Characterization and Functional Modification of StaC and RebC,Which Are Involved in the Pyrrole Oxidation of Indolocarbazole Biosynthesis

The diversity of indolocarbazole natural products results from the differences in oxidation states of the pyrroline ring moiety. In the biosynthetic pathways for staurosporine and rebeccamycin, two homologous enzymes having 64% identity, StaC and RebC, are responsible for the selective production of K252c, which has one oxo group at the pyrroline ring, and arcyriaflavin A, which has two. Although StaC has a FAD-binding motif, most StaC molecules do not contain FAD, and the protein cannot be reconstituted with FAD in vitro. In this study, we mutated Ala-118 in StaC by replacing a glutamine that is conserved in FAD monooxygenases, resulting in increased FAD content as well as catalytic activity. In addition, mutations around the substrate-binding sites of StaC and RebC can change the product selectivity. Specifically, StaC-N244R-V246T and RebC-F216V-R239N mutants produced substantial amounts of arcyriaflavin A and K252c, respectively.     

Inhibition of Growth of L5178Y Leukemia Cells by a Fungal Folate-deaminating Enzyme

Reactive sites of adzuki bean proteinase inhibitor II were determined by limited hydrolyses with catalytic amounts of trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] and chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1] at pH 3.0. Treatment of the trypsin-modified inhibitor with carboxypeptidase B [EC 3.4.12.3] released lysine from the inhibitor and led to complete loss of the activity for trypsin, virtually, without affecting the chymotrypsin-inhibitory activity. Limited hydrolysis with chymotrypsin resulted in a selective cleavage of a single tyrosyi peptide bond in the inhibitor, and treatment of this modified inhibitor with carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2] abolished the chymotrypsininhibitory activity, having no effect on the trypsin-inhibitory activity. After reduction and S-carboxymethylation, the trypsin- and the chymotrypsin-modified inhibitors both could be separated into two components by gel-filtration on Sephadex G–50 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Amino acid and end group analyses of these components indicated that the reactive sites of inhibitor II are the Lys²⁷-Ser²⁸ bond against trypsin and the Tyr⁵⁴-Ser⁵⁵ against chymotrypsin.

Chemical modification of inhibitor II with cyanogen bromide had a fatal effect on the inhibitory activity against trypsin but no effect against chymotrypsin.     

内生放线菌对鬼臼毒素的微生物转化

调查桃儿七根茎内生放线菌对鬼臼毒素的微生物转化,以期获得一些鬼臼毒素的结构类似物或衍生物。利用表面消毒法分离内生放线菌;采用薄层层析和高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法筛选转化鬼臼毒素的内生放线菌;利用硅胶柱层析和制备HPLC分离纯化生物转化产物;应用波谱技术解析转化产物的化学结构;通过形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对内生放线菌进行初步鉴定。从桃儿七根茎中分离出20株内生放线菌,经筛选发现其中1株放线菌能转化鬼臼毒素,其产物为4’-去甲基表鬼臼毒素。初步鉴定该内生放线菌为Streptomyces sp.。内生放线菌Streptomyces sp.能对鬼臼毒素进行去甲基和异构化修饰,推测其可能具有O-去甲基化酶和异构化酶。     

1株罗汉杉内生放线菌的鉴定、活性分析及抗生素生物合成基因的筛查

对1株从罗汉杉分离的内生放线菌LCB-0297进行系统学鉴定,在ISP3培养基上其气生菌丝灰烬色,有粉褐色可溶性色素,电镜观察孢子丝呈螺旋状,孢子椭球形表面多刺,通过其形态、生理生化特征初步确定为链霉菌。16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,放线菌LCB-0297与Streptomyces lanatus NBRC 12787（T）最为相似,相似性为98.531%,但在N-J树上仍在较远的2个分支上,确定为Streptomyces sp.。通过滤纸片法、SRB法进行抑菌、细胞毒活性检测,显示出较强的抑菌及抗癌活性。用PCR的方法对其多种抗生素生物合成基因进行筛查,该菌株含有Ⅰ型聚酮合成酶（PKS-Ⅰ）、非核糖体多肽合成酶（NRPS）、Ⅱ型聚酮合成酶（PKS-Ⅱ）的基因,含有多种潜在的抗生素合成基因。     

Structure and Biosynthesis of Two Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785

Exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785, which has previously been shown to act as a competitive exclusion agent to control Clostridium perfringens in poultry. Structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy revealed that L. johnsonii FI9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: EPS-1 is a branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with a 2-linked glucose unit, and EPS-2 was shown to have a repeating unit with the following structure: -6)-α-Glcp-(1–3)-β-Glcp-(1–5)-β-Galf-(1–6)-α-Glcp-(1–4)-β-Galp-(1–4)-β-Glcp-(1-. Sites on both polysaccharides were partially occupied by substituent groups: 1-phosphoglycerol and O-acetyl groups in EPS-1 and a single O-acetyl group in EPS-2. Analysis of a deletion mutant (ΔepsE) lacking the putative priming glycosyltransferase gene located within a predicted eps gene cluster revealed that the mutant could produce EPS-1 but not EPS-2, indicating that epsE is essential for the biosynthesis of EPS-2. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the localization of galactose residues on the exterior of wild type cells and their absence in the ΔepsE mutant. EPS2 was found to adopt a random coil structural conformation. Deletion of the entire 14-kb eps cluster resulted in an acapsular mutant phenotype that was not able to produce either EPS-2 or EPS-1. Alterations in the cell surface properties of the EPS-specific mutants were demonstrated by differences in binding of an anti-wild type L. johnsonii antibody. These findings provide insights into the biosynthesis and structures of novel exopolysaccharides produced by L. johnsonii FI9785, which are likely to play an important role in biofilm formation, protection against harsh environment of the gut, and colonization of the host.     

Halogenating Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Antibiotics

Using blot hybridization, it has been shown that microorganisms producing halogen-containing antibiotics—Pseudomonas pyrrocinia, P. aureofaciens ACN, P. aureofaciens Pa1, P. fluorescens CHA0, Actinoplanes sp., Kitasatasporia sp., Sacharothrix aerocolonigenes, Actinomadura melliaura, and Streptomyces albogriseolus—contain the genes of the halogenating enzymes related to tryptophan-7-halogenase and monodechloroaminopyrrolnitrin halogenase from P. fluorescens BL 915.     

水霉拮抗放线菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

目的:以珍珠健康养殖水体底泥为材料分离放线菌,筛选对水产动物水霉病病原菌有抗菌活性的放线菌。方法:采用稀释涂布法,选用萘啶酮酸和放线菌酮双抗平板分离获得放线菌;以黄颡鱼和湘云鲫鱼卵水霉病原菌为靶标菌,采用琼脂块法测试所分离菌株抗水霉菌活性及其稳定性;对拮抗活性强的放线菌采用形态观察和16S r DNA序列分析进行分类鉴定。结果:从分离获得的27株放线菌中筛选出3株对水霉病原菌有拮抗活性的菌株QF1、DNC17和QHV2,其中QHV2抗菌活性与稳定性最好;形态学观察与16S r DNA序列分析结果表明QF1、DNC17和QHV2均属于链霉菌属(Streptomycete sp.),分别鉴定为Streptomyces diastatochromogenes、Streptomyces variabilis和Streptomyces collinus。结论:3株放线菌对水霉病原菌具有较好的拮抗活性,具有开发成抗水霉药物的潜在价值。     

Structures of Allosamidins,Novel Insect Chitinase Inhibitors,Produced by Actinomycetes

The structures of allosamidin (1) and methylallosamidin (2), novel insect chitinase inhibitors, were elucidated as 1 and 2 by acid hydrolysis experiments and analyses of 2d-NMR spectra. They are unique basic pseudotrisaccharides consisting of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-allose (N-acetyl-d- allosamine) and a novel aminocyclitol derivative (3), termed allosamizoline.     

Differential Growth Inhibition of Diaporthe and Phomopsis Isolates by the Metabolic Activity of Five Actinomycetes

Fifty-five cultures derived from Diaporthe perithecia and Phomopsis pycnidia found on diverse host plant species collected at different times and sites in Vojvodina, Yugoslavia, showed distinguishing quantitative reactions to the fungistatic activity of five actinomycetes obtained as fortuitous laboratory contaminants coming from field material. Streptomyces albidoflavus , S. albus , S. diastaticus , Streptomyces sp., and Streptoverticillium sp. could be ranked by their growth-inhibitory potential, with S. albus showing the strongest, and Streptomyces sp. the lowest. The responses of the fungi varied depending on the tested actinomycetes, but two major groups could be distinguished: A, which encompased the isolates that were less affected by the proximity of the actinomycetes; and B, with those which exhibited high sensitivity in all the experiments. Group A was typically represented by Diaporthe arctii , Phomopsis longicolla, and the Phomopsis type-1 cultures from Xanthium italicum; group B was typically represented by Diaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi, Phomopsis type-2 cultures from X. italicum , and isolates from Lactuca serriola . The results obtained underscore the dissimilarities between D. arctii and D. helianthi , and corroborate the value of the physiological aspects of congeneric isolates in considering taxonomic problems in the coelomicete genus Phomopsis.     

