暹罗鱼腥藻空间飞行突变株的光合特性分析

对经空间飞行搭载而获得的暹罗鱼腥藻突变株的分析发现,与对照相比,它在生长率和光合效率方面明显较高。进一步分析其光合色素的组成,叶绿素荧光及PSII/PSI比值,发现突变株的PC/Chl比值明显低于对照藻株,而叶绿素荧光高于对照,PSII/PSI比值是对照藻株的1.7倍,在其它光合色素的比例上也有差异。分析这些结果表明,突变株与对照株在光合特征上有差异可能是突变株在色素系统的改变引起光能捕捉和光能利用上更为高效的原因。     

转基因鱼腥藻中hTNF-α基因表达与光合作用间的相关性研究

分析了培养光强对转基因鱼腥藻生长和hTNF-α基因表达的影响,以及转基因鱼腥藻IB02的光合放氧活性、光系统Ⅰ及光系统Ⅱ活性。发现光强对转基因鱼腥藻IB02的生长和hTNF-α基因表达都有促进;hTNF-α基因在鱼腥藻中的表达率与真正光合、光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ活性存在一定的联系。hTNF-α基因表达同时对宿主的光合放氧特性也产生了显著的影响,与正对照相比转基因藻光呼吸速率增强68%,饱和点降低66%,说明转基因鱼腥藻的代谢负荷增加,并在低光强下生长比野生型快。     

大庆湿地可培养噬藻体的分离及其相关基因的系统进化分析

【目的】揭示大庆湿地可培养蓝藻噬菌体遗传基因多样性,分析其系统进化地位,为噬藻体生态学研究提供数据支持。【方法】以鱼腥藻(Anabaena PCC7120)为宿主,采用液体富集和双层平板法分离大庆湿地水体中可培养的噬藻体,提取噬藻体混合液的DNA,PCR扩增噬藻体编码衣壳组装蛋白的g20基因和编码T7型短尾病毒的核糖体聚合酶的pol基因,克隆测序,构建系统进化树,明确可培养噬藻体相关基因的系统进化地位。【结果】克隆测序获得1条g20基因序列,4条pol基因序列。系统进化分析表明,获得g20序列隶属于可培养噬藻体类群(Clusterδ)中。而3条pol基因与我国吉林碱性稻田水体噬藻体类群(PG-Pol-I和PG-Pol-II)更相近,另一条pol序列形成独立的进化分枝。【结论】这是首次调查大庆湿地水体侵染鱼腥藻的可培养噬藻体的g20和pol基因,初步确认以鱼腥藻(Anabaena PCC7120)为宿主的可培养噬藻体g20基因归属于Clusterδ中,而大庆湿地可培养噬藻体的pol基因与我国大安稻田水体pol基因相近。     

在鱼腥藻7120中建立反义glnA系统

应用反义技术对鱼腥藻7120切的内源glnA基因的表达进行调控,首次获得了人工反义系统的蓝藻品系。先从编码谷酰胺合成酶（GS）的基因glnA中取得部分结构基因片段,与表达质粒载体pRL-439及穿梭质粒载体pDC－8相连接。通过酶切鉴定筛选出反向克隆的穿梭表达质粒pDC－AM,然后应用三亲接合转移法把它转入鱼腥藻对7120.通过新霉素筛选,酶谱鉴定,斑点杂交,质粒的交叉转化以及内源glnA基因表达的GS活性分析,GS相关的胞外泌氨分析及所获藻株的形态学变化,证明已在鱼腥藻7120中建立了人工反义glnA基因的品系。     

回转对COL1A1-EGFP基因表达的影响

研究微重力对COL1A1(Ⅰ型胶原α1链基因)启动子活性的影响,探讨微重力对成骨细胞相关基因表达影响的作用机制.将长为3.6 kb COL1A1启动子双酶切,获得不同长度的启动子片段,并与报告基因EGFP(增强型绿色荧光蛋白)连接,转染ROS17/2.8细胞,用G418筛选,得到稳定转染COL1A1-EGFP基因的ROS17/2.8细胞株.利用回转器模拟微重力效应,体外培养条件下,观察各细胞株报告基因的表达情况.结果显示细胞在模拟微重力下培养24,48 h后,报告基因EGFP和Ⅰ型胶原的表达升高,表明COL1A1启动子活性增强.说明短期模拟微重力条件下,成骨细胞能通过增强COL1A1启动子活性,代偿性提高Ⅰ型胶原的表达.     

