共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Variation in the lipid moiety of the verotoxin (VT) receptor glycosphingolipid, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) can modulate toxin binding. The binding of VT1 and VT2 to C18 and C22 ahydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acid isoforms of Gb3 were compared using a receptor ELISA and a 125l-labeled toxin/glycolipid microtitre plate direct binding assay. Increased binding to the hydroxylated species, particularly C22OH, was observed for both toxins. Increased RELISA binding at low glycolipid concentrations only, suggested the binding affinity is increased following Gb3 fatty acid hydroxylation. Nonlinear regression analysis of direct binding assay to these Gb3 isoforms confirmed the increased affinity of both toxins for the C22 hydroxylated Gb3. The capacity was also significantly increased. The increased binding of VTs for hydroxylated fatty acid Gb3 isoforms may be a factor in the selective renal pathology which can follow systemic verotoxemia, particularly in the mouse model. The more pronounced effect at lower glycolipid concentrations prompted investigation of VT1 binding affinity at different Gb3 concentrations. Unexpectedly, the VT1 Kd for Gb3 was found to decrease as an inverse function of the Gb3 concentration. This shows that glycolipids have nonclassical receptor properties. 相似文献
2.
Hisanao Takeuchi Taeko Aoki Masaki Shoda Keiichiro Muramatsu 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(11):2967-2974
The effects of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA; mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5, ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, ω3)] on the growth, tissue weights and fatty acid compositions of tissue total lipids in female rats and their progeny were investigated. Female rats of the Wistar strain, weighing 77~94g, were fed a 25% casein diet containing 5% of either corn oil (control), sardine oil or PUFA ethyl ester for 8 ~ 9 weeks prior to mating, and during gestation and lactation, and then for a further 2 weeks. The progeny were weaned to the maternal diet and then the latter was administered for a further 2 weeks. Dietary changes in the body weights of the dams were not generally seen, but the body weights at birth and growth of the offspring from the females supplied with the PUFA diet were inferior compared to those of the other groups. The fertility did not differ among the dietary groups. The weights of several tissues in the dams and the progeny increased in proportion to their body weights but not that of the progeny brain, which remained ' almost unchanged by the dietary fats. As to the fatty acid compositions of total lipids in the tissues, on the whole, decreased levels of ωβ fatty acids and increased percentages of ω3 fatty acids were found in the sardine and PUFA groups, the changes being greater in the PUFA group than in the sardine one. Such findings due to the feeding of PUFA were more remarkable in the progeny compared with in the dams. Eicosatrienoic acid (20: 3, ω9) was almost completely undetectable in the tissue total lipids of all the dietary groups. 相似文献
3.
Mudcharee Julotok Atul K. Singh Craig Gatto Brian J. Wilkinson 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2010,76(5):1423-1432
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that grows at refrigeration temperatures and increases its content of anteiso-C15:0 fatty acid, which is believed to be a homeoviscous adaptation to ensure membrane fluidity, at these temperatures. As a possible novel approach for control of the growth of the organism, the influences of various fatty acid precursors, including branched-chain amino acids and branched- and straight-chain carboxylic acids, some of which are also well-established food preservatives, on the growth and fatty acid composition of the organism at 37°C and 10°C were studied in order to investigate whether the organism could be made to synthesize fatty acids that would result in impaired growth at low temperatures. The results indicate that the fatty acid composition of L. monocytogenes could be modulated by the feeding of branched-chain amino acid, C4, C5, and C6 branched-chain carboxylic acid, and C3 and C4 straight-chain carboxylic acid fatty acid precursors, but the growth-inhibitory effects of several preservatives were independent of effects on fatty acid composition, which were minor in the case of preservatives metabolized via acetyl coenzyme A. The ability of a precursor to modify fatty acid composition was probably a reflection of the substrate specificities of the first enzyme, FabH, in the condensation of primers of fatty acid biosynthesis with malonyl acyl carrier protein.Listeriosis is a severe and life-threatening human infection encompassing meningoencephalitis, meningitis, focal infections in the immunocompromised, and stillbirths and neonatal sepsis due to infection of pregnant women (2). The disease is caused by the Gram-positive food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, which is responsible for common-source and sporadic disease involving a variety of different foods (27). Listeriosis has a high fatality rate (24). The U.S. Department of Agriculture has a zero