3种不同食性淡水鱼类谷胱甘肽S-转移酶Pi、Mu、Theta型cDNA序列的克隆分析及表达

鱼类谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)是鱼类一种重要的Ⅱ相去毒酶,在催化毒素与还原谷胱甘肽(GSH)加合去毒代谢过程中具有关键作用。采用RT-PCR及RACE法,分离、克隆得到草鱼、尼罗罗非鱼pi、mu、theta型GST(GSTpi、GSTmu、GSTtheta)基因、鲢鱼GSTmu、GSTtheta基因的cDNA部分序列并推测各自对应的氨基酸序列。氨基酸序列同源性比较和系统进化分析均表明,鲢鱼、草鱼、尼罗罗非鱼与鱼类GST同源性较高,与哺乳类、鸟类、两栖类GST同源性较低,可能与鱼类GST基因在水环境毒素去毒代谢中承担的特殊功能有关。而不同种鱼类GSTtheta的同源性明显要较GSTpi、GSTmu的同源性低,可能与不同淡水鱼类食性及对毒素耐受性不同有关。用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测三种鱼肝脏中三型GST基因组成型表达水平,发现三种鱼各型之间皆有一定差异,尼罗罗非鱼肝脏整体GSTs基因表达很低,GSTtheta显著低于草鱼(P<0.05),GSTmu显著低于鲢鱼(P<0.05)。本研究为从分子水平上研究不同型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因在不同食性淡水鱼类体内代谢去毒过程中的作用提供了基础。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major Chinese freshwater fishes

Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5'-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 +/- 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 +/- 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 +/- 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 +/- 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 +/- 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 +/- 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed.     

草鱼IRE1-like基因的克隆、组织表达及其对微囊藻毒素-LR的响应

为了研究内质网应激相关基因需肌醇酶1(Inositol-requiring enzyme 1, IRE1-like)的结构和生物学功能及其在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)响应微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)中的作用, 研究根据草鱼转录组测序结果得到该基因家族成员IRE1-like的EST序列, 采用RACE技术获得了草鱼IRE1-like基因的cDNA全长序列(登录号: MG797683)。该基因序列全长3595 bp, 包括3093 bp开放阅读框, 编码1030个氨基酸, 分子量为116.24 kD, 理论等电点为6.26, 具有跨膜结构和信号肽。草鱼IRE1-like基因包含Luminal (39—307 aa)、STKc (569—834 aa)和RNase (837—915 aa)三个结构域。同源性和系统进化树结果表明草鱼IRE1-like基因与斑马鱼IRE1-α基因亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测结果表明, 草鱼IRE1-like基因在肝脏组织中的表达量最高, 在肌肉、脾脏、鳃和心脏等其他8种不同组织中也均有表达。不同剂量MC-LR诱导草鱼24h和96h后, 25 μg MC-LR/kg BW和100 μg MC-LR/kg BW剂量组中草鱼肝脏IRE1-like基因表达水平分别在24h和96h显著上升(P<0.05)。以上结果初步说明了草鱼IRE1-like基因可能在MC-LR诱导草鱼内质网应激中起着重要的作用, 为进一步研究草鱼IRE1-like基因的功能奠定了基础。     

草鱼TP53INP1基因的克隆及微囊藻毒素对其表达的影响

为深入研究肿瘤蛋白p53诱导核蛋白1(Tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1,TP53INP1)的结构及其在微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)胁迫下的表达变化,以MC-LR诱导的草鱼(Ctenopharygodon idella)肝脏转录组测序获得的unigenes序列为基础,...     