蓝藻球形体的分离,培养及再生

在高渗溶液中,用0.05%溶菌酶和2—5mmol·1~(-1)EDTA 处理蓝藻柱孢鱼腥藻、多变鱼腥藻和组囊藻细胞。5—8h 后,70—90%的细胞转为对渗透压敏感的球形体(Spheroplast),又称原生质球。研究了藻的不同培养条件对球形体形成率的影响。测定了 EDTA 处理藻纽胞后外膜脂多糖的释放量。在高渗溶液中,藻细胞和经酶处理获得的球形体的光合放氧活性明显下降,固氮种类的固氮活性失去。饲养层法、固体混合法和含有0.5mg·1~(-1)BA 的液体悬滴培养的柱孢鱼腥藻的球形体,9天后出现再生藻落;在固体混合法培养中获得了组囊藻球形体的再生藻落。在第4天的悬滴培养物中,可以看到球形体发生第一次细胞分裂。再生藻细胞和酶处理物中残留细胞的抗溶菌酶特性有差异。     

满江红鱼腥藻休眠和萌发孢子的吸收光谱和荧光光谱特性

满江红是我国南方稻田的绿肥。满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollac)是居留在满江红小叶腔内的蓝绿藻。当满江红死亡时,蓝绿藻几乎同步地形成孢子并进入休眠。从满江红分离和在自生条件下继代培养的满江红鱼腥藻能在含铵态氮介质中形成孢子,在有利的光照和温度下孢子迅速萌发和生长。比较休眠孢子和萌发孢子的光合系统的色素及其光谱特性将有助于阐明孢子萌明发时光合系统的形成及其对环境的适应性。     

香菇草根部浸提液对伪鱼腥藻化感作用的研究

利用植物释放的化感物质控制有害藻类水华是一种经济, 有效, 生态安全性高的控藻方法, 为探究香菇草(Hydrocotyle Vulgaris)根部浸提液对伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)的化感作用, 试验采用不同浓度的香菇草根部浸提液(0, 2 g·L–1, 4 g·L–1, 6 g·L–1, 8 g·L–1和10 g·L–1), 研究浸提液对伪鱼腥藻叶绿素a浓度, 叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm和 rETR)以及SOD活性的影响。结果表明香菇草根部浸提液对伪鱼腥藻有化感抑制效果, 半效应浓度(EC50, 96h)值为9.33 g·L–1。低浓度添加量组(2 g·L–1, 4 g·L–1)伪鱼腥藻的ρ(Chl a)、Fv/Fm、rETR和SOD 值与对照组差异不大, 对伪鱼腥藻作用不明显; 高浓度添加量组(6 g·L–1, 8 g·L–1和10 g·L–1)对伪鱼腥藻化感抑制作用明显, 伪鱼腥藻的ρ(Chl a)、Fv/Fm和 rETR值都显著低于对照组, 说明藻的生物量和光合能力都明显降低, SOD活性在第13天显著高于对照组, 表明藻类可能发生了脂质过氧化反应。在培养结束后添加量为6 g·L–1, 8 g·L–1和10 g·L–1试验组ρ(Chl a)抑制率分别为32.03 %, 53.18 %和66.02%, 添加量与抑制效果呈正相关。     

固氮作用

880286分离的满江红鱼腥藻的生长、固氮和大量培养[英〕/Zimmerman,W.J.了Bi-0 teehnol.I一ett一1987,9(I)一31一36〔译自CBA,l(,87,(4),1772〕 在潮涅的水稻田中,评价了一个满江红鱼腥藻(月nabaena azollae)的独立品系作为一种生物肥料的潜力。记录了它的持久而快速的生长(加倍时间为10.5小时)和固氮酶的活性(32毫微克分子乙烯/小时/微克叶绿素)。首次川该品系进行的弋最培养就达到了30。公升。(杜允)880287埃及某些大豆根瘤菌菌株对大豆品种根瘤形成的效力〔英]/EI一Shin。awi,M.E.…厂Egypt.J.Mierobiol.一985/86,Speeial一13一2…     