tolerance policy for L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat products, and high costs are associated with product recalls.L. monocytogenes has a remarkably low minimum growth temperature, e.g., −0.1°C (34), and thus the organism can multiply to dangerous levels when food is kept at refrigeration temperatures. We are interested in the molecular mechanisms of L. monocytogenes psychrotolerance, with a view to applying this knowledge to improve the control of the growth of the organism. Although the adaptations involved in low-temperature tolerance are global in scope, we have focused on changes in fatty acid composition that result in homeoviscous adjustments of membrane fluidity (31, 36). L. monocytogenes has a fatty acid composition that is dominated to an unusual extent (90% or more) by branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs); the major fatty acids are anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, and iso-C15:0. Numerous studies have shown that the major change in fatty acid composition when L. monocytogenes is grown at low temperatures is an increase in the content of anteiso-C15:0 fatty acid to 65% or more of the total (1, 12, 23, 25, 26, 28). Two cold-sensitive mutants with Tn917 insertions in the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase gene complex (bkd) were deficient in BCFAs, grew poorly at low temperatures, and had decreased membrane fluidity; all of these defects could be restored by growth in the presence of 2-methylbutyrate (2-MB), a precursor of odd-numbered anteiso fatty acids, including anteiso-C15:0 fatty acid (1, 7, 13, 37). We believe that anteiso-C15:0 fatty acid imparts fluidity to the cytoplasmic membrane, as revealed by its low phase transition temperature in model phospholipids (18) and disruption of the close packing of fatty acyl chains (21, 35).The amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine are the starting points for the biosynthesis of odd-numbered anteiso, odd-numbered iso, and even-numbered iso fatty acids, respectively (18, 37). The amino acids are converted to their corresponding α-keto acid derivatives through the activity of branched-chain amino acid transaminase. Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (Bkd) then converts these α-keto compounds to branched-chain acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) primers of fatty acid biosynthesis (18). These primers are then used to initiate fatty acid biosynthesis through the activity of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III (FabH), which prefers branched-chain acyl-CoAs to acetyl-CoA as substrates (4, 22, 32). β-Keto-acyl carrier protein synthase II (FabF) is responsible for subsequent rounds of elongation until the acyl chain reaches 14 to 17 carbon atoms (36).We wished to ascertain whether we could manipulate the fatty acid composition of L. monocytogenes by feeding precursors that favored the production of fatty acids other than anteiso-C15:0 and thereby inhibit the growth of the organism, especially at low temperatures. Kaneda (15, 16) has grouped Bacillus subtilis fatty acids into four pairs based on the precursors from which they are generated, i.e., anteiso-C15:0 and C17:0 from isoleucine, iso-C15:0 and C17:0 from leucine, iso-C14:0 and C16:0 from valine, and n-C14:0 and n-C16:0 from acetate or butyrate. The proportions of the fatty acids could be modulated by precursor feeding. We have studied the effects of feeding the potential fatty acid precursors branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain α-keto acids, short branched-chain carboxylic acids, short straight-chain carboxylic acids, medium-length straight-chain carboxylic acids, branched-chain C6 carboxylic acids, and sodium diacetate (Fig. (Fig.1)1) on the growth and fatty acid composition of L. monocytogenes. Various short-chain carboxylic acids are used as food preservatives (5, 8, 29), and it was of interest to see whether any of them had an effect on the fatty acid composition of L. monocytogenes. Precursors giving rise to C5 and C6 branched-chain acyl-CoA derivatives, propionate, and butyrate had significant impacts on growth and fatty acid composition. Acetate and precursors that were metabolized to acetyl-CoA had minor effects on fatty acid composition, indicating that their preservative action is not due to effects on fatty acid composition.Open in a separate windowFIG. 1.Structures of potential fatty acid precursors. 相似文献
4.
Takeshi Tabuchi Nobufusa Serizawa Sadahiro Ohmomo 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(12):2565-2566
Human lactoferrin was produced in genetically engineered rice. N-linked glycan structures of recombinant human lactoferrin were determined. The oligosaccharides liberated by hydrazinolysis were labeled with 2-aminopyridine (PA). The PA-labeled glycans were purified by reverse-phase and size-fractionation HPLCs. The structures of these glycans were identified by HPLC, exoglycosidase digestion, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry. The glycan structures determined were ManFucXylGlcNAc2 (3.4%), Man2FucGlcNAc2 (2.1%), Man3FucGlcNAc2 (2.5%), Man3FucXylGlcNAc2 (42.5%), two isomers of Man2FucXylGlcNAc2 (39.1%), Man3XylGlcNAc2 (6.5%), and Man2XylGlcNAc2 (3.9%). 相似文献
5.
