Anthrasesamone F from the Seeds of Black Sesamum indicum

A new anthraquinone derivative, named anthrasesamone F, was isolated from the seeds of Sesamum indicum. Its structure was determined to be (Z)-6,7-dihydroxy-2-(6-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-pentenyl)anthraquinone on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.     

芝麻染色体核型及似近系数分析

芝麻（Sesamum indicum L.）是世界上最古老的油料作物之一,在植物进化中具有重要地位。以8个二倍体栽培种、4个四倍体栽培种以及2个野生种S.radiatum Schum ＆ Thonn和S.schinzianum Asch.为材料,比较分析了芝麻不同种的核型特征。结果表明：栽培种与野生种的核型及结构具有明显的差异,栽培种的着丝点类型有m、sm和st,臂比均值（AAR）为2.11–2.25,核型不对称系数（AKC）为66.05%–66.99%,核型分2B、3A和3B三类;野生种S.radiatum和S.schinzianum仅有M和m两种着丝点类型,AAR值分别为1.09和1.08,AKC为52.12%和51.68%,核型分1B和1A两类。核型聚类结果表明,野生种与栽培种的似近系数范围介于0.027–0.107之间,亲缘关系较远;与地理来源相比,种皮颜色能够显示不同种间的进化地位,推测芝麻进化方向为野生种→栽培种黑芝麻→栽培种白芝麻。     

Hypoglycemic Effect of a Hot-water Extract from Defatted Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seed on the Blood Glucose Level in Genetically Diabetic KK-Ay Mice

Genetically diabetic (type II) KK-A^y mice, male and 5 weeks of age, were divided into one group of 12 mice that were fed on a basal (BAS) diet and three groups of 6 mice each that were fed on the test diets for 4 weeks. Each test diet contained 4.0% of the hot-water extract (HES) from defatted sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed, 1.4% of the water eluent fraction (WFH) of HES or 0.7% of the methanol eluent fraction (MFH) of HES from a glass column packed with HP-20 resin. At the end of the feeding period, the BAS group was divided into the MAL and MALH groups which were respectively force-fed with 1 ml per mouse of a 20% maltose solution in water with or without 4.0% HES. The plasma glucose concentration and amount of urinary excreted glucose were lower from the HES and MFH diets than from the BAS and WFH diets. The levels of plasma glucose and serum insulin were lower in the MALH group than in the MAL group. These results indicate that HES and MFH had a reductive effect on the plasma glucose concentration of KK-A^y mice, and this effect is suggested to have been caused by the delayed glucose absorption.     

Identification of a characteristic antioxidant,anthrasesamone F,in black sesame seeds and its accumulation at different seed developmental stages

Assay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract from black seeds of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) led to the isolation of an active compound that had a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. This antioxidant was confirmed to be anthrasesamone F, an anthraquinone derivative previously isolated from different black sesame seeds and biogenetically related to other anthrasesamones in sesame roots. The radical scavenging assay showed that anthrasesamone F had more potent activity than Trolox. The content of anthrasesamone F in different parts and at different developmental stages of black sesame seeds was investigated to clarify the accumulation pattern of this antioxidant in the black seeds. Anthrasesamone F was localized in the seed coat of black seeds and accumulated after the seed coat color changed to black. The content of anthrasesamone F increased gradually with seed maturation and drastically on air-drying, the final stage in sesame cultivation.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定杜仲中松脂醇二葡萄糖甙和丁香脂素二糖甙

采用高效液相色谱法建立同时测定杜仲中松脂醇二葡萄糖甙(PDG)和丁香脂素二糖甙(SDG)的方法。色谱条件为:色谱柱为VP-ODSC18柱(150mm×4.6mm,预柱10mm×4.6mm);流动相为甲醇∶水(v/v)=30∶70;流速1mL/min;柱温25℃;进样量10μL;检测波长227nm。松脂醇二葡萄糖甙在和丁香脂素二糖甙进样量分别在30.8~154.0μg/mL之间,SDG的进样量在26.4~88.0μg/mL之间时,线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.8%,98.6%。结果表明该方法快速、准确、简单,可用于杜仲中松脂醇二葡萄糖甙和丁香脂素二糖甙的定量测定。     

Anthrasesamones D and E from Sesamum indicum Roots

Two anthraquinone derivatives, named anthrasesamones D and E, were isolated from the roots of Sesamum indicum. Their respective structures were determined to be 1,2,4-trihydroxy-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)anthraquinone and 1,2-dihydroxy-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)anthraquinone on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.     