银鲫与彩鲫卵母细胞cDNA文库构建及周期蛋白A1的cDNA克隆

分别取行天然雌核发育繁殖的银鲫和两性生殖的彩鲫的卵母细胞为材料,提取总RNA,分离mRNA,进而反转录合成cDNA并定向插入λgtll Sfi-Not克隆载体,经体外包装构建了银鲫与彩鲫卵母细胞的表达型cDNA文库。测试结果表明库容量分别达到3.1×106(银鲫)和1.6×106(彩鲫)。进一步人工合成Cyclin A1保守引物,采用PCR扩增文库的方法,克隆了银鲫(1616bp)与彩鲫(1626bp)的Cyclin A1全长cDNA。序列分析结果表明:两种鱼编码区长度均为1173bp,起始于一个包含在脊椎动物起始密码子ANNATG基元内ATG的单一开放读码框,编码391个氨基酸;5'-端非编码区长度也同为70bp,3-'端非编码区长度略有不同,银鲫为373bp,而彩鲫则为383bp;二者3'-端均带有AATAAA的Poly(A)加尾信号以及24bp(银鲫)和27bp(彩鲫)的Poly(A)尾巴。比较银鲫、彩鲫和金鱼与人、爪蟾Cyclin A1氨基酸序列同源性的结果表明,Cyclin A1在人、爪蟾与鱼类之间具有较高同源性;而在银鲫、彩鲫和金鱼之间,Cyclin A1仅在周期蛋白框外存在5个氨基酸的差异,且这些差异均是由个别碱基的变异造成的。       

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)Hsp70基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)的热休克蛋白Hsp70基因并进行序列分析。克隆测序后拼接得到一条长2482 bp的cDNA序列,该序列ORF(Open reading frame,开放阅读框)为1950 bp,编码649个氨基酸,分子量约为71.06 kD,理论等电点为5.24。3'UTR(untranslated region,非编码区)为158 bp,5'UTR为40 bp。通过antheprot分析发现2个Hsp70家族的签名序列:IFDLGGGTFDVSIL,IVLVGGSTRIPKIQK;Dnak特征基序DLGTT-S-V;非细胞器基序:RARFEEL;核定位信号标签:KKDPSESKRALRRL;胞质Hsp70特征基序EEVD。同源性分析表明,锯缘青蟹Hsp70编码区核苷酸序列与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的相似性分别为84.02%、83.87%和79.60%;核苷酸序列所推导出的Hsp70氨基酸序列,与凡纳滨对虾、斑节对虾和罗氏沼虾的相似性分别为92.79%、92.17%和96.47%。本研究克隆了锯缘青蟹Hsp70基因,为进一步深入研究锯缘青蟹的抗逆机理及其遗传改良奠定了基础。     

草鱼cadm2b基因的克隆及在成体组织中的表达分析

为研究CADMs（Cell adhesion molecules）在草鱼构建抵御病害感染的第一道防线中发挥的作用,用RT-PCR和RACE方法结合测序分析,在草鱼脑组织中检测到了该基因家族成员cadm2b基因的4条不同的cDNA全长序列。序列比对结果表明这4条全长cDNA在5'端的序列完全相同,在3'端的3个局部区域有不同片段的缺失。因此,可以确定这4条不同的mRNA是cadm2b的不同剪接体。这4条不同的剪接体被分别命名为cadm2b、cadm2bX2、cadm2bX3和cadm2bX6。cadm2b的cDNA序列全长1669 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）1203 bp,编码400个氨基酸。cadm2bX2的cDNA序列全长2783 bp,开放阅读框长1323 bp,编码440个氨基酸;cadm2bX3的cDNA序列全长2755 bp,开放阅读框1296 bp,编码431个氨基酸;cadm2bX6基因的cDNA序列全长2649 bp,开放阅读框1161 bp,编码386个氨基酸。根据碱基序列所进行的氨基酸序列和蛋白结构预测显示这4个CADM2b蛋白亚型都具有CADM家族保守的4个功能区,但其C端的蛋白结合位点存在差异。CADM2b具有近膜4.1蛋白结合位点和Ⅱ型PDZ蛋白结合位点,CADM2bX2、X3缺失了PDZ蛋白结合位点,而CADM2bX6则同时缺失4.1蛋白和PDZ蛋白的结合位点。实时定量RT-PCR检测结果显示cadm2b剪接突变体是该基因mRNA的主要形式。半定量RT-PCR和套式PCR实验检测结果表明cadm2b基因在草鱼成体脑中高水平表达,在肝、肾、心脏和肌肉组织中有微量表达。这种表达模式提示草鱼中CADM2b主要是由非免疫细胞,而不是由免疫肥大细胞合成分泌的细胞黏附因子,可能通过介导免疫肥大细胞与病原靶细胞的黏附而起非特异性抵御病害感染的作用。     