一株玉米秸秆纤维素降解放线菌的筛选、鉴定及酶学特性研究

为解决玉米秸秆固废污染和秸秆资源有效利用问题，采用刚果红染色法（水解圈法）和3，5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法从玉米秸秆还田土壤中筛选到一株纤维素降解菌，并对该微生物进行生理生化和分子生物学鉴定，发现该菌株降解纤维素效果较好，经鉴定该菌株为纤维素链霉菌（Streptomyces cellulosae），命名为SJS-15，并对该菌株的酶学特性及纤维素降解能力进行了初步研究。结果表明，菌株SJS-15在发酵培养基中的纤维素酶活（CMC）峰值为30.5 U/mL，最适反应pH为6.0，滤纸酶活（FPA）峰值为25 U/mL，最适反应pH为8.0，两种酶均能在温度20~60 ℃，pH 4.0~10.0范围内保持较高酶活性。纤维素分解实验表明菌株SJS-15对玉米秸秆和滤纸有分解能力，40 d时对玉米秸秆降解率为35.6%（质量分数，下同），对滤纸降解率为18.6%。扫描电镜结果显示经菌株处理的玉米秸秆较对照有明显降解痕迹。菌株SJS-15具有良好的抗逆性和玉米秸秆纤维素分解能力，可作为玉米秸秆还田和堆肥发酵的高效菌株进行进一步研究。     

放线菌果胶酶产酶条件及酶促反应条件的研究

从埋麻土壤中分离到放线菌２９８株,经初筛和复筛得到产酶活性较高的一株放线菌５－７１。最适产酶条件是：果胶０．５％,葡萄糖０．５％,蛋白胨０．５％,酵母粉０．１％,Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４ ０．１％,ＫＨ２ＰＯ４ ０．１％,ＮａＣｌ０．１％,ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０．０５％,ｐＨ８．０。２５℃培养３天达产酶高峰。通气量对产酶影响不大。酶促反应最适条件是：ｐＨ９．６,４５℃,底物果胶浓度０．７５％,作用时间９０ｍｉ     

拮抗植物病原真菌放线菌的筛选与数值分类研究

分离塔里木盆地两地区不同生态土壤中的放线菌,并以14个靶标植物病原真菌进行拮抗性测定,筛选出10个具有拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,以天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)、紫色直丝链霉菌(S.lavendu-larectus)为参比菌株进行生理生化特性、生长条件、抗生素敏感性、抗菌活性等96项指标测定以及数值分类。结果表明:10株供试菌株在0.38的水平上分为6个表观群:第Ⅰ群、第Ⅱ群为白孢类群,第Ⅲ群为烬灰类群,第Ⅳ群为灰褐类群,第Ⅴ群和第Ⅵ群为待定种,另外塔里木盆地具有抗病原真菌活性的放线菌以白孢类群最多,占总数的60%,为优势类群。     

Produced by a Strain of Unidentified Actinomycetes sp.

The possibility of using two kinds of sorghum as raw materials in consolidated bioprocessing bioethanol production using Flammulina velutipes was investigated. Enzymatic saccharification of sweet sorghum was not as high as in brown mid-rib (bmr) mutated sorghum, but the amount of ethanol production was higher. Ethanol production from bmr mutated sorghum significantly increased when saccharification enzymes were added to the culture.     

Characterization of Bioactive Actinomycetes Isolated from Kadolkele Mangrove Sediments,Sri Lanka