Biosynthesis of anthraquinone derivatives in a Sesamum indicum hairy root culture

In order to investigate the intermediacy of 2-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)anthraquinone (MPAQ), a possible intermediate for the biosynthesis of anthraquinone derivatives in sesame (Sesamum indicum), ²H-labeled MPAQ was administered to a hairy root culture of S. indicum. Efficient conversion of fed MPAQ to 2-[(Z)-4-methylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl]anthraquinone ((Z)-MPDEAQ) was observed. Furthermore, administration experiment with ²H-labeled 2-geranyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone, another possible intermediate, showed that it was converted to MPAQ and (Z)-MPDEAQ. The results clearly demonstrated that these substrates are the actual precursors for the production of (Z)-MPDEAQ. In contrast, neither MPAQ nor 2-geranyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone was converted to anthrasesamone B and 2,3-epoxyanthrasesamone B, other anthraquinone derivatives in the hairy roots, suggesting that these substrates may not be the common precursors in the biosynthesis of anthraquinone derivatives.     

Biological effects of low-energy C ion implantation on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Field cultivation experiments on white sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)seeds implanted with low-energy C ion showed that different dosages of C ion implantation produce different biological effects.Sesame plants in 6 different dosage groups with C ion density respectively at 1×1011,1×1012,1×1015,5×1015,1×1016,5×1016 ion/cm2 were superior to the control group in plant height,leaf number,stalk diameter and leaf size.Further,sesame plants in these groups flower and seed earlier than those in the control group,and single plant yield also increased.Of all the groups,the 5×1015 ion/cm2 dosage group yielded the best effect,whereas the 1×1017/cm2 dosage group showed an evident inhibitory effect of ion implantation on the germination and growth of the sesame seeds.     

Control of hypocotyl phototropism by phytochrome in a dicotyledonous seedling (Sesamum indicum L.)

Abstract The phototropic response in stems of higher plants is brought about by blue/UV light. The problem studied here is to what extent long-wavelength light, which is absorbed by phytochrome, affects the phototropic response. A refined measurement of phototropism — a curvature index — was applied to the hypocotyl of the sesame seedling (Sesamum indicum L.). The time course of the phototropic response was followed in continuous unilateral weak blue light (B, 460 nm, 8 mW m^?2). Long term red light (R) pretreatments, operating through phytochrome, strongly increase the rate and extent of the phototropic response once it is elicited by unilateral B, while the pretreatments decrease the sensitivity towards B. If a R pulse is given immediately prior to the onset of unilateral B, the rate of the response is strongly reduced compared to the time course of curvature observed when the pretreatment was terminated with a long wavelength far-red light (FR) pulse. R and FR were then applied simultaneously with unilateral B to manipulate the status of the phytochrome system during actual curvature. It was found that a low Pfr/P ratio (established by FR) stimulates the phototropic response far above the control (B alone), while a high Pfr/P ratio (established by R) reduces the response below the control. During bending a positive effect of phytochrome on the rate and extent of the phototropic response, which is saturated at a low level of Pfr, appears to be counteracted by an inhibitory effect which dominates at higher levels of Pfr, such as established by omnilateral R. However, if R is applied unilaterally from the same direction as B, R increases the rate of curvature. Apparently the sesame seedling is capable of detecting the direction of R relative to the direction of B. While a mechanistic explanation of these effects cannot be advanced at present, it is clear that the seedling is capable of super-imposing information about the actual light conditions during bending on a ‘memory’ of the light conditions prior to the onset of bending. Thus, the previous as well as the actual light conditions determine its phototropic responsiveness.     