The cloning of Dmc1 cDNAs and a comparative study of its expression in different ploidy cyprinid fishes

Dmc1 (disrupted meiotic cDNA) is a functionally specific gene, which was firstly discovered in yeast and then found to encode a protein required for homologous chromosome synapsis during the process of meiosis. In this investigation, we cloned the partial cDNAs of Dmc1 of diploid red crucian carp, Japanese crucian carp, common carp, triploid crucian carp and allotetraploid hybrids by using a pair of degenerate primers based on the conservative sequence of amino acids of the DMC1 protein in yeast, mouse and human. The full length cDNAs were then obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Our data showed that the full length cDNAs of Dmc1 in the three diploid fishes are all 1375 bp long, while it is 1383 bp long in triploids and 1379 bp long in allotetraploids. And despite of the variation in length, all the cDNAs encode a protein of 342 amino acids. A high homology of 97.3% of the DMC1 protein can be drawn by comparing the amino acid sequences in the three diploids, which is also of 86%, 86% and 95% similarity to human, mouse and zebrafish, respectively. A comparative study of the expression pattern of Dmc1 was carried out by RT-PCR using specific primers against the same sequences of coding regions in different ploidy cyprinid fishes, from which it was showed that Dmc1 was expressed only in gonads of these five kinds of fishes. The expression pattern of Dmc1 in both ovaries and testes from different ploidy fishes within breeding season was also studied by Real-time PCR, and the results showed that the expression of this gene was greatly different among the three different ploidy fishes, which was the highest of triploid and lowest of allotetraploids. The histological sections data showed matured gonads of both diploid red crucian carp and allotetraploids in breeding season, although the latter demonstrated a higher maturation, and no gonadal maturation could be observed in triploids. In conclusion, we suggest that Dmc1 is specifically expressed in the period of meiosis in all the ploidy cyprinid fishes and directly related with the development of gonad in a manner of ploidy-independent way. And further, the high expression of Dmc1 in female triploids might be associated with abnormal meiosis and sterility.     

The cloning of Dmc1 cDNAs and a comparative study of its expression in different ploidy cyprinid fishes

Dmc1 (disrupted meiotic cDNA) is a functionally specific gene, which was firstly discovered in yeast and then found to encode a protein required for homologous chromosome synapsis during the process of meiosis. In this investigation, we cloned the partial cDNAs of Dmc1 of diploid red crucian carp, Japanese crucian carp, common carp, triploid crucian carp and allotetraploid hybrids by using a pair of degenerate primers based on the conservative sequence of amino acids of the DMC1 protein in yeast, mouse and human. The full length cDNAs were then obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Our data showed that the full length cDNAs of Dmc1 in the three diploid fishes are all 1375 bp long, while it is 1383 bp long in triploids and 1379 bp long in allotetraploids. And despite of the variation in length, all the cDNAs encode a protein of 342 amino acids. A high homology of 97.3% of the DMC1 protein can be drawn by comparing the amino acid sequences in the three diploids, which is also of 86%, 86% and 95% similarity to human, mouse and zebrafish, respectively. A comparative study of the expression pattern of Dmc1 was carried out by RT-PCR using specific primers against the same se-quences of coding regions in different ploidy cyprinid fishes, from which it was showed that Dmc1 was expressed only in gonads of these five kinds of fishes. The expression pattern of Dmc1 in both ovaries and testes from different ploidy fishes within breeding season was also studied by Real-time PCR, and the results showed that the expression of this gene was greatly different among the three different ploidy fishes, which was the highest of triploid and lowest of allotetraploids. The histological sections data showed matured gonads of both diploid red crucian carp and allotetraploids in breeding season, although the latter demonstrated a higher maturation, and no gonadal maturation could be observed in triploids. In conclusion, we suggest that Dmc1 is specifically expressed in the period of meiosis in all the ploidy cyprinid fishes and directly related with the development of gonad in a manner of ploidy-independent way. And further, the high expression of Dmc1 in female triploids might be associ-ated with abnormal meiosis and sterility.     

