA沉默Myh3基因抑制C2C12细胞糖酵解

肌球蛋白重链3(myosin heavy chain 3,Myh3)基因为肌肉细胞分化的标志基因,调节肌肉细胞能量的利用,但其是否会影响肌肉细胞不同状态下的糖酵解过程尚鲜有报道。本文以成肌和成脂分化不同阶段的小鼠C2C12细胞为模型,利用qRT-PCR方法研究Myh3与糖酵解相关基因Pkm(M-type pyruvate kinse)、Prkag3(protein kinase adenosine monophosphate-activated γ3-subunit)和Gsk3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β)的表达模式。发现在C2C12细胞成肌分化过程中,Myh3与糖酵解基因Prkag3和Pkm的相对表达趋势基本一致,都呈现相对表达水平先上升,分化第2 d达到峰值,之后下降的趋势;糖原合酶抑制基因Gsk3β的表达趋势相对平稳。而在C2C12细胞成脂分化过程中,Myh3依然与糖酵解基因Prkag3和Pkm的相对表达趋势基本一致,相对表达量逐渐上升,在分化第8 d达到最高值;糖原合酶抑制基因Gsk3β的表达保持稳定状态。在C2C12细胞成肌分化状态下,qRT-PCR和Western 印迹检测干扰Myh3对细胞糖酵解相关基因Pkm、Prkag3和Gsk3β mRNA和蛋白质表达的影响。结果显示,干扰Myh3后,糖酵解基因Pkm和Prkag3的mRNA表达量极显著降低(P<0.01),糖原合酶抑制基因Gsk3β的mRNA表达无明显变化(P>0.05);Myh3干扰组中Myh3和Pkm的蛋白质水平显著低于空白组和NC组细胞。在C2C12细胞成脂分化状态下,干扰Myh3,糖原合酶抑制基因Gsk3β和糖酵解基因Prkag3的mRNA表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),糖酵解基因Pkm的mRNA表达下降;Myh3干扰组中Myh3和Pkm的蛋白质水平也低于空白组和NC组细胞。综合以上研究,C2C12细胞成肌和成脂状态下糖酵解水平存在明显差异,Myh3与酵解基因的表达模式相似,进一步研究发现,干扰Myh3可以抑制C2C12细胞成肌状态下的糖酵解,不影响糖原合成。与成肌状态不同,在C2C12细胞成脂状态下干扰Myh3,抑制了糖原合成和糖酵解。     

miR-22 regulates C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation by targeting TGFBR1

Recently, miR-22 was found to be differentially expressed in different skeletal muscle growth period, indicated that it might have function in skeletal muscle myogenesis. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-22 was the most in skeletal muscle and was gradually up-regulated during mouse myoblast cell (C2C12 myoblast cell line) differentiation. Overexpression of miR-22 repressed C2C12 myoblast proliferation and promoted myoblast differentiation into myotubes, whereas inhibition of miR-22 showed the opposite results. During myogenesis, we predicted and verified transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1), a key receptor of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, was a target gene of miR-22. Then, we found miR-22 could regulate the expression of TGFBR1 and down-regulate the Smad3 signaling pathway. Knockdown of TGFBR1 by siRNA suppressed the proliferation of C2C12 cells but induced its differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of TGFBR1 significantly promoted proliferation but inhibited differentiation of the myoblast. Additionally, when C2C12 cells were treated with different concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), the level of miR-22 in C2C12 cells was reduced. The TGFBR1 protein level was significantly elevated in C2C12 cells treated with TGF-β1. Moreover, miR-22 was able to inhibit TGF-β1-induced TGFBR1 expression in C2C12 cells. Altogether, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 inhibited miR-22 expression in C2C12 cells and miR-22 regulated C2C12 cell myogenesis by targeting TGFBR1.     

Assessment of Reference Genes for Real-Time Quantitative PCR Gene Expression Normalization During C2C12 and H9c2 Skeletal Muscle Differentiation

Skeletal muscle differentiation occurs during muscle development and regeneration. To initiate and maintain the differentiated state, a multitude of gene expression changes occur. Accurate assessment of these differentiation-related gene expression changes requires good quality template, but more specifically, appropriate internal controls for normalization. Two cell line-based models used for in vitro analyses of muscle differentiation incorporate mouse C2C12 and rat H9c2 cells. In this study, we set out to identify the most appropriate controls for mRNA expression normalization during C2C12 and H9c2 differentiation. We assessed the expression profiles of Actb, Gapdh, Hprt, Rps12 and Tbp during C2C12 differentiation and of Gapdh and Rps12 during H9c2 differentiation. Using NormFinder, we validated the stability of the genes individually and of the geometric mean generated from different gene combinations. We verified our results using Myogenin. Our study demonstrates that using the geometric mean of a combination of specific reference genes for normalization provides a platform for more precise test gene expression assessment during myoblast differentiation than using the absolute expression value of an individual gene and reinforces the necessity of reference gene validation.     