模拟微重力诱导的细胞微丝变化影响COL1A1启动子活性

细胞骨架系统是细胞内的重力感受系统。已知微重力导致的细胞形态、功能、信号传导等多种变化均与细胞骨架系统变化有关,但微重力对相关基因调控的影响知之甚少。本研究以构建的基因工程细胞株（EGFP-ROS）为对象,以回转器模拟微重力效应,利用增强型绿色荧光蛋白（enhanced green fluorescence protein,EGFP）荧光半定量和细胞微丝荧光染色分析技术,探讨回转模拟微重力条件下,细胞微丝系统对Ⅰ型胶原α1链基因（collagen type Ialpha chain 1 gene,COL1A1）启动子活性的影响。空间飞行和回转模拟微重力后,细胞微丝解聚、张力纤维减少,表明微重力可降低细胞微丝结构的有序性,诱导细胞骨架重排。适合剂量的细胞松弛素B处理EGFP-ROS细胞诱导微丝骨架解聚,同时导致COL1A1启动子活性增加,细胞荧光强度增强,并呈现剂量依赖性。因此,一定程度的细胞微丝系统破坏将导致COL1A1启动子活性的增强,证明细胞微丝骨架系统参与了微重力对COL1A1启动子活性调节,且在微重力信号传导中起重要作用。     

Growth and development, and auxin polar transport of transgenic Arabidopsis under simulated microgravity conditions on a three-dimensional clinostat.

Growth and development, and auxin polar transport in Arabidopsis thaliana transformed with iaaH gene were studied under simulated microgravity conditions on a three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat. Simulated microgravity conditions on a 3-D clinostat did not affect the number of rosette leaves but promoted the growth and development (fresh weight of plant and the elongation of flower stalk) of transformants. Final growth of transformants under simulated microgravity conditions on a 3-D clinostat was almost equivalent to that grown on 1 g conditions in the presence of 1 micromoles IAM (indole-3-acetamide). The activities of auxin polar transport in the segments of flower stalk (inflorescence axis) of transformants grown on 1 g conditions were significantly promoted by the addition of IAM. Interestingly, simulated microgravity conditions on a 3-D clinostat also promoted the activities of auxin polar transport of transformants grown on the medium with or without IAM. Based on the results in this study, transgenic plants may not have an efficient homeostatic mechanism for the control of growth and development, and auxin polar transport activity in microgravity conditions in space.     

Reduced receptor aggregation and altered cytoskeleton in cultured myocytes after space-flight.

We carried out parallel experiments first on the slow clinostat and then in space-flight to examine the effects of altered gravity on the aggregation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the structure of the cytoskeleton in cultured Xenopus embryonic muscle cells. By examining the concordance between results from space flight and the clinostat, we tested whether the slow clinostat is a relevant simulation paradigm. Space-flown cells showed marked changes in the distribution and organization of actin filaments and had a reduced incidence of acetylcholine receptor aggregates at the site of contact with polystyrene beads. Similar effects were found after clinostat rotation. The sensitivity of synaptic receptor aggregation and cytoskeletal morphology suggests that in the microgravity of space cell behavior may be importantly altered.     

Growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana through an entire life cycle under simulated microgravity conditions on a clinostat.

The effects of simulated microgravity conditions produced by a horizontal clinostat on the entire life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia and Landsberg erecta were studied. Horizontal clinorotation affected little germination of seeds, growth and development of rosette leaves and roots during early vegetative growth stage, and the onset of the bolting of inflorescence axis and flower formation in reproductive growth stage, although it suppressed elongation of inflorescence axes. The clinorotation substantially reduced the numbers of siliques and seeds in Landsberg erecta, and completely inhibited seed production in Columbia. Seeds produced in Landsberg erecta on the clinostat were capable of germinating and developing rosette leaves normally on the ground. On the other hand, growth of pin formed mutant (pin/pin) of Arabidopsis ecotype Enkheim, which has a unique structure of inflorescence axis with no flower and extremely low levels of auxin polar transport activity, was inhibited and the seedlings frequently died during vegetative stage on the clinostat. Seed formation and inflorescence growth of the seedlings with normal shape (pin/+ or +/+) were also suppressed on the clinostat. These results suggest that the growth and development of Arabidopsis, especially in reproductive growth stage, is suppressed under simulated microgravity conditions on a clinostat. To complete the life cycle probably seems to be quite difficult, although it is possible in some ecotypes.     