Characterization of two heat shock proteins (Hsp70/Hsc70) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): evidence for their differential gene expression, protein synthesis and secretion in LPS-challenged peripheral blood lymphocytes

Two cDNAs, encoding the stress-inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) and the constitutively expressed 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70), were isolated from grass carp. The Hsp70 and Hsc70 cDNAs were 2250 bp and 2449 bp in length and contained 1932 bp and 1953 bp open reading frames, respectively. Tissue distribution results showed that Hsp70/Hsc70 was highly expressed in gill, kidney, head kidney and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Using grass carp PBLs as a cell model, effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the mRNA and protein levels of Hsp70/Hsc70 were examined. In this case, LPS increased the mRNA expression of Hsp70 in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on Hsc70 mRNA expression. In agreement with this, LPS elevated the intracellular Hsp70 markedly, but not the Hsc70 protein levels in parallel experiments. Furthermore, Hsp70 protein was also detected in culture medium. Moreover, inhibition of LPS on Hsp70 release in a time-dependent manner was observed, indicating that there may be a dynamic balance between Hsp70 stores and Hsp70 release in grass carp PBLs following exposure to LPS. Taken together, these results not only shed new insights into the different regulations of LPS on Hsp70/Hsc70 gene expression, protein synthesis and release, but also provide a basis for further study on the functional role of Hsp70 in fish immune response.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a hypoxia-responsive CITED3 cDNA from grass carp

We have isolated a 1586-bp full-length CITED3 cDNA from grass carp which specifies for a cAMP-responsive element-binding protein/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid (E)/aspartic acid (D)-rich C-terminal domain protein. The cDNA, designated as gcCITED3, has an open reading frame of 762 bp and encodes a protein of 253 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 28.3 kDa and pI of 6.4. Pairwise comparison showed that gcCITED3 shares high sequence identity with the CITED3 of zebrafish (94%), chicken (72%) and Xenopus (59%). Northern blot analysis indicated that gcCITED3 is most highly expressed and responsive to hypoxia in the carp kidney. Hypoxic induction was also observed in heart, albeit at a lower level. This is the first report on the isolation of a hypoxia-responsive CITED3 gene from fish.     

Molecular cDNA cloning and analysis of the organization and expression of the IL-1beta gene in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The full-length cDNA sequence of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) from the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was determined by using PCR with primers designed from known fish IL-1beta sequences followed by elongation of the 5' and 3' ends using Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). The cDNA contains a 92-bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), a single open reading frame (ORF) of 732 bp that translates into a 243-amino acid molecule, a 341-bp 3' UTR with four cytokine RNA instability motifs (ATTTA), and a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) at 15 nucleotides upstream of the poly(A) tail. The organization of the genomic IL-1beta based on the cDNA sequence appeared to be 4 introns and 5 exons. In comparison with known IL-1beta amino acid sequences, including human, catshark, trout, turbot, carp, sea bream, sea bass and goldfish, the amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence of Nile tilapia showed different levels of identity ranging from 25.32% to 66.80% and homology ranging from 41.88% to 82.19%. Although the entire cDNA sequence of Nile tilapia IL-1beta showed from 49.45% to 67.05% identity to those of other reported IL-1beta cDNAs, each exon also showed different levels of identity to the corresponding exons of other reported IL-1beta cDNAs. The highest nucleotide sequence identity for exon 1 and exons 2-5 of Nile tilapia IL-1beta was found in the corresponding exons of sea bream and sea bass, respectively. After in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found an increased level of IL-1beta expression in head kidney cells compared to that of unstimulated cells. However, this difference was no longer apparent after 4 h of stimulation, at which time the levels were similar in stimulated and unstimulated cells. Head kidney cells stimulated in vivo by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS showed a peak level of IL-1beta expression after 1 day and a decreased level after 3 days. At 7 days after stimulation, we were hardly able to detect IL-1beta expression.     

