高原鼠兔季节性繁殖中的神经内分泌调控：Ⅰ.在性休止期不同光制的…

本文研究了处于性休止期的雄性高原鼠兔在不同光周期饲养后体重和性腺重量的变化,同时对其血浆睾酮水平和松果腺褪黑激素含量的变化进行分析：１）无论在长日照、自然光照、或是短日照条件,高原鼠兔的体重无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;２）长日照组鼠兔的睾丸,附睾,输精管和精囊腺远重于自然光照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）和短日照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）;３）长日照组鼠兔血浆睾酮的含量明显高于自然光照组（Ｐ＞０．００１）和短日照     

度他雄胺对大鼠附睾精子成熟和生育的影响

目的通过度他雄胺对大鼠附睾精子和生育的影响,探索调节雄性生育的睾丸后作用靶点。方法使用度他雄胺20和40 mg/(kg.d)大鼠灌胃给药,连续2周。给药结束后雄雌鼠按1∶2合笼,计算生殖指数;采用计算机辅助精子分析系统分析精子活力和形态;采用SYBR-14和PI双重荧光染色计算精子存活率;采用Elisa法测定大鼠睾酮(T)和双氢睾酮(DHT)血清浓度;采用HE染色法对各组睾丸、附睾进行组织学分析。结果度他雄胺低、高剂量组双氢睾酮浓度均显著下降,分别为0.54和0.28 nmol/L(P<0.01),精子活力明显降低,分别为39.0%和28.7%(P<0.01),畸形率分别增加为10.3%和15.6%(P<0.05),最后受孕率分别降为62.5%和38.4%。而睾酮水平和交配指数均无明显变化(P>0.05),睾丸和附睾亦无明显病理学改变。结论度他雄胺通过抑制DHT生成,影响附睾精子成熟而导致大鼠不育,为今后男性避孕和不育药物研发提供了新思路。     

高原鼠兔季节性繁殖中的神经内分泌调控Ⅰ.在性休止期不同光制的影响

本文研究了处于性休止期的雄性高原鼠兔在不同光周期饲养后体重和性腺重量的变化,同时 对其血浆睾酮水平和松果腺褪黑激素含量的变化进行分析：１）无论在长日照、自然光照、或是短 日照条件,高原鼠兔的体重无明显差异（Ｐ＞０. ０５）;２）长日照组鼠兔的睾丸、附睾、输精管和精 囊腺远重于自然光照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）和短日照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）;３）长日照组鼠兔血浆睾酮的含量 明显高于自然光照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）和短日照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）;４）长日照组鼠兔松果腺褪黑激素含 量远低于自然光照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）和短日照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结果表明：高原鼠兔是长日照动物。     

布氏田鼠雄性的优势地位

在实验条件下对雄性成年布氏田鼠（Microtus brandti）相遇后的优势地位及生理指标的研究结果表明：布氏田鼠雄性之间存在严格的等级关系;优势雄鼠生理指标中睾丸重量和血清睾酮激素含量高于从属雄鼠,而血清中皮质醇激素的含量低于从属雄鼠。优势雄鼠的探究、攻击和修饰等行为频次显著高于从属雄鼠,而从属雄鼠在跳跃频次上多于优势雄鼠。随着观察时间的延长,不论优势个体还是从属个体,其探究频次都呈现明显的下降趋势,其他行为的频次则没有显著差异。相关性检验说明,除攻击行为可以作为判断区分雄鼠等级的依据之外,修饰行为也可以作为判断的依据。     

长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠生殖系统的损伤

摘要目的：研究长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠生殖系统的损伤机制。方法：选用8 周龄的SD 大鼠,进行随机分组：对照组（5％蔗糖, 口服）;酒精组（4g/kg,口服）。连续12周后,分别取附睾考察精子数目、活力;取血清检测睾酮和促黄体生产素（LH）含量;计算睾 丸- 体重比,并检测睾丸中丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活 性;同时检测凋亡相关蛋白bax,bcl-2 以及caspase-3 前体和剪切体的蛋白表达。结果：酒精组12 周后,大鼠的睾丸- 体重比明显 降低（P<0.05）,精子数目减少（P<0.01）,精子活力下降（P<0.01）;血清中睾酮含量下降（P<0.05）,LH 含量增加（P<0.05）;睾丸中 MDA 含量增加（P<0.01）,GSH 含量降低（P<0.05）,GPx 和SOD活性下降（P<0.01）;凋亡相关蛋白bax 表达增加（P<0.05）,caspase -3 剪切体与前体的比值增加（P<0.01）。结论：长期摄入酒精引起的大鼠睾丸内氧化应激水平的增加是其导致其生殖系统损伤的重 要因素之一。     