Rui Li Peng Quan Dong-Fei Liu Fang-Di Wei Qing Zhang Qun-Wei Xu 《AAPS PharmSciTech》2009,10(4):1137-1144
The present work was aimed at the influence of ethanol on the complex formation of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)
with oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), two insoluble isomeric triterpenic acids. Phase solubility studies were carried
out to evaluate the solubilizing power of HP-β-CD, in association with ethanol, toward OA and UA. A mathematical model was
applied to explain and predict the solubility of OA and UA influenced by HP-β-CD and ethanol. The solid complexes were prepared
by evaporating the filtrate of samples which was prepared in different complexing media. The solubility of OA is much higher
than that of UA in all the tested aqueous solutions. The solubility of OA and UA can be increased over 900 and 200 times,
respectively, by forming complex with HP-β-CD. Ethanol (0.5%, v/v) can help the formation of OA-HP-β-CD complex, but is harmful to the formation of UA-HP-β-CD complex. Increasing solubility
in water can be achieved by adding ethanol into the complexing media, but the concentration of ethanol should be optimized.
The ring E of the chemical compounds has a great influence on the complexing process. 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
Peng Zhenying Ruan Jian Tian Haiying Shan Lei Meng Jingjing Guo Feng Zhang Zhimeng Ding Hong Wan Shubo Li Xinguo 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2020,38(2):209-221
Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - The synthesis of α-linolenic acid (ALA) requires the activity of ω-3 fatty acid desaturases (ω-3 FADs). The quality of peanut oil would be much... 相似文献
9.
Zhicheng Jin Jessica M. Berthiaume Qingling Li Fabrice Henry Zhong Huang Sushabhan Sadhukhan Peng Gao Gregory P. Tochtrop Michelle A. Puchowicz Guo-Fang Zhang 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(46):32327-32338
Oxidative stress triggers the peroxidation of ω-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids to reactive lipid fragments, including (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). We previously reported two parallel catabolic pathways of HNE. In this study, we report a novel metabolite that accumulates in rat liver perfused with HNE or 4-hydroxynonanoic acid (HNA), identified as 3-(5-oxotetrahydro-2-furanyl)propanoyl-CoA. In experiments using a combination of isotopic analysis and metabolomics studies, three catabolic pathways of HNE were delineated following HNE conversion to HNA. (i) HNA is ω-hydroxylated to 4,9-dihydroxynonanoic acid, which is subsequently oxidized to 4-hydroxynonanedioic acid. This is followed by the degradation of 4-hydroxynonanedioic acid via β-oxidation originating from C-9 of HNA breaking down to 4-hydroxynonanedioyl-CoA, 4-hydroxyheptanedioyl-CoA, or its lactone, 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA, and 2-ketoglutaric acid entering the citric acid cycle. (ii) ω-1-hydroxylation of HNA leads to 4,8-dihydroxynonanoic acid (4,8-DHNA), which is subsequently catabolized via two parallel pathways we previously reported. In catabolic pathway A, 4,8-DHNA is catabolized to 4-phospho-8-hydroxynonanoyl-CoA, 3,8-dihydroxynonanoyl-CoA, 6-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA, 4-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA. (iii) The catabolic pathway B of 4,8-DHNA leads to 2,6-dihydroxyheptanoyl-CoA, 5-hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that HNE can be catabolically disposed via ω- and ω-1-oxidation in rat liver and kidney, with little activity in brain and heart. Dietary experiments showed that ω- and ω-1-hydroxylation of HNA in rat liver were dramatically up-regulated by a ketogenic diet, which lowered HNE basal level. HET0016 inhibition and mRNA expression level suggested that the cytochrome P450 4A are main enzymes responsible for the NADPH-dependent ω- and ω-1-hydroxylation of HNA/HNE. 相似文献
10.
