理性代谢工程改造促进谷氨酸棒杆菌高效合成L-谷氨酸

L-谷氨酸是世界上第一大宗氨基酸产品,广泛应用于食品医药及化工等行业。以谷氨酸高产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum) G01为出发菌株,首先通过敲除主要副产物丙氨酸合成相关基因-丙氨酸氨基转移酶编码基因(alaT),降低了发酵副产物丙氨酸含量。其次,α-酮戊二酸节点碳流量对谷氨酸合成起重要作用,因此,采用核糖体结合位点(ribosome-binding site,RBS)序列优化降低了α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶的活性,强化了谷氨酸合成代谢流。同时通过筛选不同来源的谷氨酸脱氢酶,加强了α-酮戊二酸内源转化为谷氨酸的能力。接着,对谷氨酸转运蛋白进行理性设计,提高了谷氨酸的外排能力。最后,对基于以上策略构建的整合菌株进行了5 L发酵罐发酵优化,通过梯度升温结合分批补料策略,谷氨酸产量为(136.33±4.68) g/L,较原始菌的产量(96.53±2.32) g/L提高了41.2%;糖酸转化率为55.8%,较原始菌的44.2%提高了11.6%;且降低了副产物丙氨酸的含量。以上策略一定程度上提高了谷氨酸的产量与糖酸转化率,可为谷氨酸生产菌株的代谢改造提供参考。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌人工合成启动子文库的构建及应用

启动子是实现基因精细表达调控的重要工具,广泛应用于微生物的代谢工程改造.谷氨酸棒杆菌是重要的工业底盘,已报道的启动子文库较少且主要是基于完全人工设计的突变序列构建获得.本研究对谷氨酸棒杆菌odhA基因天然启动子的-10区及附近序列进行随机突变,借助rfp报告基因和荧光成像系统进行高通量筛选,构建了包含57个相对强度为2...     

谷氨酸棒杆菌代谢工程高效生产L-缬氨酸北大核心CSCD

L-缬氨酸作为一种支链氨基酸,广泛应用于医药和饲料等领域。本研究借助多种代谢工程策略相结合的方法,构建了生产L-缬氨酸的微生物细胞工厂,实现了L-缬氨酸的高效生产。首先,通过增强糖酵解途径、减弱副产物代谢途径相结合的方式,强化了L-缬氨酸合成前体丙酮酸的供给;其次,针对L-缬氨酸合成路径关键酶—乙酰羟酸合酶进行定点突变,提高了菌株的抗反馈抑制能力,并利用启动子工程策略,优化了路径关键酶的基因表达水平;最后,利用辅因子工程策略,改变了乙酰羟酸还原异构酶和支链氨基酸转氨酶的辅因子偏好性,由偏好NADPH转变为偏好NADH,从而提高了L-缬氨酸的合成能力。在5L发酵罐中,最优谷氨酸棒杆菌工程菌株Corynebacterium glutamicum K020的L-缬氨酸产量、得率和生产强度分别达到了110g/L、0.51g/g和2.29 g/(L·h)。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌尿素传感器的研究

基于腺酶催化尿素分解产生氨,以氨气敏电极为基础电极,用含脲酶丰富的谷氨酸棒状杆菌研制成测定尿素的微生物传感器.在30℃、pH8.0、0.1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中,该传感器的线性范围为1.1×10^-4～1.4×10^-2mol/L,斜率为51.2mV/decade,检测下限为1.0×10^-5mol/L,寿命可达45d.考察了传感器响应初速和底物浓度之间的关系,测定了微生物膜中脲酶的表观米氏常数K_m及最大响应初速v_m.     

