亚硝酸钠体外随机突变枯草杆菌纤溶酶基因及其产物性质研究

通过对目的基因随机突变,希望获得纤溶酶活性提高的突变体。方法:采用一种简单方便的突变方法--亚硝酸钠直接突变含目的基因的质粒,然后转化受体菌获得突变体。在亚硝酸钠浓度为40mmol／L,温度为37℃,反应时间为1h条件下,突变带枯草杆菌纤溶酶基因的质粒pUBH,转化受体菌DB403,得到大量突变体。随机挑取约1600个转化子,用纤维平板法筛选。结果:获得酶活不同程度改变的突变体,其中有纤溶酶活性增加高达一倍的突变体;分离纯化了活性最高的突变酶,并证明其活性提高是与比活性提高相关的;序列分析该突变体发现碱基发生8处改变,而氨基酸只发生1处改变即V298A;和序列分析一致,SDS／PAGE和Westernblot检测结果显示其分子量和抗原性质没有改变。同时研究了诱变剂浓度、反应温度和作用时间对随机突变的影响。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B-903菌株的诱变选育

枯草芽孢杆菌B-903菌株是由河南省农业科学院植物保护研究所从郑州果园中分离得到,其代谢产生的抗菌物质对多种植物病原真菌具有较强抑制作用。以此菌株为出发菌株,进行亚硝基胍（NTG）和微波诱变处理,确定了,二者诱变处理的最佳处理剂量：NTG最佳处理浓度为200μg／mL,微波诱变为HI微波挡（850W、脉冲频率2450MHz）处理100s,筛选出13个高效突变株。经传代实验,2株高效突变株N1和W2抑菌圈直径分别稳定在26mm和24mm以上,比出发菌株提高21．8％和14．8％．     

Properties of regeneration mutants of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Higher regeneration mutants were isolated from Bacillus subtilis . Protoplasts from two out of four mutants regenerated at a 100% frequency on a semi-synthetic hypertonic medium. They conferred less autolytic productivity, and a revertant regained the parental levels of regeneration frequency and autolytic activities. This mutation ( rgn -1) expressed the other pleiotropic properties, i.e., nonmotility, phage PBS1 resistance and different cell morphology.     

Stabilization of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A by increasing the residual packing

Introduction of well-packed residues to the interior of a protein structure could be considered as a stabilization strategy since the reduction of buried cavities might stabilize protein structure. In this study, the less-packed residues with no water-contact were selected as target sites for increasing residual packing. When Lipase A from Bacillus subtilis (179 amino acids) was used as a model system, 43 less-packed residues were initially considered by analyzing their residual packing value and residual exposure ratio. Among the 43 residues, small amino acids such as GLY and ALA were chosen as target sites. Packing increases of ALA to VAL and GLY to ALA were estimated, by molecular modeling, to give 0.5368∼0.7433 kcal mol^-1 stabilization. Mutants of Lipase A such as A38V, A75V, G80A, A105V A146V, and G172A were obtained via protein engineering. Thermostability assays revealed that A38V, G80A and G172V were the most stable mutants. This procedure for selecting the target residues for improved thermostability of Lipase A could be applied for improving the thermostability of other proteins and enzymes.     

Stabilization of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A by increasing the residual packing

Introduction of well-packed residues to the interior of a protein structure could be considered as a stabilization strategy since the reduction of buried cavities might stabilize protein structure. In this study, the less-packed residues with no water-contact were selected as target sites for increasing residual packing. When Lipase A from Bacillus subtilis (179 amino acids) was used as a model system, 43 less-packed residues were initially considered by analyzing their residual packing value and residual exposure ratio. Among the 43 residues, small amino acids such as GLY and ALA were chosen as target sites. Packing increases of ALA to VAL and GLY to ALA were estimated, by molecular modeling, to give 0.5368～0.7433?kcal mol^?1 stabilization. Mutants of Lipase A such as A38V, A75V, G80A, A105V A146V, and G172A were obtained via protein engineering. Thermostability assays revealed that A38V, G80A and G172V were the most stable mutants. This procedure for selecting the target residues for improved thermostability of Lipase A could be applied for improving the thermostability of other proteins and enzymes.     