黄毛鼠胴体重和睾丸发育的研究

探讨黄毛鼠（Ｒａｔｔｕｓｒａｔｔｉｏｄｅｓ）胴体重与体重、胴体重与睾丸发育的关系。证实黄毛鼠的胴体重与体重是同步增长的，两者呈非常显著的线性相关；平均胴重率为０．７３６２±０．００７８；全年整个种群的睾丸随胴体重增加而同步发育，它们的线性回归方程为：ｙ＝－０．４６６４＋０．０２１１ｘ），睾丸平均增长率为０．０２１１。     

慢性低氧对雄性大鼠血浆皮质酮及睾酮水平的影响

目的:研究低氧对雄性大鼠性腺及相关激素水平的影响。方法:分别检测3km、5km及杭州海拔水平雄性大鼠睾丸和附睾指数、血浆皮质酮和睾酮水平。结果:3km组体重、睾酮含量均显著下降,睾丸指数、血浆皮质酮显著上升;5km组体重、附睾指数和睾酮含量均显著下降,皮质酮含量显著上升。结论:慢性低氧能显著影响雄性成年大鼠性腺及血浆睾酮水平,该结果显示哺乳动物在慢性低氧条件下生殖内分泌功能呈现抑制状态。     

长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠生殖系统的损伤

目的：研究长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠生殖系统的损伤机制。方法：选用8周龄的SD大鼠,进行随机分组：对照组（5％蔗糖,口服）;酒精组（4g／kg,口服）。连续12周后,分别取附睾考察精子数目、活力;取血清检测睾酮和促黄体生产素（LH）含量;计算睾丸一体重比,并检测睾丸中丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性;同时检测凋亡相关蛋白bax,bcl-2以及caspase．3前体和剪切体的蛋白表达。结果：酒精组12周后,大鼠的睾丸．体重比明显降低（P〈0．05）,精子数目减少（P〈0．01）,精子活力下降（P〈0．01）;血清中睾酮含量下降（P〈0．05）,LH含量增加（P〈0．05）;睾丸中MDA含量增加（P〈0．01）,GSH含量降低（P〈0．05）,GPX和SOD活性下降（P〈0,01）;凋亡相关蛋白bax表达增加（P〈0．05）,caspase-3剪切体与前体的比值增加（P〈O．01）。结论：长期摄入酒精引起的大鼠睾丸内氧化应激水平的增加是其导致其生殖系统损伤的重要因素之一。     

大鼠睾丸金属结合蛋白含量对睾酮合成速率的影响

通过观察具有不同睾丸金属结合蛋白（ｔｅｓｔｉｓｍｅｔａｌｂｉｎｄｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＴＭＢＰ）含量的对照和缺锌后补锌大鼠安静时和力竭性游泳后不同时间睾丸和血清睾酮和锌含量变化,以探讨ＴＭＢＰ含量对睾酮合成速率的影响．实验结果证实了如下推测：ＴＭＢＰ含量不同,睾酮合成的速率也不同,高起始含量ＴＭＢＰ的状况下,睾丸睾酮的合成加快．这一结果提示：ＴＭＢＰ可能参与睾酮的合成．     

免不1号和2号治疗免疫性不育雄鼠的组织学和免疫组织化学研究

用中药复方免不1号,免不2号治疗免疫性不育雄鼠,观察睾丸,附睾组织学和免疫组化的变化。用精子抗原免疫昆明种雄性小白鼠,建立免疫性不育动物模型。同时分别饲喂中药复方免不1号,免不2号,醋酸强的松,生理盐水;从组织学和免疫组化等方面观察免疫性不育症的变化。结果显示免疫性不育雄鼠血清,精囊液抗精子抗体高,睾丸间质,睾丸曲细精管界膜,精原细胞,附睾管上皮细胞免疫复合物沉积多,睾丸每曲细精管精子和晚期精子细胞减少,中药免不1号和2号能降低抗精子抗体,清除免疫复合物的沉积,恢复曲细精管精子和晚期精子细胞数。结果表明：免不1号和2号通过调节全身免疫系统,清除循环和局部的抗精子抗体,免疫复合物,提高精子和精子细胞数,从而提高小鼠的受孕率。     

小鼠附睾头精子获得与卵子质膜融合能力的物质基础研究

随着精子在附睾中的转运,它们与卵子质膜的融合能力逐渐增加。怩证明２附睾体和附睾尾的精子均具有相当高的膜融合能力,而附睾头中的精了奶少能与卵子质膜融合,这是还说明附睾头中的精子不具备与云透明带卵子融合的物质条件呢？利用附睾结扎留并延长体外获能时间,可使附睾头远端精子的融合能力明显地提高;在精子培养液中加入ＡＴＰ,并延长精卵共培养时间,也可使一少部分附睾头近端的精子获得与卵子质膜融合的能力。这表明附睾     

