Fatty Acids and Other Lipids of Marine Sponges

At the present, the structure of lipids and fatty acids (FA) of almost 250 species of marine sponges has been studied. It was shown that sponges are leaders in FA diversity among aquatic animals. The great majority of the works on research of FA structure in sponges was focused on representatives of the class Demospongiae and was carried out on organisms from tropical and subtropical areas, whereas sponges from the boreal region remain poorly studied.     

富含不饱和脂肪酸饲料对大鼠血液学指标及主要脏器的影响

目的探讨富含不饱和脂肪酸饲料对SD大鼠血液学指标及主要脏器的影响。方法以富含不饱和脂肪酸的青花椒籽油饲料饲喂断乳SD大鼠60d,试验结束时测定部分血清学和血液细胞学指标及脑、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏系数,并对心脏、肝脏、肾脏进行病理学观察。结果实验组雄性大鼠与正常对照组同性别大鼠相比,甘油三脂和低密度脂蛋白显著降低（P〈0．05）,实验组饲料极显著提高雄性大鼠大脑系数,极显著提高雄性和雌性大鼠肝脏和肾脏系数（P〈0．01）;心脏、肝脏、肾脏病理学观察结果为阴性。结论富含不饱和脂肪酸饲料对大鼠血清学指标有一定影响,对大鼠心、肝、。肾组织无明显影响。     

Fatty Acids in the Lipids of Marine and Terrestrial Nitrifying Bacteria

Fatty acids in the lipids of 19 marine and terrestrial nitrifying bacteria have been analyzed. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria have a very simple acid composition; palmitic and palmitoleic acid account for 96 to 100% of the total acids. The fatty acids of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria cover a wider range, from C(14) to C(19), but from two to four acids still account for more than 80% of the total acids. Branched iso- and anteiso-acids are present in traces only in 2 of the 19 bacteria. The chemical and morphological similarity between blue-green algae and these bacteria is discussed.     

Effects of Various Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Blood Cholesterol and Eicosanoids in Rats

The hypocholesterolemic efficacy of various polyunsaturated fatty acids was compared in rats given cholesterol-enriched diets with (0.004%) or without indomethacin, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Evening primrose oil (EPO, linoleic+ γ-linolenic), safflower oil (SFO, linoleic) or soybean oil (SBO, linoleic + α-linolenic) were added to diets at the 10% level. The serum cholesterol level of the EPO group was consistently lower than the other groups and after 3 weeks, it was significantly different from the SFO group without indomethacin and the SBO group with indomethacin. In rats fed EPO, the aorta tended to produce more prostacyclin whereas the concentration of plasma thromboxane B₂ was much lower than in rats fed SFO or SBO. The effects of indomethacin on these eicosanoids were less evident in rats fed EPO. Thus, in addition to the hypocholesterolemic action of β-linolenic acid (GLA) in preference to linoleic and possibly α-linolenic acid, GLA appears to cultivate an environment suitable for the prevention of carbiovascular disease even in the presence of excess cholesterol in the diet.     

两种不同植物甾醇酯降血脂效果的比较研究

目的：研究两种不同植物甾醇酯对高脂血症大鼠的降血脂作用,并比较其差异。方法：通过饲喂高脂饲料,建立高脂血症大鼠模型,将建模成功的大鼠,按照TC水平随机分成8组,即模型对照组,溶剂对照组,Vegapure 95FF低、中、高剂量组,Vegapure 95E低、中、高剂量组,同时设立空白对照组。干预4周后,记录体重、进食量,并检测血清TC、LDL-C、TG、HDL-C、脂肪重量及体脂率、肝脏重量及肝脏指数等指标。结果：在实验剂量下,两种植物甾醇酯均明显降低血清TC、LDL-C,但均未发现有剂量效应关系;两种植物甾醇酯对血清TG、HDL-C无明显影响。两种植物甾醇酯对高脂血症SD大鼠体重增长、进食量、脂肪重量、体脂率、肝脏重量和肝脏指数均无明显影响。结论：两种植物甾醇酯在降低血脂、大鼠生长发育、体质和肝脏方面均无明显差异。     