Plant growth processes in Arabidopsis under microgravity conditions simulated by a clinostat.

The life cycle of Arabidopsis plants was examined by growing them on a horizontal clinostat. Seeds on agar media were allowed to germinate and seedlings were grown under a simulated microgravity on a horizontal clinostat. Clinorotation (3 rpm) did not appear to interfere with germination of plant seeds and development of cotyledons and leaves. Stress relaxation parameters of the cell wall, the minimum relaxation time and the relaxation rate did not appear to be affected by clinostat rotation. On the other hand, the length of inflorescences was reduced to 61-62% by clinostat rotation. Rotation was found to inhibit the polar transport of auxin, although inflorescence growth and auxin transport were not completely inhibited. From these facts, it is possible that the life cycle in Arabidopsis plants could be accomplished in space, although growth phenomena involving auxin transport and its action may be disturbed. Plants may have a capacity to grow in space and we may be able to cultivate crops in space.     

Automorphosis of etiolated pea seedlings in space is simulated by a three-dimensional clinostat and the application of inhibitors of auxin polar transport

Etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space show automorphosis: bending of epicotyls, inhibition of hook formation and changes in root growth direction. In order to determine the mechanisms of microgravity conditions that induce automorphosis, we used a three-dimensional clinostat and obtained the successful induction of automorphosis-like growth of etiolated pea seedlings. Kinetic studies revealed that epicotyls bent at their basal region towards the clockwise direction far from the cotyledons from the vertical line (0 degrees) at approximately 40 degrees in seedlings grown both at 1 g and in the clinostat within 48 h after watering. Thereafter, epicotyls retained this orientation during growth in the clinostat, whereas those at 1 g changed their growth direction against the gravity vector and exhibited a negative gravitropic response. On the other hand, the plumular hook that had already formed in the embryo axis tended to open continuously by growth at the inner basal portion of the elbow; thus, the plumular hook angle initially increased; this was followed by equal growth on the convex and concave sides at 1 g, resulting in normal hook formation; in contrast, hook formation was inhibited on the clinostat. The automorphosis-like growth and development of etiolated pea seedlings was induced by auxin polar transport inhibitors (9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid, N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid), but not by anti-auxin (p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid) at 1 g. An ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, 1-aminooxyacetic acid, inhibited hook formation at 1 g, and ethylene production of etiolated seedlings was suppressed on the clinostat. Clinorotation on the clinostat strongly reduced the activity of auxin polar transport of epicotyls in etiolated pea seedlings, similar to that observed in space experiments (Ueda J, Miyamoto K, Yuda T, Hoshino T, Fujii S, Mukai C, Kamigaichi S, Aizawa S, Yoshizaki I, Shimazu T, Fukui K (1999) Growth and development, and auxin polar transport in higher plants under microgravity conditions in space: BRIC-AUX on STS-95 space experiment. J Plant Res 112: 487492). These results suggest that clinorotation on a three-dimensional clinostat is a valuable tool for simulating microgravity conditions, and that automorphosis of etiolated pea seedlings is induced by the inhibition of auxin polar transport and ethylene biosynthesis.     

Nitric oxide affects preimplantation embryonic development in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor simulating microgravity

Microgravity was simulated with a rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWVB) in order to study its effect on pre-implantation embryonic development in mice. Three experimental groups were used: stationary control, rotational control and clinostat rotation. Three experiments were performed as follows. The first experiment showed that compared with the other two (control) groups, embryonic development was significantly retarded after 72 h in the clinostat rotation group. The second experiment showed that more nitric oxide (NO) was produced in the culture medium in the clinostat rotation group after 72 h (P<0.05), and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in this group was significantly higher than in the controls (P<0.01). In the third experiment, we studied apoptosis in the pre-implantation mouse embryos after 72 h in culture and found that Annexin-V staining was negative in the normal (stationary and rotational control) embryos, but the developmentally retarded (clinostat rotation) embryos showed a strong green fluorescence. These results indicate that microgravity induced developmental retardation and cell apoptosis in the mouse embryos. We presume that these effects are related to the higher concentration of NO in the embryos under microgravity, which have cause cytotoxic consequences.     