灰仓鼠重要内脏器官生长指数及其变化

对室内培育的灰仓鼠进行同一季节不同年龄段和同一年龄段不同季节某些器官的测量。结果显示, 在初生至25 d 的高速生长期, 体重与肝脏、心脏、肺、脾脏和肾的生长非常接近Huxley 的相对生长公式Y = b x^k , 其回归方程分别为: 肝脏Y = 0.013 47 x^{1.515 9} ; 心脏Y = 0.000 18 x^2.163 ; 肺Y = 0.028 48 x^{0.798 2} ; 脾脏Y = 0.000 24 x^{1.583 6} ; 肾脏Y = 0.000 2418 x^{2.310 4} , 并高度相关。睾丸的回归方程在60 日内与Y = b x^k公式非常拟合, Y = 0.000 0108 x^{3.049 4} , r = 0.989 9。除性腺外, 肝脏、心脏、肺、脾脏和肾脏的比值最高值均在25 d 之前。在性成熟期不同年龄段, 性腺比值较稳定, 其它器官比值在性别和年龄段有显著性差异, 雌性普遍高于雄性。在10 月龄不同季节, 只有体重和睾丸比值有显著性差异(7 月最高) , 表示在不同季节利用相近体重比较器官指数差异应将年龄因素作为重要参考依据。     

REPRODUCTIVE MATURITY AND SEASONALITY OF MALE SPOTTED DOLPHINS, STENELLA ATTENUATA, IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC

We estimated age at attainment of sexual maturity and examined reproductive seasonality for male spotted dolphins, Stenella attenuata , from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Maturity was determined by histological examination of testes. Average age at sexual maturation was 14.7 yr (the mean of two readers' age estimates). Testis and epididymis weight and seminiferous tubule diameters were reliable indicators of maturity, whereas age, length and color phase were less reliable. Seasonality was determined by changes in testis and epididymis weight, relative quantity of spermatids and spermatozoa, and lumen diameter, as well as an index of testis development (weight of the right testis and epididymis divided by length of the right testis). Testis and epididymis weights and index values peaked in July and August, midway between two predicted mating seasons for the northern offshore stock, but spermatozoa levels were elevated during the predicted breeding seasons.     

Long-term effect of vasectomy on the biochemical composition of testes and sex accessory organs of the Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon.

A long-term vasoligation operation in gerbils, Meriones hurrianae Jerdon did not reveal any consistent change in the weights of androgen dependent organs such as seminal vesicles, ventral prostate, epididymes and perineal complex (levator ani muscle and penis). Histological structure of the testis and caput epididymis remains normal after vasectomy. There was no effect of bilateral vasectomy on androgen production of the testes as reflected by fructose content of coagulating gland. No compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral testis was observed in unilaterally vasectomized gerbils. The RNA content of the testis and epididymis and ascorbic acid content of adrenal gland did not show appreciable change. No change in protein content of the testis was found but a significant increase was observed in the protein content of epididymis after the operation.     

红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清睾酮水平的影响

日粮中添加红三叶草总异黄酮（４．３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ饲料）,饲喂４５－５６日龄红布罗肉用公仔鸡,与对照组比较,总异黄酮实验组公仔鸡日增重提高５．１％,料重比下降９．２％,提高了饲料的利用率。屠宰结果表明,腹脂重、腹脂／胴体显著降低,鸡冠重、睾丸重增加,鸡冠、睾丸和体重间的相关分析,睾丸石蜡切片和血清睾酮含量的放射免疫测定,均表明总异黄酮能提高血清睾酮水平,促进雄性动物生殖系统发育。     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CIRCADIAN BASED PHOTOSENSITIVITY IN THE HOUSE SPARROW PASSER DOMESTICUS