NADPH缺陷型Corynebacterium glutamicum重组菌株的构建及其性能分析

[目的]改造谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)中NADPH合成途径,阻断胞内NADPH的合成,获得1株NADPH营养缺陷型菌株。[方法]通过失活L-赖氨酸高产菌C. glutamicum Lys-χ中葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(Zwf)和苹果酸酶(MalE)并将NADP~+依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP~+-Icdcg)替换成变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)中的NAD~+-Icdsm,阻断胞内NADPH的合成。随后结合辅因子工程,引入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中膜结合吡啶核苷酸转氢酶(PntAB)并通过不同强度启动子控制PntAB的表达水平。最后,分析不同重组菌中胞内氧化还原水平和L-赖氨酸生产强度的变化。[结果]重组菌C.glutamicum Lys-χΔZMI_(Cg)::I_(Sm)(即Lys-x1)胞内检测不到NADPH,为1株NADPH营养缺陷型菌株。该重组菌只在以葡萄糖酸为碳源的基础培养基中生长和积累L-赖氨酸,而以葡萄糖、丙酮酸、α-酮戊二酸和草酰乙酸为碳源时无法生长。此外,表达E.coli中的PntAB可回补重组菌Lys-χ1胞内NADPH的水平,但由于不同强度启动子控制PntAB表达水平不同,重组菌胞内NADPH水平也不同,并影响L-赖氨酸的生产强度。[结论]重组菌Lys-χ1可作为有效的底盘细胞,用于考察不同的NADPH再生策略,获得不同胞内NADPH水平的重组菌株,为进一步阐明NADPH调控微生物细胞生理代谢功能的机制提供研究基础。     

Cloning the dapA dapB cluster of the lysine-secreting bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum

Summary The genes encoding the two successive enzymes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (dapA) and dihydrodipicolinate reductase (dapB), have been isolated from Corynebacterium glutamicum by heterologous complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. The two genes reside on a single 3.8-kb chromosomal fragment. They were subcloned as non overlapping fragments on an E. coli/C. glutamicum shuttle vector and introduced into C. glutamicum. This resulted in overexpression of both enzyme activities which was irrespective of the orientation of the inserts and comparable to that obtained with the large 3.8-kb fragment. Therefore, both genes are located in close proximity to each other on the C. glutamicum chromosome, but are apparently independently transcribed.     

Glucose-controlled -isoleucine fed-batch production with recombinant strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum

-Isoleucine was produced in a fed-batch bioprocess with -leucine auxotrophic Corynebacterium glutamicum strains developed by genetic engineering. An efficient supply with nutrients was achieved by applying closed-loop control of glucose as the main carbon source, with a model-based, parameter-adaptive control strategy. This control strategy is based on an extended, semi-continuous Kalman filter for process identification and a minimum variance controller. The lab scale fed-batch process with C. glutamicum SM1 and C. glutamicum DR17 pECM3::ilvA38 was characterized with respect to biomass, product and by-product accumulation. A differential analysis of growth, specific productivities, and selectivities was performed to characterize the carbon flow over process time. Characterization of -isoleucine transport steps across the cell membrane resulted in a balance of -isoleucine transport over process time. Up to an extracellular -isoleucine concentration of 140 mM the cytosolic -isoleucine, provided by the biosynthesis, was quantitatively excreted into the medium via the export carrier system. Optimized feeding profiles for -leucine and phosphate in correlation with the on-line estimated glucose consumption were achieved up to the pilot scale (300-1 stirred tank reactor). The maximum -isoleucine concentration was 150 mM (21 g l⁻¹) with a space-time yield of 4.3 mmol l⁻¹ h⁻¹. With a 98% closed carbon balance the selectivity for isoleucine was 14%, for biomass 13%, and for CO₂ 68%.     

双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD在谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中的功能