Changes in plant growth processes under microgravity conditions simulated by a three-dimensional clinostat

We developed a three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat to simulate a microgravity environment and studied the changes in plant growth processes under this condition. The rate of germination of cress (Lepidium sativum), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), pea (Pisum sativum), or azuki bean (Vigna angularis) was not affected on the clinostat. The clinostat rotation did not influence the growth rate of their roots or shoots, except for a slight promotion of growth in azuki roots and epicotyls. On the contrary, the direction of growth of plant organs clearly changed on the 3-D clinostat. On the surface of the earth, roots grow downward while shoots upward in parallel to the gravity vector. On the 3-D clinostat, roots of cress elongated along the direction of the tip of root primordia after having changed the direction continuously. Rice roots also grew parallel to the direction of the tip of root primordia. On the other hand, roots of maize, pea, and azuki bean grew in a random fashion. The direction of growth of shoots was more controlled even on the 3-D clinostat. In a front view of embryos, shoots grew mostly along the direction of the tip of primordia. In a side view, rice coleoptiles showed an adaxial (toward the caryopsis) while coleoptiles of maize and epicotyls of pea and azuki bean an abaxial curvature. The curvature of shoots became larger with their growth. Such an autotropism may have an important role in regulation of life cycle of higher plants under a microgravity environment.     

Automorphogenesis of maize roots under simulated microgravity conditions

Plant seedlings show exaggerated growth responses on a three-dimensional clinostat. Such an automorphogenesis appears to be one of major factors which govern the life cycle of higher plants under a microgravity environment. On the three-dimensional clinostat, maize roots exhibited curvatures in three different portions; 1) the basal region just protruding from the coleorhiza, 2) the region between the mature and the elongation zone, and 3) the elongation zone, several mm from the tip. Even non-clinostatted control roots showed some degree of curvature. The curvature occurred at random without any dorsiventrality. There was no difference in the osmotic concentration of the cell sap between the convex and the concave halves of any region. However, the convex, rapidly expanding side exhibited a higher extensibility of the cell wall in some regions, which appears to be a cause of the curvature. In order to understand the role of gravity in regulation of plant growth and development, we should clarify a series of events by which an automorphogenesis is induced under simulated microgravity conditions.     

Clinostat rotation induces apoptosis in luteal cells of the pregnant rat

Recent studies have shown that microgravity induces changes at the cellular level, including apoptosis. However, it is unknown whether microgravity affects luteal cell function. This study was performed to assess whether microgravity conditions generated by clinostat rotation induce apoptosis and affect steroidogenesis by luteal cells. Luteal cells isolated from the corpora lutea of Day 8 pregnant rats were placed in equal numbers in slide flasks (chamber slides). One slide flask was placed in the clinostat and the other served as a stationary control. At 48 h in the clinostat, whereas the levels of progesterone and total cellular protein decreased, the number of shrunken cells increased. To determine whether apoptosis occurred in shrunken cells, Comet and TUNEL assays were performed. At 48 h, the percentage of apoptotic cells in the clinostat increased compared with that in the control. To investigate how the microgravity conditions induce apoptosis, the active mitochondria in luteal cells were detected with JC-1 dye. Cells in the control consisted of many active mitochondria, which were evenly distributed throughout the cell. In contrast, cells in the clinostat displayed fewer active mitochondria, which were distributed either to the outer edge of the cell or around the nucleus. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by clinostat rotation could lead to apoptosis in luteal cells and suppression of progesterone production.     

How Effectively Does a Clinostat Mimic the Ultrastructural Effects of Microgravity on Plant Cells?

Columella cells of seedlings of Zea mays L. cv. Bear Hybridgrown in the microgravity of orbital flight allocate significantlylarger relative-volumes to hyaloplasm and lipid bodies, andsignificantly smaller relative-volumes to dictyosomes, plastids,and starch than do columella cells of seedlings grown at I g.The ultrastructure of columella cells of seedlings grown atI g and on a rotating clinostat is not significantly different.However, the ultrastructure of cells exposed to these treatmentsdiffers significantly from that of seedlings grown in microgravity.These results indicate that the actions of a rotating clinostatdo not mimic the ultrastructural effects of microgravity incolumella cells of Z. mays. Zea mays L., gravity, microgravity, ultrastructure, clinostat, space shuttle, space biology