Cloning and expression analysis of a HSP70 gene from Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), the primary member of HSPs that are responsive of thermal stress, is found in all multicellular organisms and functions mostly as molecular chaperon. The inducible HSP70 cDNA cloned from Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), was highly homologous to other HSP70 genes. The full-length cDNA of the Pacific abalone HSP70 was 2631bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 90bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 573bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 1968bp. The HSP70 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 655 amino acids with an ATPase domain of 382 amino acids, the substrate peptide binding domain of 161 amino acids and a C-terminus domain of 112 amino acids. The temporal expression of HSP70 was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR after heat shock and bacterial challenge. Challenge of Pacific abalone with heat shock or the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio anguillarum resulted in a dramatic increase in the expression of HSP70 mRNA level in muscle, followed by a recovery to normal level after 96h. Unlike the muscle, the levels of HSP70 expression in gills reached the top at 12h and maintained a relatively high level compared with the control after thermal and bacterial challenge. The upregulated mRNA expression of HSP70 in the abalone following heat shock and infection response indicates that the HSP70 gene is inducible and involved in immune response.     

草鱼和翘嘴鲌fgfrhl-1基因的克隆和表达分析

成纤维细胞生长因子受体同源类似物1(fgfrhl-1)基因是目前仅在鱼类基因组中检测到的fgfr基因家族成员, 该序列在鱼类进化过程中高度保守。为研究fgfrhl-1基因的表达情况和具体的功能, 在亲缘关系较远的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus Basilewsky)中克隆了fgfrhl-1的cDNA序列, 并通过半定量RT-PCR和冰冻切片原位杂交分析了该基因在成体不同组织中的表达情况。克隆结果的序列分析表明: 草鱼fgfrhl-1 cDNA序列全长为1472 bp, 5′-UTR长213 bp, 3′-UTR长56 bp, 开放阅读框长1203 bp; 翘嘴鲌fgfrhl-1 cDNA序列全长为1886 bp, 5′-UTR长298 bp, 3′-UTR长385 bp, 开放阅读框长1203 bp。在两种鱼类中该基因都编码400个氨基酸, 其预测的氨基酸序列同源性高达95.5%。蛋白二级结构预测表明Fgfrhl-1具有FGFRs家族蛋白的胞内酪氨酸激酶区, 跨膜的螺旋区和胞外配体识别结合区, 但其胞外区比FGFRs缺少了3个免疫球蛋白样结构域。通过RT-PCR方法在两种鱼类的心脏、鳃、肝、脾、尾鳍以及肌肉组织的肌间隔中均检测到了fgfrhl-1表达, 但在肌纤维中均没有检测到其表达。对这两种鱼类的肌肉组织、肝脏和脾脏进行的组织切片原位杂交表明fgfrhl-1只在这些组织和器官的结缔组织及导管中表达, 不在间质细胞结构中表达。这些结果说明: fgfrhl-1的成体组织特异性表达模式在不同鱼类中基本一致, fgfrhl-1在鱼类各组织和器官的结缔组织和导管的细胞中表达, 不在间质细胞中表达。因此, fgfrhl-1可能在鱼类结缔组织及导管分化调控或功能维持中有独特作用。