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1.
Kimura E Abe K Suzuki K Sorimachi H 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2003,67(8):1786-1796
Calpain is a cytosolic "modulator protease" that modulates cellular functions in response to Ca2+. To identify in vivo substrates of calpain, yeast two-hybrid screening was done using the 5-EF-hand (penta-EF-hand; PEF) domain of the micro-calpain large subunit (domain IV), since several possible in vivo substrates for calpain have been previously reported to bind to the 5-EF-hand domains. Other than the regulatory subunit of calpain, which binds to the domain IV, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) K and R were identified, and shown to be proteolyzed by micro-calpain in vitro. When expressed in COS7 cells, hnRNP K and micro-calpain co-localized in the cytosol, and Ca2+-ionophore stimulation of the cells resulted in proteolysis of hnRNP K, indicating that hnRNP K is an in vivo substrate for calpain. Now, hnRNP K is considered to function as a scaffold protein for its binding proteins, such as PKCdelta and C/EBPbeta, which were reported to be calpain substrates, suggesting that hnRNP-K is a scaffold for calpain to proteolyze these proteins. 相似文献
2.
Human μ-calpain is activated maximally by 100–200 μM Ca2+. Both the 80 kDa and 29 kDa subunits of μ-calpain have a EF-hand type calcium-binding domain. It is known that trivalent terbium ion (Tb3+) mimics Ca2+ in many biological systems. We found that Tb3+ alone transiently activated calpain. However, in the presence of Ca2+, Tb3+ inhibited μ-calpain with an IC50 of about 100 μM. As high as 10 mM Ca2+ did not significantly shift the IC50 of Tb3+. Preincubating μ-calpain by Ca2+ (before Tb3+ and substrate were added) did not diminish the inhibition by Tb3+. On the other hand, pretreating μ-calpain with Tb3+ produced that Tb3+ has a slow dissociation rate for the calcium-binding sites when compared to Ca2+. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that terbium ion transiently activated μ-calpain followed by the aggregation of the proteinase. 相似文献
3.
Kazumasa Fujitani Jun-ichi Kambayashi Masato Sakon Shinobu I. Ohmi Sei-ichi Kawashima Masao Yukawa Yoshiko Yano Hideyuki Miyoshi Masataka Ikeda Nobutoshi Shinoki Morito Monden 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》1997,66(2):197-209
The presence of the calpain-calpastatin system in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated by means of ion exchange chromatography, Western blot analysis, and Northern blot analysis. On DEAE anion exchange chromatography, calpain and calpastatin activities were eluted at approximately 0.30 M and 0.15-0.25 M NaCl, respectively. For half-maximal activity, the protease required 800 μM Ca2+, comparable to the Ca2+ requirement of m-calpain. By Western blot analysis, the large subunit of μ-calpain (80 kDa) was found to be eluted with calpastatin (110 kDa). Both the large subunit of m-calpain (80 kDa) and calpastatin were detected in the respective active fractions. By Northern blot analysis, mRNAs for large subunits of μ- and m-calpains were detected in single bands, each corresponding to approximately 3.5 Kb. Calpastatin mRNA was observed in two bands corresponding to approximately 3.8 and 2.6 Kb. Furthermore, the activation of μ-calpain in HUVEC by a calcium ionophore was examined, using an antibody specifically recognizing an autolytic intermediate form of μ-calpain large subunit (78 kDa). Both talin and filamin of HUVEC were proteolyzed in a calcium-dependent manner, and the reactions were inhibited by calpeptin, a cell-permeable calpain specific inhibitor. Proteolysis of the cytoskeleton was preceded by the appearance of the autolytic intermediate form of μ-calpain, while the fully autolyzed postautolysis form of μ-calpain (76 kDa) remained below detectable levels at all time points examined. These results indicate that the calpain-calpastatin system is present in human endothelial cells and that μ-calpain may be involved in endothelial cell function mediated by Ca2+ via the limited proteolysis of various proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 66:197-209, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
4.