【目的】通过改造谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD,减弱尿苷酰去除酶的活性,增强NH_4~+的转运和利用,提高L-精氨酸的合成。【方法】本文对来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的突变菌株JNR中的双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD进行整合突变,采用同源重组的方法将H_(414)和D_(415)位点突变为两个丙氨酸AA,在此菌株的基础上过量表达PII蛋白GlnK,并对其进行尿苷酰化研究,离子色谱检测摇瓶发酵过程中NH4+的浓度,并对最终的改造菌株进行连续流加发酵分析。【结果】该双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶在谷氨酸棒杆菌中成功进行整合突变,有效减弱了尿苷酰去除酶的活性;同时过表达PII蛋白GlnK,其酰基化程度明显增强。摇瓶发酵结果表明菌株L4消耗NH_4~+增加,L-精氨酸产量为36.2±1.2 g/L,比对照菌株L3高出22.7%。5-L发酵罐实验结果显示改造菌株L4的L-精氨酸的产量为52.2 g/L,较野生型菌株L0提高了25.3%。【结论】谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-精氨酸的过程中氮源是必不可少的。减弱GlnD尿苷酰去除酶的活性后,胞内尿苷酰化的GlnK-UMP增加,GlnK-UMP与氮转录调控因子AmtR结合,转运至胞内的NH_4~+浓度提高,促使L-精氨酸产量显著提高。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌异源合成萜类化合物的研究进展

萜类化合物具有可观的商业价值,但生产过程复杂,产量低,利用微生物异源合成萜类化合物已成为热点。谷氨酸棒状杆菌内含合成萜类色素的途径,具有异源合成萜类化合物的天然优势和研究前景。首次对谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成萜类化合物进行了综述,从萜类合成途径、关键酶和全局调控机制三个方面进行了途经介绍。概述了谷氨酸棒状杆菌中单萜、倍半萜、四萜类化合物的异源合成,并对利用谷氨酸棒状杆菌高效合成萜类化合物所需解决的问题进行讨论,为谷氨酸棒状杆菌高效合成萜类化合物提供建议。     

Functional expression of the genes of Escherichia coli in gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum

Summary Hybrid plasmids were constructed by combining in vitro the Escherichia coli plasmid pGA22, which carries the genes determining resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, with the cryptic plasmids, pCG1 and pCG2, of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The hybrid plasmids were introduced into C. glutamicum and E. coli and replicated in both hosts. They expressed all the E. coli resistance phenotypes except ampicillin resistance in C. glutamicum. The levels of antibiotic inactivating enzymes encoded on these plasmids were about four to ten times lower in C. glutamicum than in E. coli. Despite the lack of expression of ampicillin resistance, -lactamase activity was detected in C. glutamicum carrying hybrid plasmids.     

乳酸乳球菌NZ9000基因组规模代谢网络模型的构建与验证

随着后基因组时代的到来,工业微生物的代谢工程改造在工业生产上发挥着越来越重要的作用。而基因组规模代谢网络模型(Genome-scalemetabolicmodel,GSMM)将生物体体内所有已知代谢信息进行整合,为全局理解生物体的代谢状态、理性指导代谢工程改造提供了最佳的平台。乳酸乳球菌NZ9000(Lactococcuslactis NZ9000)作为工业发酵领域的重要菌株之一,由于其遗传背景清晰且几乎不分泌蛋白,是基因工程改造和外源蛋白表达的理想模式菌株。文中基于基因组功能注释和比较基因组学构建了L.lactisNZ9000的首个基因组规模代谢网络模型iWK557,包含557个基因、668个代谢物、840个反应,并进一步在定性和定量两个层次验证了iWK557的准确性,以期为理性指导L. lactis NZ9000代谢工程改造提供良好工具。     

利用重组钝齿棒杆菌高效合成L-茶氨酸

【目的】构建Bacillus subtilis来源的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶蛋白(GGT)的Corynebacterium glutamicum SYPA5-5表达系统,验证该蛋白信号肽片段在宿主表达体系中的作用,并将该体系应用于高效合成茶氨酸的研究。【方法】将该ggt基因和切除信号肽的片段基因(?sp ggt)在C.glutamicum SYPA5-5中克隆表达。以C.glutamicum SYPA5-5高产L-精氨酸培养基为基础进行重组菌产酶优化。最优转化条件为:L-谷氨酰胺∶乙胺为1∶3,酶量为0.06 U/mL。采用底物流加策略高产L-茶氨酸,40 mL的转化体系包含:终浓度为0.9 U/mL的GGT,pH 10,37℃,从0 h开始每隔2 h补加20 mmol/L的L-谷氨酰胺,60 mmol/L的乙胺。【结果】C.glutamicum SYPA5-5/pXMJ19-ggt发酵上清液中GGT酶活达到(4.69±0.34)U/mL,C.glutamicum SYPA5-5/pXMJ19-?sp ggt只检测到胞内酶活(0.99±0.17)U/mL,说明利用B.subtilis来源的信号肽可以实现GGT在C.glutamicum体系中分泌表达。最适产酶培养基条件为:葡萄糖浓度为10%;IPTG最适添加时间为0 h。批次流加在12 h时达到最大茶氨酸产量104.36 mmol/L,转化率为86.9%。【讨论】本文首次实现B.subtilis来源的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶基因(ggt)在C.glutamicum SYPA5-5中分泌表达,通过分批流加底物获得目前报道的利用重组C.glutamicum合成L-茶氨酸的最高产量。     