慢性酒精中毒大鼠在学习记忆方面差异基因的生物信息学分析

借助基因芯片获取慢性酒精中毒大鼠海马相关基因的表达数据集,通过生物信息学的分析方法对差异表达基因进行筛选与分析。从分子水平揭示慢性酒精中毒对大鼠大脑海马体的影响,为慢性酒精中毒的损伤机制以及相关疾病发病机制的基础研究与临床治疗提供新的方向。同时,还通过Y迷宫实验对实验大鼠的学习记忆功能进行了检测,借助电镜拍摄其线粒体。结果显示,我们一共筛选出208个差异表达基因,其中51个表达上调,157个表达下调。其中涉及的主要信号通路有氧化磷酸化通路、D-谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸代谢通路、阿尔茨海默病信号通路、帕金森病信号通路、膀胱癌信号通路、B细胞受体信号通路和亨廷顿病信号通路等。由此我们得出结论,慢性酒精中毒可能影响了海马多个基因的表达,其中包括Rpsa、Wdr31、Rps11、Rps9、Ndufa2、Mrto4、Rpl6、Dap3、Ndufb8、Ndufb6、Ephb2、Cox6c、Prkcd、Rela、Raf1、Ubd、Mrps28、Mrpl35等关键基因,进而损伤了电子传递链复合体Ⅰ,最终损伤线粒体,导致大鼠学习记忆能力的损伤。     

Identification of novel GH-regulated genes in C2C12 cells

Growth hormone (GH) is the main regulator of longitudinal growth before puberty, and treatment with human recombinant (rh) GH can increase muscle strength. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms responsible remain mostly unknown. Many physiological effects of GH require hormone-mediated changes in gene expression. In an attempt to gain insight into the mechanism of GH action in muscle cells we evaluated the effects of rhGH on gene expression profile in a murine skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. The objective of the work was to identify changes in gene expression in the murine skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 after rGH treatment using microarray assays. C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cell cultures were differentiated during 4 days. After 16?h growing in serum-free medium, C2C12 myotubes were stimulated during 6?h with 500?ng/ml rhGH. Four independent sets of experiments were performed to identify GH-regulated genes. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to analysis. To validate changes candidate genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and fifty-four differentially expressed genes were identified; 90 upregulated and 64 downregulated. Many had not been previously identified as GH-responsive. Real-time PCR in biological replicates confirmed the effect of rGH on 15 genes: Cish, Serpina3g, Socs2, Bmp4, Tnfrsf11b, Rgs2, Tgfbr3, Ugdh, Npy1r, Gbp6, Tgfbi, Tgtp, Btc, Clec3b, and Bcl6. This study shows modifications in the gene expression profile of the C2C12 cell line after rhGH exposure. In vitro and gene function analysis revealed genes involved in skeletal and muscle system as well as cardiovascular system development and function.     

Transformation by myc prevents fusion but not biochemical differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts: mechanisms of phenotypic correction in mixed culture with normal cells

To study the effects of myc oncogene on muscle differentiation, we infected the murine skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 with retroviral vectors encoding various forms of avian c- or v-myc oncogene. myc expression induced cell transformation but, unlike many other oncogenes, prevented neither biochemical differentiation, nor commitment (irreversible withdrawal from the cell cycle). Yet, myotube formation by fusion of differentiated cells was strongly inhibited. Comparison of uninfected C2C12 myotubes with differentiated myc- expressing C2C12 did not reveal consistent differences in the expression of several muscle regulatory or structural genes. The present results lead us to conclude that transformation by myc is compatible with differentiation in C2C12 cells. myc expression induced cell death under growth restricting conditions. Differentiated cells escaped cell death despite continuing expression of myc, suggesting that the muscle differentiation programme interferes with the mechanism of myc-induced cell death. Cocultivation of v-myc-transformed C2C12 cells with normal fibroblasts or myoblasts restored fusion competence and revealed two distinguishable mechanisms that lead to correction of the fusion defect.     

ROCK2 and its alternatively spliced isoform ROCK2m positively control the maturation of the myogenic program

Signal transduction cascades involving Rho-associated kinases (ROCK), the serine/threonine kinases downstream effectors of Rho, have been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular functions including cytoskeletal organization, cell size control, modulation of gene expression, differentiation, and transformation. Here we show that ROCK2, the predominant ROCK isoform in skeletal muscle, is progressively up-regulated during mouse myoblast differentiation and is highly expressed in the dermomyotome and muscle precursor cells of mouse embryos. We identify a novel and evolutionarily conserved ROCK2 splicing variant, ROCK2m, that is preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle and strongly up-regulated during in vivo and in vitro differentiation processes. The specific knockdown of ROCK2 or ROCK2m expression in C2C12 myogenic cells caused a significant and selective impairment of the expression of desmin and of the myogenic regulatory factors Mrf4 and MyoD. We demonstrate that in myogenic cells, ROCK2 and ROCK2m are positive regulators of the p42 and p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase-p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-eucaryotic elongation factor 2 intracellular signaling pathways and, thereby, positively regulate the hypertrophic effect elicited by insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin, linking the multifactorial functions of ROCK to an important control of the myogenic maturation.