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is a high-affinity, low-capacity Ca2+-binding protein expressed in many cell types. We previously showed that NCS-1 interacts with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) and modulates Ca2+-signaling by enhancing InsP3-dependent InsP3R channel activity and intracellular Ca2+ transients. Recently we reported that the chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel (taxol) triggers μ-calpain dependent proteolysis of NCS-1, leading to reduced Ca2+-signaling within the cell. Degradation of NCS-1 may be critical in the induction of peripheral neuropathy associated with taxol treatment for breast and ovarian cancer. To begin to design strategies to protect NCS-1, we treated NCS-1 with μ-calpain in vitro and identified the cleavage site by N-terminal sequencing and MALDI mass spectroscopy. μ-Calpain cleavage of NCS-1 occurs within an N-terminal pseudoEF-hand domain, which by sequence analysis appears to be unable to bind Ca2+. Our results suggest a role for this pseudoEF-hand in stabilizing the three functional EF-hands within NCS-1. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) we found that loss of the pseudoEF-hand markedly decreased NCS-1's affinity for Ca2+. Physiologically, this significant decrease in Ca2+ affinity may render NCS-1 incapable of responding to changes in Ca2+ levels in vivo. The reduced ability of μ-calpain treated NCS-1 to bind Ca2+ may explain the altered Ca2+ signaling in the presence of taxol and suggests a strategy for therapeutic intervention of peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients undergoing taxol treatment. 相似文献
5.
To examine whether calpain is activated during ischemic or reperfusion injury, we measured calpain activity of the subfractions of rat myocardia after global ischemia for 60 min or the ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion by the Langendorff procedure. The myocardial homogenate was fractionated into 600 × g, 10 000 × g and 100 000 × g pellet fractions as well as 10 000 × g supernatant fraction. The supernatant fraction was further subjected to DEAE cellulose and phenyl-Sepharose chromatographies to separate μ- and m-calpains. The m-calpain activity of the DEAE fractions after global ischemia for 60 min was higher but that after ischemia-reperfusion was lower than that of the control. On the other hand, the ischemia-reperfusion but not ischemia by itself raised the calpain activity of the phenyl-Sepharose fraction (μ-calpain) and the 10 000 × g pellet measured at 100 μM and 5 mM Ca2+. Treatment with verapamil but not with ryanodine during ischemia attenuated the increase in m-calpain activity. A dot-blotting analysis of calpain antigenicity showed a decrease in soluble but no change in the particulate fractions after ischemia-reperfusion. An immunoblotting technique did not detect proteolysis of the calpain 80-kDa subunit. These observations suggest that calpain is activated by Ca2+ influx during ischemia and reperfusion without gross changes in its amount. Some unknown processes other than translocation or autolysis are thought to be involved in the alterations. 相似文献
6.
Li-Ting Su Omayra González-Pagán Jia Xie Loren W. Runnels 《Journal of molecular biology》2010,396(4):858-869
TRPM7 is a Ca2+-permeant and Mg2+-permeant ion channel in possession of its own kinase domain. In a previous study, we showed that overexpression of the channel-kinase in HEK-293 cells produced cell rounding and loss of adhesion, which was dependent on the Ca2+-dependent protease m-calpain. The TRPM7-elicited change in cell morphology was channel-dependent and occurred without any significant increase in cytosolic Ca2+. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of TRPM7 increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide, causing the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Application of inhibitors of p38 MAPK and JNK blocked TRPM7-induced cell rounding and activation of m-calpain, without affecting the phosphorylation state of the protease. Overexpression of TRPM7 increased intracellular Mg2+; however, when the concentration of either external Ca2+ or Mg2+ was increased to favor the permeation of one divalent cation over the other, a similar increase in cell rounding and calpain activity was detected, indicating that TRPM7-mediated activation of m-calpain is not dependent on the nature of the divalent conducted by the channel. Application of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and mitochondrial-derived ROS reduced TRPM7-induced increases in nitric oxide and ROS production, blocked the change in cell morphology, and reduced cellular calpain activity. Collectively, our data reveal that excessive TRPM7 channel activity causes oxidative and nitrosative stresses, producing cell rounding mediated by p38 MAPK/JNK-dependent activation of m-calpain. 相似文献
7.
Igor N. Sergeev 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2009,384(1):18-21
Induction of apoptotic cell death is emerging as a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of obesity because removing of adipocytes via apoptosis may result in reducing body fat and a long-lasting maintenance of weight loss. However, the mechanisms controlling adipocyte apoptosis are unknown and even the ability of adipocytes to undergo apoptosis has not been conclusively demonstrated. We have shown previously that the specific Ca2+ signal, sustained increase in intracellular Ca2+, triggers apoptotic cell death via activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases and that the apoptosis-inducing effect of the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is mediated through Ca2+ signaling. Here, we report that 1,25(OH)2D3 induces apoptosis in mature mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of Ca2+-dependent calpain and Ca2+/calpain-dependent caspase-12. Treatment of adipocytes with 1,25(OH)2D3 induced, in concentration- and time-dependent fashion, a sustained increase in the basal level of intracellular Ca2+. The increase in Ca2+ was associated with induction of apoptosis and activation of μ-calpain and caspase-12. Our results demonstrate that Ca2+-mediated apoptosis can be induced in mature adipocytes and that the apoptotic molecular targets activated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in these cells are Ca2+-dependent calpain and caspase-12. These findings provide rationale for evaluating the role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of obesity. 相似文献
8.