Distribution of ATP and reducing equivalents in Corynebacterium glutamicum during amino acid resolution

The distributions of ATP and reducing equivalents were estimated with the aid of a pre-constructed bionetwork describing the growth characteristics of Corynebacterium glutamicum cultivated in a pH-auxostat. Results showed that the specific growth rate (μ) imposed different degrees of influences on both ATP and reducing equivalents. The ATP generated from the TCA cycle increased about 33% as μ was raised from 0.23 to 0.45 h⁻¹, while the ATP obtained from the EMP pathway decreased from 32.90 to 2.12% over the same growth span. In contrast, the reducing equivalents contributed from both the TCA cycle and the EMP pathway varied slightly. The ATP obtained through glucose utilization was insufficient to balance the microbial demands. As a result, the transformation among amino acids to compensate the ATP requirement was noticed. To enhance product resolution from an amino acid mix, metabolic nodes at AKG, PYR, PEP, and RU5P have been identified and could be considered concurrently as the potential nodes for manipulating metabolic flows in C. glutamicum.     

谷氨酸棒杆菌中基于CRISPR/Cas9的多位点碱基编辑系统的优化

作为新型的基因组编辑工具,碱基编辑技术结合了CRISPR/Cas系统的定位功能和碱基脱氨酶的编辑功能,可实现特定位点的碱基突变,具有不产生双链DNA断裂,无需外源模板且不依赖染色体DNA同源重组的优势.目前,研究者们已在重要的工业生产菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)中开发了多种碱...     

Identification of a Novel Gene Involved in Stable Maintenance of Plasmid pGA1 from Corynebacterium glutamicum

The cryptic plasmid pGA1 (4.8 kb) from Corynebacterium glutamicum, replicating in the rolling-circle mode, has been reported to contain four open reading frames longer than 200 bp (ORFA/per, ORFA2, ORFB, ORFC/rep). Here we present another pGA1 gene, ORFE (174 bp), located in the region downstream of the per-ORFA2 gene cluster. The ORFE is transcribed into two RNA species in a direction opposite to that of the per-ORFA2 RNA. Introduction of ORFE in trans into the cells harboring the pGA1 derivatives carrying the main stability determinant, the per gene coding for a product that positively influences the pGA1 copy number and maintenance, increased their segregational stability. Mutation of the putative translational start of the ORFE abolished this observed positive effect in trans. ORFE thus codes for a protein acting as an accessory element involved in stable maintenance of plasmid pGA1 and was hence designated the aes gene (accessory effector of stable maintenance).     

口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白VP1在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中的表达及优化