Adult male House Sparrows, wild caught in December and January, were held on daily seven-hour artificial photoperiods for 14 days beginning in late February, with the aviary lights arranged to switch-on at 07.00 hrs. A control sample was then killed and the remaining birds divided into groups which received six hours of light daily (beginning at 07.00 hrs) plus one further hour of light given at variable times from the dawn. A further group received 16 hours of light given continuously (16L-8D). Pooled plasma samples from these groups were assayed for luteinizing hormone (using a radio-immunoassay technique) and the histological condition of all testes was examined. Although all subjects received the same total amount of photostimulation only those given schedules simulating long days responded with testicular growth and spermatogenesis. It is argued that this was because light can only be effective if received during relatively restricted phases of a circadian-based rhythm; only during these phases is the neuroendocrine apparatus sensitised to photostimulation. Increase in size of the testis tubules and meiotic divisions of primary spermatocytes, leading to secondary spermatocyte production and increase in testis weight, were considered to be indicators of FSH activity. Using these criteria a curve of FSH activity could be drawn and be compared with the quantitative curve for LH levels obtained from the plasma assays (a comparable assay technique for FSH is not yet available). Although LH levels remained approximately the same in all groups, and this correlated with the histological and histochemical evidence, FSH activity was more pronounced in those groups given light flashes at increased intervals after the beginning of the dark period. Thus LH activity occurred in the absence of spermatogenetic development in those groups given “short-day” schedules. Birds kept on a 16L-8D regime contained less plasma LH than anticipated and the possible existence of inhibitory mechanisms is discussed. It is feasible that when much FSH secretion begins LH production declines, but this explanation is speculative. The temporal pattern of LH production was markedly different in Greenfinches (for which the experimental results are described elsewhere) than in the House Sparrows, and the discussion considers the reasons for these differences in terms of the ecological and ethological adaptations of the two species.     

长吻鮠精巢发育的分期及精子的发生和形成

长吻鮠精巢的发育分为精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞生长期、精母细胞成熟期、精子细胞出现期,精子完全成熟期和精子退化吸收期。精巢的后1/3不产生也不贮存精子,精子的发生和形成经过精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞到精子的一系列过程。精原细胞有两种类型。精子无顶体,有中心粒帽,中片长,核凹窝和线粒体发达,鞭毛具侧鳍。     

VEGF、VEGFR2在青春期大鼠睾丸、附睾及附睾精子上的表达

目的通过对血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体VEGFR2在青春期大鼠睾丸及附睾表达的研究,探讨其在雄性生殖器官中的作用。方法采用免疫组化法检测VEGF、VEGFR2在SD大鼠睾丸和附睾的表达定位,用免疫荧光法检测它们在大鼠附睾精子上的表达定位。结果VEGF及VEGFR2在青春期大鼠睾丸和附睾组织中均有表达。在睾丸中,VEGF主要表达于精原细胞胞质、精子细胞发育中的顶体、Sertoli细胞胞质及精子残余体内,Leydig细胞胞质也有阳性表达;VEGFR2主要表达于精子细胞发育中的顶体和间质细胞胞质。在附睾中,VEGF表达于附睾管上皮所有主细胞胞质内;而VEGFR2表达于附睾管头段和尾段上皮主细胞胞质内,体段免疫染色阴性。免疫荧光显示,VEGF与VEGFR2都与精子头部顶体、尾部颈段、中段和主段相结合,末段未见阳性荧光。结论VEGF及VEGFR2在大鼠的睾丸和附睾中均有表达,其表达定位具有细胞特异性和区域特异性,提示其可能在大鼠睾丸精子发生和附睾精子成熟中发挥重要作用。     

THE RATE OF GROWTH OF THE DAIRY COW : III. THE RELATION BETWEEN GROWTH IN WEIGHT AND INCREASE OF MILK SECRETION WITH AGE.

It is shown that from 2 years, the age when milk secretion usually begins, to 9 years, the age of maximum body weight, the increase of milk secretion with age follows the course of growth in body weight— both can be accurately represented by the equation of a monomolecular chemical reaction having a velocity constant of approximately the same numerical value. While increase in milk secretion and increase in body weight with age follow the same course, it is shown that increasing body weight contributes only about 20 per cent to increasing milk secretion with age. The fact that milk secretion and body weight follow the same course, even though they are largely independent of each other indicates that increase in body weight is a good measure of growth of the dairy cow; this fact also shows that the increase of milk secretion with age may be used as a measure of growth. The fact that milk secretion, like body weight, follows the course of a chemical reaction, adds further support to the theory that growth is limited by a chemical reaction.     

长江江豚精巢发育和组织学特征的研究

性成熟的江豚精巢明显增大,其重量约为成熟前的14倍,结合有关江豚捕捞和野外生态学资料,初步认为长江江豚属多雌性群体,而成熟的雄性个体具有较大的精巢,可能对保证群体的成功繁殖非常重要。根据精巢的组织学特征,可将江豚精巢发育分为胚胎早期、胚胎晚期、成熟前期和成熟期(包括活动期和不活动期),通过对精巢生精小管管径大小和白膜厚度进行分析,认为成熟江豚精巢活动呈季节性变化。