Frédéric Gabriel Isabelle Accoceberry Jean-Jacques Bessoule Bénédicte Salin Marine Lucas-Guérin Stephen Manon Karine Dementhon Thierry No?l 《PloS one》2014,9(12)
It is generally admitted that the ascomycete yeasts of the subphylum Saccharomycotina possess a single fatty acid ß-oxidation pathway located exclusively in peroxisomes, and that they lost mitochondrial ß-oxidation early during evolution. In this work, we showed that mutants of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida lusitaniae which lack the multifunctional enzyme Fox2p, a key enzyme of the ß-oxidation pathway, were still able to grow on fatty acids as the sole carbon source, suggesting that C. lusitaniae harbored an alternative pathway for fatty acid catabolism. By assaying 14Cα-palmitoyl-CoA consumption, we demonstrated that fatty acid catabolism takes place in both peroxisomal and mitochondrial subcellular fractions. We then observed that a fox2Δ null mutant was unable to catabolize fatty acids in the mitochondrial fraction, thus indicating that the mitochondrial pathway was Fox2p-dependent. This finding was confirmed by the immunodetection of Fox2p in protein extracts obtained from purified peroxisomal and mitochondrial fractions. Finally, immunoelectron microscopy provided evidence that Fox2p was localized in both peroxisomes and mitochondria. This work constitutes the first demonstration of the existence of a Fox2p-dependent mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway in an ascomycetous yeast, C. lusitaniae. It also points to the existence of an alternative fatty acid catabolism pathway, probably located in peroxisomes, and functioning in a Fox2p-independent manner. 相似文献
11.
Mickie L Powell Melissa A Pegues Alexander J Szalai Vithal K Ghanta Louis R D'Abramo Stephen A Watts 《Comparative medicine》2015,65(4):289-294
The diets of populations in industrialized nations have shifted to dramatically increased consumption of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), with a corresponding decrease in the consumption of ω3 PUFA. This dietary shift may be related to observed increases in obesity, chronic inflammation, and comorbidities in the human population. We examined the effects of ω3:ω6 fatty acid ratios in the context of constant total dietary lipid on the growth, total body fat, and responses of key inflammatory markers in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were fed diets in which the ω3:ω6 PUFA ratios were representative of those in a purported ancestral diet (1:2) and more contemporary Western diets (1:5 and 1:8). After 5 mo, weight gain (fat free mass) of zebrafish was highest for those that received the 1:8 ratio treatment, but total body fat was lowest at this ratio. Measured by quantitative real-time RT–PCR, mRNA levels from liver samples of 3 chronic inflammatory response genes (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and vitellogenin) were lowest at the 1:8 ratio. These data provide evidence of the ability to alter zebrafish growth and body composition through the quality of dietary lipid and support the application of this model to investigations of human health and disease related to fat metabolism.Abbreviations: LC-PUFA, long-chain PUFA; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acidsMost animals require specific (essential) dietary fatty acids, and deficiencies in these fatty acids typically exert a negative effect on their health at some level. The ω3 and ω6 families of fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) for many animals, including humans; however, consensus regarding the recommended dietary levels of these PUFA has not been achieved for any species, including humans. Several studies have proposed that a disproportionately high intake of ω6 PUFA and LC-PUFA promotes inflammation, resulting in chronic inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic syndrome.10,22 This ‘high’ intake is difficult to describe accurately because both individual as well as regional diversity in the dietary intake of ω3 and ω6 fatty acids exist globally. Over the last century, diets in the western hemisphere have shifted to a dramatically increased consumption of total lipids. This increase in total fat consumption is associated with increases in ω6 PUFA and ω6 LC-PUFA intakes and corresponding decreases in ω3 PUFA and ω3 LC-PUFA.16 The shift in the dietary ω3:ω6 ratio, toward ω6 and away from ω3 fatty acids, in industrialized societies has been proposed to be the major factor contributing to inflammatory diseases.22 This proinflammatory effect is often attributed to the production of arachidonic acid metabolites, which act as potent proinflammatory and plaque forming molecules, from ω6 fatty acids, like linoleic acid.7 However, many antiinflammatory mediators also are produced during the metabolism of ω6. Several studies support a possible association between a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and increased dietary ω6 PUFA.7 The American Heart Association Science Advisory Panel has stated, “At present, there is little direct evidence that supports a net proinflammatory, proatherogenic effect of linoleic acid (18:2 ω6) in humans.”11 The authors of a recent review19 concluded that reducing the intake of dietary ω6 fatty acid did not change the levels of arachidonic acid in the plasma, serum, or erythrocytes of adults who consumed western-type, high-fat diets. Other scientists18 have suggested that specific proportional combinations of ω3 and ω6 fatty acids may actually decrease the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines.Zebrafish continue to gain popularity as an animal model for cardiovascular disease.4 For example, blood vessel plaques formed in zebrafish that consumed a high-cholesterol (4%) diet, mimicking atherosclerosis in humans.24 Recent advances in the area of zebrafish nutrition25 allow the use of formulated diets, wherein the levels of specific nutrients, such as fatty acids, can be modified to evaluate response. The current study evaluated the effects of different dietary ω3:ω6 fatty acid ratios on weight gain, body composition, and inflammatory response proteins in the zebrafish. 相似文献
12.