Toru Imai Yasuhiro Kosuge Kaori Endo-Umeda Hiroko Miyagishi Kumiko Ishige Makoto Makishima Yoshihisa Ito 《Amino acids》2014,46(2):385-393
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, implicated in various neurodegenerative processes, increases the level of intracellular Ca2+ and leads to activation of calpain, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease. We have shown previously that S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC) in aged garlic extracts significantly protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons (HPNs) against ER stress-induced neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect of SAC was compared with those of the related antioxidant compounds, l-cysteine (CYS) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on calpain activity in HPNs and also in vitro. SAC, but not CYS or NAC, reversibly restored the survival of HPNs and increased the degradation of α-spectrin, a substrate for calpain, induced by tunicamycin, a typical ER stress inducer. Activities of μ- and m-calpains in vitro were also concentration dependently suppressed by SAC, but not by CYS or NAC. At submaximal concentration, although ALLN (5 pM), which blocks the active site of calpain, and calpastatin (100 pM), an endogenous calpain-inhibitor protein, additively inhibited μ-calpain activity in vitro in combination with SAC, the effect of PD150606 (25 μM), which prevents interaction of Ca2+ with the Ca2+-binding site of calpain, was unaffected by SAC. In contrast, SAC (1 mM) significantly reversed the effect of PD150606 at a concentration that elicited supramaximal inhibition (100 μM), but did not affect ALLN (1 nM)- and calpastatin (100 nM)-induced inhibition of μ-calpain activity. These results suggest that the protective effects of SAC against ER stress-induced neuronal cell death are not attributable to antioxidant activity, but to suppression of calpain through interaction with its Ca2+-binding site. 相似文献
9.
Hui-Yan Lei Xiao-Long Zhou Zhi-Rong Ruan Wei-Cheng Sun Gilbert Eriani En-Duo Wang 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(43):26314-26327
Nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and three scaffold proteins form a super multiple aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) in the human cytoplasm. Domains that have been added progressively to MSC components during evolution are linked by unstructured flexible peptides, producing an elongated and multiarmed MSC structure that is easily attacked by proteases in vivo. A yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins interacting with LeuRS, a representative MSC member, identified calpain 2, a calcium-activated neutral cysteine protease. Calpain 2 and calpain 1 could partially hydrolyze most MSC components to generate specific fragments that resembled those reported previously. The cleavage sites of calpain in ArgRS, GlnRS, and p43 were precisely mapped. After cleavage, their N-terminal regions were removed. Sixty-three amino acid residues were removed from the N terminus of ArgRS to form ArgRSΔN63; GlnRS formed GlnRSΔN198, and p43 formed p43ΔN106. GlnRSΔN198 had a much weaker affinity for its substrates, tRNAGln and glutamine. p43ΔN106 was the same as the previously reported p43-derived apoptosis-released factor. The formation of p43ΔN106 by calpain depended on Ca2+ and could be specifically inhibited by calpeptin and by RNAi of the regulatory subunit of calpain in vivo. These results showed, for the first time, that calpain plays an essential role in dissociating the MSC and might regulate the canonical and non-canonical functions of certain components of the MSC. 相似文献
10.
Proteolysis at neutral pH in the soluble fraction of cultured pig thyroid epithelial cells was examined using a synthetic calpain substrate, succinyl-Leu-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. The Ca2+-independent proteolytic activity was largely inhibited by substances known to affect cysteine- and metalloproteases, whereas no or little effects were obtained with inhibitors affecting serine- and aspartic proteases. Addition of Ca2+did not significantly alter the rate of substrate degradation. Biochemical separation via hydrophobic interaction chomatography and Western blotting demonstrated the presence of both m-calpain (40% of total calpain) and μ-calpain (60%) in confluent thyrocytes. Determination of calpastatin activity indicated a 30 times higher level of the inhibitor as compared to total calpain activity. Western blotting showed the presence of a 110kD calpastatin form with additional low mol wt forms possibly representing fragmentation products. In immunofluorescent stainings, m-calpain had a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution whereas μ-calpain was located both in the cytoplasm and at the cell—cell contacts. Calpastatin immunoreactivity was mainly granular and located close to the nucleus, although a fibrillar distribution was also observed. The results show the presence of all components of the calpain/calpastatin system and indicate a strict control of calpain activity in cultured thyrocytes. The different subcellular distributions of calpains and calpastatin suggests that they are compartmentalized and require mobilization to interact. 相似文献
11.