【背景】口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease, FMD)是由口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV)引起的感染牛、羊和猪等偶蹄动物的主要疫病之一。口蹄疫病毒的结构蛋白VP1包含多个能够引起机体免疫反应的主要位点,因此VP1是研究亚单位疫苗的方向靶标。谷氨酸棒状杆菌 (Corynebacterium glutamicum)作为安全生产菌株,是医药用蛋白生产的优势细胞工厂。【目的】利用C. glutamicum作为受体菌株表达外源蛋白的优势实现VP1的外源表达。【方法】根据VP1结构蛋白的基因序列、相应功能和C. glutamicum的密码子偏好性设计并合成VP1基因,与pXMJ19载体连接构成重组质粒pXMJ19-VP1。C. glutamicum CGMCC 1.15647菌株用于表达VP1-6×his蛋白,并对蛋白表达元件启动子、5′非翻译端(5′UTR)、目的蛋白自身N端等进行优化,同时对培养条件等进一步优化,采用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting技术检测VP1蛋白的表达情况。最后应用间接酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)测定本研究中生产的VP1的免疫活性。【结果】SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析结果表明VP1蛋白能在C. glutamicum CGMCC 1.15647菌株成功表达,将P_tac启动子替换为合成型启动子P_H36能提高蛋白产量。在此基础上,通过插入不同的5′UTR序列和VP1蛋白N端氨基酸的改变能进一步提高蛋白产量并可利用CspB信号肽实现分泌表达。发酵试验表明,VP1摇瓶发酵培养最优条件为30 ℃、24 h。ELISA试验表明,本研究中的VP1可与阳性血清特异性结合。【结论】本研究在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中成功表达FMDV的VP1蛋白,并通过优化蛋白表达元件的方法进一步提高了产量,为开发新型FMD免疫诊断试剂和安全高效的亚单位疫苗奠定了良好的基础。     

Engineering of pentose transport in Corynebacterium glutamicum to improve simultaneous utilization of mixed sugars

Corynebacterium glutamicum strains CRA1 and CRX2 are able to grow on l-arabinose and d-xylose, respectively, as sole carbon sources. Nevertheless, they exhibit the major shortcoming that their sugar consumption appreciably declines at lower concentrations of these substrates. To address this, the C. glutamicum ATCC31831 l-arabinose transporter gene, araE, was independently integrated into both strains. Unlike its parental strain, resultant CRA1-araE was able to aerobically grow at low (3.6 g·l⁻¹) l-arabinose concentrations. Interestingly, strain CRX2-araE grew 2.9-fold faster than parental CRX2 at low (3.6 g·l⁻¹) d-xylose concentrations. The corresponding substrate consumption rates of CRA1-araE and CRX2-araE under oxygen-deprived conditions were 2.8- and 2.7-fold, respectively, higher than those of their respective parental strains. Moreover, CRA1-araE and CRX2-araE utilized their respective substrates simultaneously with d-glucose under both aerobic and oxygen-deprived conditions. Based on these observations, a platform strain, ACX-araE, for C. glutamicum-based mixed sugar utilization was designed. It harbored araBAD for l-arabinose metabolism, xylAB for d-xylose metabolism, d-cellobiose permease-encoding bglF ^317A , β-glucosidase-encoding bglA and araE in its chromosomal DNA. In mineral medium containing a sugar mixture of d-glucose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, and d-cellobiose under oxygen-deprived conditions, strain ACX-araE simultaneously and completely consumed all sugars.     

Metabolic Consequences of Altered PhosphoenolpyruvateCarboxykinase Activity in Corynebacterium glutamicum Reveal Anaplerotic Regulation Mechanisms in Vivo

Corynebacterium glutamicum possesses high in vivo activity of the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCk) during growth on glucose, resulting together with anaplerotic carboxylation reactions in a PEP/pyruvate/oxaloacetate substrate cycle. The present study investigated the changes in intracellular fluxes and metabolite concentrations that are caused by altered PEPCk activity in L-lysine-producing C. glutamicum MH20-22B, applying a recently developed (13)C labeling-based strategy for anaplerotic flux resolution and quantification. Abolition of PEPCk activity by deletion of the respective pck gene resulted in increased intracellular concentrations of oxaloacetate L-aspartate, alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and L-lysine and in a 60% enhanced flux toward L-lysine biosynthesis, whereas increasing the PEPCk activity by pck overexpression had opposite effects. The results of the combined measurements of enzyme activities, in vivo fluxes, and metabolite concentrations were exploited to elucidate the in vivo regulation of anaplerotic reactions in C. glutamicum, and implications for the metabolic engineering of amino-acid-producing strains are discussed.