Invertase (β-d-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase-E.C. 3.2.1.26) is a sucrose hydrolyzing enzyme found in microbial, plant and animal sources. Invertase from Candida utilis is a dimeric glycoprotein composed of two identical monomer subunits with an apparent molecular mass of 150 kDa. We investigated the mechanism of stabilization of invertase with polyols (glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol). Activity, thermodynamic and kinetic measurements of invertase were performed as a function of polyol concentration and showed that polyols act as very effective stabilizing agents. The result from the solvent-invertase interaction shows preferential exclusion of the polyols from the protein domain leading to preferential hydration of protein. Apparent thermal denaturation temperature of the protein (T m ) rose from 75 °C to a maximum of 85 °C in 30% glycerol. The stabilization has been attributed to the preferential hydration of the enzyme. 相似文献
13.
Dysfunction of β-cells is a major characteristic in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The combination of obesity and T2DM is associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFAs). However, molecular mechanisms linking FFAs to β-cell dysfunction remain poorly understood. In the present study, we identified that the major endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker, Grp78 and ERS-induced apoptotic factor, CHOP, were time-dependently increased by exposure of β-TC3 cells to FFA. The expression of ATF6 and the phosphorylation levels of PERK and IRE1, which trigger ERS signaling, markedly increased after FFA treatments. FFA treatments increased cell apoptosis by inducing ERS in β-TC3 cells. We also found that FFA-induced ERS was mediated by the store-operated Ca2+ entry through promoting the association of STIM1 and Orai1. Moreover, calpain-2 was required for FFA-induced expression of CHOP and activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3, thus promoting cell apoptosis in β-TC3 cells. Together, these results reveal pivotal roles for Ca2+/calpain-2 pathways in modulating FFA-induced β-TC3 cell ERS and apoptosis. 相似文献
14.
Nguyen Thi Kim Khang Danyel G. J. Jennen Ernst Tholen Davit Tesfaye Lothar Mennicken Michael Hoelker 《Animal biotechnology》2013,24(3):189-201
This study focused on the association of polymorphisms of the FADS2 gene with fatty acid profiles in egg yolk of eight Japanese quail lines selected for high and low ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio (h2 = 0.36–0.38). For the identification of polymorphisms within the FADS2 gene 1350 bp of cDNA sequence were obtained encoding 404 amino acids. Five synonymous SNPs were found by comparative sequencing of animals of the high and low lines. These SNPs were genotyped by single base extension on 160 Japanese quail. The association analysis, comprising analysis of variance and family based association test (FBAT), revealed significant effects of SNP3 and SNP4 genotypes on the egg yolk fatty acid profiles, especially the ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs (P < 0.05). No effects of the other SNPs were found—indicating that these are not in linkage disequilibrium with the causal polymorphism. The results of this study promote FADS2 as a functional candidate gene for traits related to ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA concentration in the egg yolk. 相似文献
15.
Blondeau Karine O. Boutur Boze HeTene G. Moulin P. Galzy 《Biotechnology Techniques》1993,7(8):609-614
Summary Under the control of the repressible PHO5 promoter, the expression of gene encoding interleukin 1 (Il1) was derepressed when the medium was depleted of free inorganic phosphate (Pi). Maximum heterologous protein synthesis was obtained in the presence of 75 mg KH2PO4/1 (for 20 g glucose/l). The successful heterologous protein production greatly depends on nutritional culture conditions as Il1 production efficiency was increased by 83% through optimization of the growth medium. Comparison of different phosphate-limited cultivation strategies led to the development of a batch culture procedure with nutrient pulses to delay induced oxido-fermentative glucose metabolism and increase the Il1 production to 135 mg/l. 相似文献
16.