Exploring untapped microbial potentials in previously uncharted environments has become crucial in discovering novel secondary metabolites and enzymes for biotechnological applications. Among prokaryotes, actinomycetes are well recognized for producing a vast range of secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes. In the present study, we have used surface sediments from ‘Kadolkele’ mangrove ecosystem located in the Negombo lagoon area, Sri Lanka, to isolate actinomycetes with bioactive potentials. A total of six actinomycetes were isolated on modified-starch casein agar and characterized. The isolates were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against four selected bacterial strains and to produce extracellular enzymes: cellulase, amylase, protease, and lipase. Three out of the six isolates exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, but not against Listeria monocytogenes. Five strains could produce extracellular cellulase, while all six isolates exhibited amylase activity. Only three of the six isolates were positive for protease and lipase assays separately. Ac-1, Ac-2, and Ac-9, identified as Streptomyces spp. with the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were used for pigment extraction using four different solvents. Acetone-extracted crude pigments of Ac-1and Ac-2 were further used in well-diffusion assays, and growth inhibition of test bacteria was observed only with the crude pigment extract of Ac-2. Further, six different commercially available fabrics were dyed with crude pigments of Ac-1. The dyed fabrics retained the yellow color after acid, alkaline, and cold-water treatments suggesting the potential of the Ac-1 pigment to be used in biotechnological applications.     

拉鲁湿地自然保护区放线菌组成分析及生物活性测定

探究拉鲁湿地自然保护区的放线菌组成及其抑菌和酶活性,为放线菌新药物先导化合物和高活性酶的筛选提供资源。从拉鲁湿地自然保护区不同土壤类型、不同优势植被采集25份土样。用分散差速离心法分离了拉鲁湿地中温放线菌和低温放线菌。从中温放线菌中选择15株代表菌株进行了初步分类鉴定。采用打孔法检测了其对2株细菌和4株病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：（1）拉鲁湿地放线菌数量从水生环境向陆地生态系统递增,中温放线菌数量显著多于低温放线菌;（2）拉鲁湿地土壤中分离到链霉菌属、小单孢菌属、诺卡氏菌属、马杜拉菌属、小链孢菌属5个放线菌属。其中以链霉菌属和小单孢菌属为优势属。链霉菌属以金色类群、白孢类群和粉红孢类群为主,小单孢菌分离到黄橙类群和黑褐类群;（3）供试菌株分解纤维素能力较强,分解蛋白质活性较低,具有抗菌活性的菌株很少,且抗菌活性较弱;（4）供试菌株耐毒性物质的能力较强。这些菌可用于毒害有机物污染物的处理。     

青海湖水及湖滨盐化土壤放线菌的分类及耐盐性

采用3种含盐培养基(70g/L NaCl)分离青海湖水、湖泥、湖滨土壤及盐化荒地土壤中的中低温放线菌,纯化后按常规方法鉴定,并测定其耐盐性。结果表明:①湖泥、湖滨土壤及盐化荒地土壤中存在一定数量的中、低温耐盐放线菌。湖滨荒地土壤中的放线菌数量最高,其次为湖滨土壤及浅层湖水底淤泥。②鉴定出的耐盐性放线菌均为链霉菌(占供试菌总数的92.6%),且全部为白孢类群。③47.6%、19.0%和33.3%的供试放线菌的最高耐盐度分别为70、100和150g/L。     

新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌的多样性及其功能酶的筛选

[目的]本研究旨在了解新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌多样性及产功能酶的特性.[方法]采用含有5%与10%NaC1的4种分离培养基,利用稀释平板涂布法对盐湖土壤样品进行分离;通过形态特征、耐盐性实验、抑菌实验及16S rRNA基因测序的基础上进行系统发育学分析;利用五种筛选培养基定性检测放线菌的产酶活性.[结果]从盐湖土壤样品中分离到63株放线菌,其中中等嗜盐放线菌47株;抑菌活性实验结果表明:23株放线菌对痢疾杆菌和/或其它病原菌有抑菌活性;功能酶筛选结果表明:3株放线菌产蛋白酶、46株产淀粉酶、14株产酯酶、34株产半乳糖苷酶、5株产纤维素酶.16S rRNA基因的系统发育学分析结果表明盐湖放线菌类群比较丰富.[结论]新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌资源丰富,产酶特性良好,为开发利用极端环境微生物资源奠定了基础.     

红树林放线菌分离鉴定及活性代谢产物研究

以采集自四个红树林地点的16份混合土壤为研究材料,选用7种选择性培养基,共分离获得330株放线菌。其中217株菌经16SrRNA基因序列分析,发现近75%菌株属于小单孢菌属(Micromonospora),其他还包括多形态孢菌属(Polymorphospora),疣孢菌属(Verrucosispora)等小单孢菌科的2个属和非小单孢菌科的9个属。采用美蓝酶标仪法对所分离到的放线菌进行抗菌活性检测,共50株菌表现出对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans ATCC 10231)有不同程度抗性。然后利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液质联用技术(LC-MS)对有生物活性的菌株进行化学筛选,最后确定了5株可能产新颖化合物的小单孢菌。