V. Shoshan-Barmatz S. Weil H. Meyer M. Varsanyi L. M. G. Heilmeyer 《The Journal of membrane biology》1994,142(3):281-288
The association of an endogenous, Ca2+-dependent cysteine-protease with the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is demonstrated. The activity of this protease is strongly stimulated by dithiothreitol (DTT), cysteine and β-mercaptoethanol, and is inhibited by iodoacetamide, mercuric chloride and leupeptin, but not by PMSF. The activity of this thiol-protease is dependent on Ca2+ with half-maximal activity obtained at 0.1 μm and maximal activity at 10 μm. Mg2+ is also an activator of this enzyme (CI50=22 μm). These observations, together with the neutral pH optima and inhibition by the calpain I inhibitor, suggest that this enzyme is of calpain I type. This protease specifically cleaves the ryanodine receptor monomer (510 kD) at one site to produce two fragments with apparent molecular masses of 375 and 150 kD. The proteolytic fragments remain associated as shown by purification of the cleaved ryanodine receptor. The calpain binding site is identified as a PEST (proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine-rich) region in the amino acid sequence GTPGGTPQPGVE, at positions 1356–1367 of the RyR and the cleavage site, the calmodulin binding site, at residues 1383–1400. The RyR cleavage by the Ca2+-dependent thiol-protease is prevented in the presence of ATP (1–5 mm) and by high NaCl concentrations. This cleavage of the RyR has no effect on ryanodine binding activity but stimulates Ca2+ efflux. A possible involvement of this specific cleavage of the RyR/Ca2+ release channel in the control of calpain activity is discussed. 相似文献
12.
We have demonstrated that soft substrate induced apoptosis in polarized cells, but not in transformed cells by disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis. This study aims to further investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the disruption of Ca2+-signaling integrity in soft substrate–induced epithelial apoptosis. Soft substrate up-regulated the store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry across the plasma membrane of normal cervical epithelial cells, which resulted in increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Concomitantly, soft substrate induced the aggregation and translocation of stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) toward the cell periphery to colocalize with Orai1, an essential pore subunit of SOC channel, detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer approach and confocal image analyses. The disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis resulted in the activation of μ-calpain, which cleaved α-spectrin, induced actin disorganization, and caused apoptosis. In contrast, soft substrate did not disturb Ca2+ homeostasis or induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Chelating extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA and down-regulated SOC entry by small interfering RNA targeting STIM1 or inhibitors targeting Ca2+-binding site of calpain significantly inhibited soft substrate–induced activation of μ-calpain and epithelial cell apoptosis. Thus, soft substrate up-regulates the interaction of STIM1 with SOC channels, which results in the activation of μ-calpain and subsequently induces normal epithelial cell apoptosis. 相似文献
13.
Purification and characterization of calpain and calpastatin from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Saito M Li H Thompson VF Kunisaki N Goll DE 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2007,146(4):445-455
Although the calpain system has been studied extensively in mammalian animals, much less is known about the properties of μ-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin in lower vertebrates such as fish. These three proteins were isolated and partly characterized from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, muscle. Trout m-calpain contains an 80-kDa large subunit, but the 26-kDa small subunit from trout m-calpain is smaller than the 28-kDa small subunit from mammalian calpains. Trout μ-calpain and calpastatin were only partly purified; identity of trout μ-calpain was confirmed by labeling with antibodies to bovine skeletal muscle μ-calpain, and identity of trout calpastatin was confirmed by specific inhibition of bovine skeletal muscle μ- and m-calpain. Trout μ-calpain requires 4.4 ± 2.8 μM and trout m-calpain requires 585 ± 51 μM Ca2+ for half-maximal activity, similar to the Ca2+ requirements of μ- and m-calpain from mammalian tissues. Sequencing tryptic peptides indicated that the amino acid sequence of trout calpastatin shares little homology with the amino acid sequences of mammalian calpastatins. Screening a rainbow trout cDNA library identified three cDNAs encoding for the large subunit of a putative m-calpain. The amino acid sequence predicted by trout m-calpain cDNA was 65% identical to the human 80-kDa m-calpain sequence. Gene duplication and polyploidy occur in fish, and the amino acid sequence of the trout m-calpain 80-kDa subunit identified in this study was 83% identical to the sequence of a trout m-calpain 80-kDa subunit described earlier. This is the first report of two isoforms of m-calpain in a single species. 相似文献
14.