17.
Aysel Sivaci Munevver Sokmen 《植物学报(英文版)》2006,48(7):832-837
In order to evaluate the effects of exogenous indole butyric acid (IBA) and callus formation on the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and anthocyanin constituents of Morus nigra L. and M. alba L. cuttings, we investigated the variations before and after the treatment. The results indicate that anti-oxidant ability, total phenolic, and anthocyanin constituents of the callus stems of both Morus species were higher than those of non-callus forming species. There were also increases observed in anti-oxidant ability, total phenolic, and anthocyanin constituents of calli treated with IBA (1 000-3 000 mg/L). 相似文献
18.
Ruojie Zhang Zipei Zhang Taha Kumosani Sawsan Khoja Khalid Omer Abualnaja David Julian McClements 《Food biophysics》2016,11(2):154-164
Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems are finding increasing use in food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and personal care applications due to their ability to increase the stability and/or activity of lipophilic functional components. In this study, a low-energy homogenization method (spontaneous emulsification) was used to encapsulate β-carotene in nanoemulsions. The main objective was to optimize lipid phase composition to form stable nanoemulsions that would effectively enhance β-carotene bioavailability. Lipid phase composition was varied by mixing long chain triglycerides (LCT) with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or flavor oil (orange oil). LCT was added to promote bioaccessibility, whereas MCT or orange oil was added to facilitate nanoemulsion formation. Our hypothesis was that an optimum level of LCT is required to form stable nanoemulsions with good bioaccessibility characteristics. Stable nanoemulsions could be formed at LCT-to-orange oil ratios of 1:1 (d 32 = 109 nm) and at LCT-to-MCT ratios of 1:2 (d 32 = 145 nm). Thus, higher LCT loading capacities and smaller droplet sizes could be obtained using orange oil. The influence of oil composition on the potential gastrointestinal fate of the nanoemulsions was studied using a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consisting of mouth, stomach, and small intestine phases. The transformation and bioaccessibility of β-carotene in the GIT was highly dependent on lipid phase composition. In particular, β-carotene bioaccessibility increased with increasing LCT level due to greater solubilization in mixed micelles. These results are useful for optimizing the design of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for encapsulation and release of lipophilic nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. 相似文献
19.
Wang Jia Liu Jiayin Dong Qinghai An Yang Su Jun Xie Hongliu Sun Bo Liu Jihua 《The protein journal》2022,41(4-5):543-549
The Protein Journal - Heparan sulfate (HS) as a mediator is usually involved in both inflammation and fibrosis. Besides, pre-fibrils are the intermediates of amyloid fibrils that usually cause cell... 相似文献
20.
Haomiao Ouyang Xiaomin Chen Yang Lü Iain B. H. Wilson Guomin Tang Aoquan Wang Cheng Jin 《Eukaryotic cell》2013,12(6):889-899
Although the plasma membrane is the terminal destination for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins in higher eukaryotes, cell wall-attached GPI proteins (GPI-CWPs) are found in many fungal species. In yeast, some of the cis-requirements directing localization of GPI proteins to the plasma membrane or cell wall are now understood. However, it remains to be determined how Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, signals, and sorts GPI proteins to either the plasma membrane or the cell wall. In this study, chimeric green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) were constructed as fusions with putative C-terminal GPI signal sequences from A. fumigatus Mp1p, Gel1p, and Ecm33p, as well as site-directed mutations thereof. By analyzing cellular localization of chimeric GFPs using Western blotting, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, we showed that, in contrast to yeast, a single Lys residue at the ω-1 or ω-2 site alone could retain GPI-anchored GFP in the plasma membrane. Although the signal for cell wall distribution has not been identified yet, it appeared that the threonine/serine-rich region at the C-terminal half of AfMp1 was not required for cell wall distribution. Based on our results, the cis-requirements directing localization of GPI proteins in A. fumigatus are different from those in yeast. 相似文献