芝麻灌浆特性与灌浆期籽粒中内源激素含量变化研究

在大田栽培条件下,对芝麻品种‘郑芝98N09’的灌浆特性及灌浆期籽粒中内源激素含量变化进行了研究,为芝麻高产优质高效栽培及品质育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)第9～17节位芝麻籽粒干物质率最高;下部(8节以下)蒴果在灌浆24d时的蒴果鲜重达最大值(1.596g/蒴),27d时籽粒鲜重达最大值(0.318g/蒴),灌浆最快的时期为灌浆15～33d,干物质积累量达籽粒干重的61.75%;中部(9～20节)蒴果在灌浆27d时的蒴果鲜重达最大值(1.622g/蒴),籽粒鲜重也同期达最大值(0.379g/蒴),灌浆最快的时期为灌浆21～36d,干物质积累量达籽粒干重的74.21%;上部(20节以上)蒴果籽粒干物质积累最快的时期为灌浆9～12d和24～27d两个阶段。(2)中部蒴果GA3含量大于下部和上部蒴果,而ABA和IAA的含量则小于下部和上部蒴果;除GA3/ZR比值外,中部蒴果的ABA/GA3、ABA/ZR、GA3/IAA和ZR/IAA比值都小于下部和上部蒴果。(3)较高的ZR含量和较低的ABA/ZR、ABA/GA3、IAA/GA3和IAA/ZR比值利于胚乳细胞分裂、蒴果发育、籽粒库容建成及籽粒干物质充实。(4)单一激素含量与不同部位蒴果单蒴粒重均达显著或极显著负相关关系,内源激素相互间的关系对下部蒴果粒重增加影响较小,适当提高IAA/ZR、ABA/GA3、IAA/GA3比值,能显著提高中部和上部蒴果的单蒴籽粒干重。     

厌氧胁迫下芝麻不同耐渍基因型形态、生理及矿质元素变化的比较研究

在部控制氧下比较4种不同耐渍基因型芝麻的形态,生理指数及营养器官矿质元素含量变化。结果表明,耐渍品种种野芝7号与豫芝1号不定根条数增加4－5倍,净光合速率（Ph)下降幅度小,ADH活性增加约2倍,根据Ca,P含量显著升高,K降幅较小,根中其元素以及茎、叶中8种元素呈下降趋势。非耐渍品种丹巴格与遂平小籽黄,不定根条数无明显增加,Pn下降50％－60％,ADH活性可升高5－9倍;根中Ca,P含量亦增高,K下降较多,耐渍基因型有明显的结构适应特征,厌氧代谢的能量补偿作用相对次要,Ca,P在芝麻对厌氧胁迫的生理适应中起重要作用。     

Identification of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) chromosomes using the BAC‐FISH system

• Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.; Pedaliaceae) is a commercially valuable oilseed crop with high oil content. Its small genome size favours the genomic analysis of key biological processes, such as oil synthesis and metabolism. However, the 13 chromosome pairs of sesame have not been characterised because of technological limitations and their small size.
• We constructed a BAC library comprising 57,600 BAC clones for sesame. The estimated genome coverage of the sesame BAC library was 13.8×. The successive double colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) for sesame was established in this study.
• Subsequently, the 13 sesame chromosome pairs were individually differentiated using 17 specific BACs for the first time. The schematic of the sesame chromosome set was drawn according to the chromosome relative length and relative position of the BAC signal. The cytogenetic characteristics of sesame chromosomes were also explored.
• The results provide the technical background required for further cytogenetic map construction, genome assembly and localisation of the DNA sequence in sesame.

     

重金属对芝麻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用培养皿滤纸发芽法研究镉(Cd2+)、镍(Ni2+)、铬(Cr6+)、汞(Hg2+)、铅(Pb2+)等5种重金属离子对芝麻Sesamum indicum种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,重金属离子胁迫对芝麻种子露白萌发影响较小,对胚根生长影响最大;随着重金属离子浓度增加,芝麻幼苗芽长、根长和鲜重减小;在Cd2+、Ni2+和Cr6+浓度20 mg·L-1,Hg2+浓度50 mg·L-1,Pb2+浓度100 mg·L-1时,芝麻种子萌发后胚根基本不生长,难以成苗,这些浓度可视为对应重金属离子对芝麻种子萌发毒害的致死浓度。综合比较,5种重金属离子对芝麻种子萌发及芽期幼苗生长的毒害程度依次为Ni2+ > Cr6+ > Cd2+ > Hg2+ > Pb2+。     

Purification and properties of thiamine-binding proteins from sesame seed

Three thiamine-binding proteins of 17-19 kDa (STBP-I, II, and III) were purified from sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.). Each of the proteins was composed of two subunits of equal molecular mass and each subunit consisted of a large polypeptide and a small polypeptide linked by a disulfide bond(s). They were rich in glutamic acid (or glutamine) and arginine. Their binding activities were optimal at neutral pH. They bound specifically free thiamine but not thiamine phosphates. STBP-I had higher affinity for thiamine than STBP-II or STBP-III. STBP-II and STBP-III bound one molecule of thiamine per molecule, and STBP-I bound 0.5 molecule. The amino acid composition and structure of the STPBs were similar to those of 2S storage proteins.     