Kevin K. W. Wang Basil D. Roufogalis Antonio Villalobo 《The Journal of membrane biology》1989,112(3):233-245
Summary Calpain I purified from human erythrocyte cytosol activates both the ATP hydrolytic activity and the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport function of the Ca2+-translocating ATPase solubilized and purified from the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes and reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Following partial proteolysis of the enzyme by calpain I, both the initial rates of calcium ion uptake and ATP hydrolysis were increased to near maximal levels similar to those obtained upon addition of calmodulin. The proteolytic activation resulted in the loss of further stimulation of the rates of Ca2+ translocation or ATP hydrolysis by calmodulin as well as an increase of the affinity of the enzyme for calcium ion. However, the mechanistic Ca2+/ATP stoichiometric ratio was not affected by the proteolytic treatment of the reconstituted Ca2+-translocating ATPase. The proteolytic activation of the ATP hydrolytic activity of the reconstituted enzyme could be largely prevented by calmodulin. Different patterns of proteolysis were obtained in the absence or in the presence of calmodulin during calpain treatment: the 136-kDa enzyme was transformed mainly into a 124-kDa active ATPase fragment in the absence of calmodulin, whereas a 127-kDa active ATPase fragment was formed in the presence of calmodulin. This study shows that calpain I irreversibly activates the Ca2+ translocation function of the Ca2+-ATPase in reconstituted proteoliposomes by producing a calmodulin-independent active enzyme fragment, while calmodulin antagonizes this activating effect by protecting the calmodulin-binding domain against proteolytic cleavage by calpain. 相似文献
15.
Pulak Kar 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2010,495(1):1-261
Calpain system is generally known to be comprised of three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases: μ- and m-calpains, and their endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin. While calpains have previously been considered as the cytoplasmic enzymes, research in the recent past demonstrated that μ-calpain, m-calpain and calpain 10 are present in mitochondria, which play important roles in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including necrotic and apoptotic cell death phenomena. Although a number of original research articles on mitochondrial calpain system are available, yet to the best of our knowledge, a precise review article on mitochondrial calpain system has, however, not been available. This review outlines the key features of the mitochondrial calpain system, and its roles in several cellular and biochemical events under normal and some pathophysiological conditions. 相似文献
16.
Summary The effects of proteolysis on a hyperpolarization- and Ca2+-dependent K channel from the surface membrane ofParamecium tetraurelia were examined in the inside-out excised patch mode. Treatment with trypsin, pronase or thermolysin removed the Ca2+-dependence of the channel activation, yielding an increase in channel activity greater than 2.5-fold at all Ca2+ concentrations between 10–4 and 10–8
m. Thermolysin addition-ally removed the voltage dependence of channel opening and gave the most activation among the three proteases tested. Proteolysis did not affect the single-channel conductance. In an analogy to the mechanism of activation of many Ca2+-dependent enzymes it is suggested that thisParamecium channel has a cytoplasmic inhibitory domain which can be removed by proteolysis, and that the physiological activation by Ca2+ is due to a temporary removal of this inhibition. Moreover, these findings indicate structural differences between depolarization-, Ca2+-dependent K channels (BK channels) and the hyperpolarization-, Ca2+-dependent K channels inParamecium. 相似文献
17.
A multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase was purified approximately 650 fold from cytosolic extract of Candida albicans. The purified preparation gave a single band of 69 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with its native molecular mass of 71 kDa suggesting that the enzyme is monomeric. Its activity was dependent on calcium, calmodulin and ATP when measured at saturating histone IIs concentration. The purified Ca2+/CaMPK was found to be autophosphorylated at serine residue(s) in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin and enzyme stimulation was strongly inhibited by W-7 (CaM antagonist) and KN-62 (Ca2+/CaM dependent PK inhibitor). These results confirm that the purified enzyme is Ca2+/CaM dependent protein kinase of Candida albicans. The enzyme phosphorylated a number of exogenous and endogenous substrates in a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent manner suggesting that the enzyme is a multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase of Candida albicans. 相似文献
18.