天然配比油对家兔肝组织中脂肪酸的影响

目的　研究天然配比油对家兔肝组织中脂肪酸的影响。方法　用GC法测定 5 0只家兔喂天然配比油 90d肝组织脂肪酸组分和含量的变化。结果　猪油对照组中 14∶0、18∶1和MUFA明显增高 ;三个配比油组α18∶3水平明显增高 ,14∶0明显降低 ,配 1组的α18∶3含量最高 ,配 2和配 3组的γ18∶3和 18∶2含量明显增高、18∶1和MU FA无明显变化。结论　补充三种配比油均可提高体内n3系多烯脂酸水平 ;配比 2和配比 3油还可提高n6 系多烯脂酸质量、抑制 18∶1升高 ,治疗高脂血症效果较好     

Fatty Acids of Extractable and Bound Lipids of Rhodomicrobium vannielii

Cells of Rhodomicrobium vannielii grown at 29 C in a lactate-containing medium were extracted at room temperature with organic solvents. The extractable fraction contained the bulk of the simple lipid (1.87% of cell dry weight) and complex lipids (phospholipids, 4.2%; sulfolipid, 0.01%), coenzyme Q (0.09%), and pigments (carotenoids 1.2%; bacteriochlorophyll, 1.9%). The cell residue contained the bound lipids (nonpolar fatty acid fraction, 1.86%; polar hydroxy fatty acids, 0.49%). The residue also contained poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (0.2%), which was extracted in boiling chloroform. In both the simple and complex lipids, vaccenic acid (11-octadecenoic acid) was the largest single component (approximately 90% in each fraction). The fatty acids of the bound lipid contained 35% vaccenic acid, even- and odd-numbered saturated and unsaturated straight-chain fatty acids, cyclopropane-, branched-, and α- and β-hydroxy fatty acids. The extractable lipids contained only straight-chain saturated and unsaturated even-numbered fatty acids. Nearly 60% of hydroxy fatty acid fraction was α-hydroxydodecanoic acid (24%) and β-hydroxydodecanoic acid (34.5%). Coenzyme Q was crystallized and identified as Q₉ on the basis of melting point and chromatographic properties. Q₁₀ had been previously reported.     

适宜浓度短链脂肪酸混合物对小胶质细胞炎症 抑制及机制研究

本研究的主要目的是探讨适宜浓度短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)混合物对炎症环境下小胶质细胞的抑炎作用及其机制.采用脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠小胶质细胞系BV-2细胞建立神经炎症模型,并利用CCK8试剂盒检测不同浓度单一的乙酸钠、丙酸钠、丁酸钠处理后的细胞活力.设计选取这三种SCFAs对细胞活力无影响、且有抑炎效果的特定浓度进行组合(SCFAs mix),进一步检测SCFAs mix对LPS刺激下BV-2细胞炎症反应的影响及机制,包括:a.用一氧化氮(NO)试剂盒检测NO的释放;b.用ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的释放;c.用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、炎症小体NLRP3、炎症通路相关蛋白TLR4、NF-κB等的表达变化.结果表明LPS刺激BV-2细胞4 h后,在体系中添加特定浓度的单一SCFA处理12 h后,不能缓解BV-2细胞的炎症反应,而将上述SCFAs配制成同等终浓度的SCFAs mix处理12 h却能显著降低细胞培养上清液中NO、TNF-α和IL-6 (均P0.001)的量,还能抑制BV-2细胞内iNOS、TNF-α、IL-6和NLRP3 mRNA的升高(均P0.001);通过对炎症信号通路关键分子的检测发现,SCFAs mix可以抑制LPS诱导的BV-2细胞内TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和NF-κB蛋白的表达升高.综上可见:适宜浓度的混合SCFAs可通过调控TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB炎症通路抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞的炎症反应,而起到抗炎的保护作用.     

Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Composition of Plant Membrane Lipids

Literary data on very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that are present in polar lipids of the plant cell membranes are discussed. Large amounts of VLCFA are found in polar lipids of some cellular organelles as well as in nonextractable lipids from diverse plant objects, where the influence of surface lipids on the relative content of these FAs is excluded. In some plants, the VLCFA fraction in membrane lipids increases under several kinds of stress. Amounts and diversity of VLCFAs are lower in flowering plants as compared with the representatives of more ancient taxons—gymnosperms, ferns, and marine algae. Presence of VLCFAs in the composition of annular lipids of the cell membranes is assumed. Biosynthesis of VLCFAs, enzymes involved in the process, and encoding genes are discussed.     