The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes and proline content of sesame cultivars

The effect of increasing NaCl concentrations was studied on two different cultivars (cv. Orhangazi and cv. Cumhuriyet) of Sesamum indicum. Seedlings were grown for 40 days in half strength Hoagland solution and after 40 days treated with different NaCl concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mM) for 21 days. Differences in growth parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzyme activities and proline accumulation were tested in order to put forward the relative tolerance or sensitivity of the cultivars. Results indicated that both parameters differ according to the cultivar's ability in coping oxidative stress caused by salinity. Constitutive levels of antioxidative enzyme activities were almost the same between the cultivars; however, cv. Cumhuriyet was able to induce antioxidative enzyme activities more efficiently when subjected to salt stress. Growth parameters, lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation results are also in good correlation with supporting this cultivar's being relatively tolerant.     

贵州地方芝麻种质资源品质性状的分析与评价

为探究贵州芝麻种质资源的品质特征,并对地方芝麻资源进行初步鉴定与评价,本研究对73份贵州芝麻种质资源的8个品质性状进行测试分析。结果表明:(1)贵州芝麻种质资源含油量介于41.45%~52.12%之间,平均含量为49.69%。在脂肪酸组成中,油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的平均含量分别为35.65%和50.66%;而棕榈酸、硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸的平均含量仅为8.40%和4.79%。此外,贵州芝麻资源中芝麻素、芝麻林素和木质素的平均含量分别为5.03 mg/g、2.63 mg/g和4.79 mg/g。8个品质性状的变异系数介于3.69%~32.62%范围内,其中芝麻素含量变异系数最大,含油量变异系数最小。而芝麻素含量、芝麻林素含量及硬脂酸含量的变异系数均大于10%,表明这3个性状在芝麻样本间存在较大差异。(2)相关性分析结果显示:含油量与油酸、芝麻素含量呈极显著正相关,与亚油酸含量呈极显著负相关;油酸含量与芝麻素含量呈极显著正相关,与亚油酸含量呈极显负相关;亚油酸含量与芝麻素含量呈极显著负相关。表明品质性状间相关性大、关联程度较高,性状间相互影响较大。(3)主成分分析将8个品质性状综合为3个主成分,分别为油酸因子、含油量因子和芝麻素因子,3个主成分因子包含了贵州芝麻种质资源品质性状的绝大部分信息,累计贡献率达96%以上。(4)在欧氏距离D=9.75处将73份贵州芝麻资源划分为6个类群:第Ⅰ类群包含2份资源、第Ⅱ类群有7份、第Ⅲ类群有12份、第Ⅳ类群有5份、第Ⅴ类群有16份、第Ⅵ类群有31份。其中第Ⅵ类群油酸含量最高,且含油量、芝麻素含量较高。本研究探明了贵州芝麻品质的特征特性,可为芝麻种质资源的利用和创新提供依据,为芝麻品种选育和遗传改良提供参考。     

Influence of growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis in sesame

Somatic embryos were induced from hypocotyl-derived callus of sesame (Sesamum indicum Var. TMV 6). The influence of different auxins and cytokinins on somatic embryogenesis was investigated. Among the different auxins tested, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid was the most effective and resulted in the highest frequency of responding cultures and highest average number of somatic embryo per responding cultures napthaleneacetic acid, indoleacetic acid, indolebutyric acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid were also effective for embryogenesis, but 2,4,5-trichorophenoxyacetic acid and napthoxyacetic acid were not beneficial. The combined effect of cytokinins with 2,4-d was also studied. Among the four cytokinins tested, 2.2 chμM benzyladenine with 13.6 chμM 2,4-d slightly enhanced embryogenic efficiency; while kinetin, zeatin, 6-γ-γ-dimethylallylaminopurine enhanced the frequency of responding cultures. There was a decrease in the number of somatic embryos per culture in the presence of all cytokinins. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

四季豆种子中两种蛋白质的分离纯化及其性质初步研究

四季豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓＬ．）属于豆科蝶形花亚科野百合属,在我国分布极广,普植于温带地区．虽然四季豆是一种极普通的营养作物,但贮藏过久或煮沸不透常发生中毒．四季豆种子中成分复杂,除了蛋白组分外,还含有多种小分子组分［１］．一般认为,四季豆种子的毒性是这些组分复合作用的结果一直引人关注的则是其中的有毒蛋白．四季豆蛋白中很多是凝集素［２～４］,四季豆凝集素是一种典型的植物血细胞凝集素（Ｐｈｙｔｏｈｅｍａｇｇｌｕｔｉｎｉｎ,ＰＨＡ）,是一种寡糖结合专一性的糖蛋白,具有凝聚血细胞,刺激…