βγ-CAT is a naturally existing 72-kDa complex of a non-lens βγ-crystallin (α-subunit, CAT-α) and a trefoil factor (β-subunit, CAT-β) that contains a non-covalently linked form of αβ2 and was isolated from the skin secretions of the toad Bombina maxima. The N-terminal region of CAT-α (CAT-αN, residues 1–170) contains two βγ-crystallin domains while the C-terminal region (CAT-αC) has sequence homology to the membrane insertion domain of the Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. To examine the biochemical characteristics of the βγ-crystallin domains of βγ-CAT, CAT-αN, CAT-αC and CAT-β were expressed in Escherichia coli. Co-immunoprecipitation of the naturally assembled βγ-CAT confirmed that the CAT-α and CAT-β complex always exists. Furthermore, recombinant CAT-β bound recombinant CAT-αN. Ca2+-binding motifs were identified in CAT-αN, and recombinant CAT-αN was able to bind the calcium probe terbium. However, the conformation of CAT-αN was not significantly altered upon Ca2+ binding. βγ-CAT possesses strong hemolytic activity toward human erythrocytes, and treatment of erythrocytes with βγ-CAT resulted in a rapid Ca2+ influx, eventually leading to hemolysis. However, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, no significant hemolysis was detected, even though the binding and oligomerization of βγ-CAT in the erythrocyte membrane was observed. Our data demonstrate the binding of CAT-β (a trefoil factor) to CAT-αN (βγ-crystallin domains) and provide a basis for the formation of a βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor complex in vivo. Furthermore, the βγ-crystallin domains of βγ-CAT are able to bind Ca2+, and βγ-CAT-induced hemolysis is Ca2+ dependent. 相似文献
19.
Zenon Grabarek 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》2011,1813(5):913-921
The Ca2+-binding helix-loop-helix structural motif called “EF-hand” is a common building block of a large family of proteins that function as intracellular Ca2+-receptors. These proteins respond specifically to micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ in the presence of ~1000-fold excess of the chemically similar divalent cation Mg2+. The intracellular free Mg2+ concentration is tightly controlled in a narrow range of 0.5-1.0 mM, which at the resting Ca2+ levels is sufficient to fully or partially saturate the Ca2+-binding sites of many EF-hand proteins. Thus, to convey Ca2+ signals, EF-hand proteins must respond differently to Ca2+ than to Mg2+. In this review the structural aspects of Mg2+ binding to EF-hand proteins are considered and interpreted in light of the recently proposed two-step Ca2+-binding mechanism (Grabarek, Z., J. Mol. Biol., 2005, 346, 1351). It is proposed that, due to stereochemical constraints imposed by the two-EF-hand domain structure, the smaller Mg2+ ion cannot engage the ligands of an EF-hand in the same way as Ca2+ and defaults to stabilizing the apo-like conformation of the EF-hand. It is proposed that Mg2+ plays an active role in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of cellular processes by stabilizing the “off state” of some EF-hand proteins, thereby facilitating switching off their respective target enzymes at the resting Ca2+ levels. Therefore, some pathological conditions attributed to Mg2+ deficiency might be related to excessive activation of underlying Ca2+-regulated cellular processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium. 相似文献
20.
M. Pusch 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》1990,18(6):327-333
1. Several cloned sodium channels were expressed in oocytes and compared with respect to their sensitivity to internal Mg2+ concerning the open-channel block and to external Ca2+ concerning open-channel block and shifts in steady-state activation. 2. A quantitative comparison between wild-type II channels and a mutant with a positive charge in the S4 segment of repeat I neutralized (K226Q) revealed no significant differences in the Mg2+ block. 3. The blocking effect of extracellular Ca2+ ions on single-channel inward currents was studied for type II, mutant K226Q and type III. A quantitative comparison showed that all three channel types differ significantly in their Ca+ sensitivity. 4. The influence of extracellular Ca2+ on the voltage dependence of steady-state activation of macroscopic currents was compared for type II and K226Q channels. Extracellular Ca+ increases the voltage of half-maximal activation, V1/2, more for K226Q than for wild-type II channels; a plot of V
1/2 against [Ca]
o
, is twice as steep for the mutant K226Q as for the wild-type on a logarithmic concentration scale. 5. The differential effects of extracellular Ca+ and intracellular Mg2+ on wild-type II and K226Q channels are discussed in terms of structural models of the Na+ channel protein.Abbreviations [Na]
i
intracellular Na+ concentration
- [Mg]
intracellular Mg2+ concentration
- [Ca]
o
extracellular Ca2+ concentration 相似文献