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Enhanced the Excretion of Fecal Cholesterol and Cholic Acid in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a Cholesterol-Rich Diet

The objective of the present study was to investigate the cholesterol-reducing effect of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) completed by elevated excretion of fecal neutral steroids and/or bile acids. Blood and liver lipid profiles, fecal neutral steroids, bile acids, and mRNA and protein expression of the genes relevant to cholesterol homeostasis were measured and analyzed in C57BL/6J mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet with 2% caprylic acid or capric acid for 12 weeks. Blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels were reduced significantly as compared to diet with palmitic acid or stearic acid. Caprylic acid promoted the excretion of fecal neutral steroids, especially cholesterol. The excretion of fecal bile acids, mainly in the form of cholic acid was enhanced and accompanied by elevated expression of mRNA and the protein of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). These results indicate that MCFAs can reduce blood cholesterol by promoting the excretion of fecal cholesterol and cholic acid.     

Effects of Temperature and Dietary Lipids on Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Membrane Fluidity in Steinernema carpocapsae

The phospholipid composition of Steinernema carpocapsae was studied in relation to diet and culture temperature. When reared at 18 and 27.5 C on Galleria mellonella or on an artificial diet supplemented with lard, linseed oil, or fish oil as lipid sources, nematode phospholipids contained an abundance of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids, with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n - 3)) predominant, regardless of the fatty acid composition of the diet. Because the level of linolenic acid (18:3(n - 3)) in nematode phospholipids was very low and because eicosapentaenoic acid was present even when its precursor (linolenic acid) was undetectable in the diet, S. carpocapsae likely produces n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by de novo biosynthesis, a pathway seldom reported in eukaryotic animals. Reduction of growth temperature from 25 to 18 C increased the proportion of 20:5(n - 3) but not other polyunsaturated fatty acids. A fluorescence polarization technique revealed that vesicles produced from phospholipids of nematodes reared at 18 C were less ordered than those from nematodes reared at 27.5 C, especially in the outermost region of the bilayer. Dietary fish oil increased fluidity in the outermost region but increased rigidity in deeper regions. Therefore, S. carpocapsae appears to modify its membrane physical state in response to temperature, and eicosapentaenoic acid may be involved in this response. The results also indicate that nematode membrane physical state can be modified dietarily, possibly to the benefit of host-finding or survival of S. carpocapsae at low temperatures.     

Distribution of Fatty Acids in Storage and Structural Lipids of the Holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is widely used for studying how regeneration works and as a source of biological active compounds. Data on the lipid...     

ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸对PTSD-SPS 大鼠行为学影响的研究

目的:观察饲料中添加ω-3PUFAs对PTSD-SPS大鼠焦虑/抑郁行为的防护作用。方法:将40只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、PTSD-SPS模型组、60%ω-3PUFAs+PTSD-SPS模型组1、60%ω-3PUFAs+PTSD-SPS模型组2。采用高架十字迷宫实验和旷场实验评价实验组大鼠的焦虑/抑郁行为变化。结果:与对照组相比,SPS模型组大鼠进入开放臂的次数比例和时间比例明显减少;中央格停留时间明显缩短(5.56±0.21)s,穿格次数明显减少(30.23±5.96)次,差异均显著(P<0.05)。与SPS模型组相比,60%ω-3PUFAs的SPS组大鼠进入开放臂的次数比例和时间比例明显增加;中央格停留时间明显延长(9.88±1.14)s,穿格次数明显增加(43.22±4.35)次,差异均显著(P<0.05);与对照组相比没有显著差异。结论:膳食补充ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可以降低PTSD-SPS大鼠焦虑/抑郁程度。     

Occurrence of Conjugated Dienoic Fatty Acids in the Cellular Lipids of Pediococcus homari

Ninety-two thiolcarbamates with various substituents at the nitrogen and sulfur atoms, and their related compounds were synthesized, and their fungicidal activity against rice blast, Piricularia oryzae, and herbicidal activity against barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli, were determined in laboratory tests. The thiolcarbamate structure was necessary for the high fungicidal and herbicidal activities. The hydrophobicity of the substituents at the nitrogen atom was shown by the adaptive least-squares (ALS) method to be favorable to the fungicidal activity. The bulkier the substituents at the nitrogen atom, the less was the fungicidal activity. However, bulkiness of the substituents at the nitrogen and sulfur atoms was unfavorable to the herbicidal activity. The existence of a hydrogen atom at the nitrogen atom was favorable to fungicidal activity, but not to herbicidal activity. Correlation analyses were made to find compounds with both fungicidal and herbicidal activities against rice pests.     

Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids and Exercise on Body‐Weight Regulation and Metabolism in Rats

Objective: To assess the interaction of high‐fat diets (HF) made with different dietary fatty acids and exercise on body‐weight regulation, adiposity, and metabolism. Research Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats born to dams fed HF diets (40% w/w) made with either fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), or palm oil (PO) were fed diets similar to their dams and divided randomly into exercise (EX, swimming) or sedentary control (SD) groups when they were 9 weeks old. EX lasted for 6 weeks. Twenty‐four hours after the last EX bout, fasted rats were killed by decapitation. Chemical analyses and body composition analysis were conducted. Results: The results demonstrated that different fatty acids had different effects on body weight, composition, and metabolism. SO‐fed rats gained the most weight and fat. EX reduced body weight of FO‐ and PO‐fed rats, but SO‐fed rats were still heavier and fatter than other rats. Data from SO‐ and PO‐fed rats suggested that they are insulin resistant and that EX normalized this abnormality. Of the three HF diets used, FO produced the least adverse effects compared with PO and SO. Discussion: Not only the quantity of dietary fat, but also the type of fat used, will produce different effects on body weight and metabolism. EX ameliorates the suggested insulin resistance induced in rats fed either highly saturated or n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as found in fish oil, are more beneficial than n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids when fed in high amounts to rats.     

喂饲Lactobacillus casei Zhang对大鼠体内脂质代谢的影响

从内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗传统酸马奶中分离筛选到1株降胆固醇功效较好的乳杆菌Lactobacillus．casei Zhang。用Lb．casei Zhang灌胃高脂血症模型大鼠研究其对血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的影响。结果表明:灌胃14 d后,Lb．casei Zhang热致死菌体组大鼠血清中TC浓度较对照组显著降低(P<0．01),TG浓度虽有降低但不呈显著性,同时HDL-C浓度显著升高(P<0．05);Lb．casei Zhang活菌体组大鼠血清中TC、TG浓度均有所降低,HDL-C浓度升高,但未呈显著性。灌胃28 d后,Lb．casei Zhang热致死菌体组大鼠血清中TC浓度较对照组显著降低(P<0．05),Lb．casei Zhang活菌体组TC浓度及两组TG、LDL-C浓度降低,但差异不显著,HDL-C未发生明显的改变。Lb．casei Zhang热致死菌体组和活菌体组粪便中的胆酸含量均增高,但只有热致死菌体组差异显著(P<0．05)。通过实验表明Lb．casei Zhang通过菌体对胆固醇的吸收吸附及减少肝肠循环中的胆酸来达到降血脂的功效。     

Effects of Dietary Fish Oil on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Desaturation in Fetal and Postnatal Rats

The effects were determined of dietary fish oil on the polyunsaturated fatty acid desaturation in rats fed on fish oil-containing diets (FS group) and on non-fish oil diets (CN group) during the fetal to postnatal periods. Although the desaturase activity in the liver microsomes of the FS group was higher than that of the CN group before birth, this was not altered by dietary fish oil after birth. However, a lower 20:4n-6 concentration before and after birth, and lower linoleic acid desaturation index ((dihomo-γ-linolenic acid + arachidonic acid)/linoleic acid)) at 10 wk of age in the FS group than in the CN group were observed in the liver microsomal phospholipids. The Δ6-desaturase activity in the brain microsomes of the FS group was lower than that of the CN group. These findings suggest that an intake of dietary fish oil by dams and postnatal rats affected the arachidonic acid concentration due to the decreased desaturase activity in the rats’ microsomes.     

Content of Fatty Acids and Phenolics in Coratina Olive Oil from Tunisia: Influence of Irrigation and Ripening

The quality indices and chemical composition of Coratina olive oil produced in the northern region of Tunisia were evaluated, to determine the effect of three different irrigation regimes of the trees on the olive oils. The olives were sampled at two different stages of maturity, the oils were extracted, and standard methods were used to analyze the composition and quality of the oils. The fatty‐acid contents and quality parameters were only slightly affected by the irrigation regime. The contents of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were above 12, 72, and 8%, respectively, for the second harvest, regardless of the irrigation level of the olive trees. Parameters such as the α‐tocopherol content and the phenolic profile were found to be significantly affected by the harvesting time; however, inconsistent changes were observed for the irrigation regimes, especially for the oil of the second harvest. It was shown that the irrigation conditions of the olive trees as well as the harvesting time of the fruits gave rise to a diverse range of olive oils in Tunisia.