Plausible Novel Ribose Metabolism Catalyzed by Enzymes of the Methionine Salvage Pathway in Bacillus subtilis

Although several studies have shown that milk protein components have a wide range of biological activities, the potential role of these proteins in the gastrointestinal mucosal defense system is less well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of the major proteins in cow’s milk on gastric mucosal injury by using two acute ulcer models in Wistar rats. Gastric mucosal injury was induced by either intragastric 60% ethanol-HCl or water-immersion restraint stress (23°C, 7 h). Each test milk protein was orally administered 30 min before the induction of gastric injury. Among the major milk proteins, α-lactalbumin (α-LA) is demonstrated to have a marked protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric injury, with the same potency as that of the typical antiulcer agent, Selbex. Whey protein isolate (WPI), which contained 25% α-LA, also protected against gastric injury, while casein showed no effect. Comparative studies on the protective effect of the four major components of WPI, β-lactoglobulin, α-LA, bovine serum albumin and γ-globulins (immunoglobulins), on the basis of their contents in WPI revealed that α-LA was responsible for the protective effect of WPI, being about 4-fold more effective than WPI itself. α-LA showed dose-dependent protection against gastric injury induced by stress as well as ethanol. Pretreatment with indomethacin (10 mg/kg body weight, s.c.), which is a potent inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, resulted in a significant reduction in the protective effect of α-LA. These results indicate that α-LA has marked antiulcer activity as an active component of cow’s milk protein, and suggest that α-LA intake may serve to protect against gastric mucosal injury, in part through endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.     

Cloning in Bacillus subtilis of temperature-dependent promoter fragments from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Using promoter-probe plasmids, more than 200 promoter-containing fragments from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis were cloned in B. subtilis . Among these, 15 promoter fragments were highly temperature-dependent in activity compared to the promoter sequence (TTGAAA for the −35 region, TATAAT for the −10 region) of the amylase gene, amyT , from B. stearothermophilus . Some fragments exhibited higher promoter activities at elevated temperature (48°C), others showed higher activities at lower temperature (30°C). Active promoter fragments at higher and lower temperatures were obtained mainly from the thermophile ( B. stearothermophilus ) and the mesophile ( B. subtilis ), respectively. A promoter fragment active at high temperature was sequenced, and the feature of the putative promoter region was discussed.     

Aerobic chromate reduction by Bacillus subtilis

We have studied the reduction of hexavalent chromium (chromate) to the less toxic trivalent form by using cell suspensions and cell-free extracts from the common soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis was able to grow and reduce chromate at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 mM K₂CrO₄. Chromate reduction was not affected by a 20-fold excess of nitrate-compound that serves as alternate electron acceptor and antagonizes chromate reduction by anaerobic bacteria. Metabolic poisons including sodium azide and sodium cyanide inhibited chromate reduction. Reduction was effected by a constitutive system associated with the soluble protein fraction and not with the membrane fraction. The reducing activity was heat labile and showed a K_m of 188 m CrO₄ ^2-. The reductase can mediate the transfer of electrons from NAD(P)H to chromate. The results suggest that chromate is reduced via a detoxification system rather than dissimilatory electron transport.     

枯草芽孢杆菌抗脯氨酸结构类似物突变株的筛选及突变株proBA基因的克隆和序列分析

利用亚硝基胍对枯草芽孢杆菌93151进行诱变处理,获得了耐NaCl浓度达14％的突变株,同时发现该突变株也是一个抗脯氨酸反馈抑制突变菌株,其胞内自由脯氨酸的含量随着盐浓度的提高显著增加,说明其对渗透压的耐受能力与胞内自由脯氨酸的含量紧密相关。利用PCR方法克隆突变株的proBA基因,得到一个约2.3kb的DNA片段,序列分析表明该片段含有一完整的proB基因和部分proA基因,与野生菌株的proB基因相比,突变株proB基因中有3个碱基发生了改变,其中一个碱基的变化（从起始密码子开始第781位由T→A）导致了一个氨基酸发生改变（Ser→Thr),另外两个碱基变化为沉默位点突变。将该proB基因转入大肠杆菌脯氨酸营养缺陷型菌株,能够与其功能互补。同时对部分proA基因序列分析发现,其与proB基因头尾重叠。在proA基因起始密码子上游第14个碱基处有一个类似于SD的序列,其所编码的氨基酸序列与枯草芽孢杆菌168的同源性为77％。     

枯草芽孢杆菌在抑制植物病原菌中的研究进展

枯草芽孢杆菌是芽孢杆菌中比较具应用潜力的菌种之一。近年来国内外对于芽孢杆菌各方面应用的研究日益增多,枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种生防细菌越来越引起人们的关注。主要综述了枯草芽孢杆菌在抑制植物病原菌生物防治领域的研究进展,阐述了枯草芽孢杆菌的控病作用机制,包括竞争作用、拮抗作用、溶茵作用、诱导植物产生抗性及促进植物生长5个方面。简要介绍了枯草芽孢杆菌及其制剂在国内外的应用情况及在植物病害防治应用中存在的问题、解决措施及发展前景。     

中性蛋白酶基因诱导型表达分泌载体的构建

利用PCR方法分别扩增出sacB基因的启动子-信号肽序列（sacR）和枯草芽孢杆菌中性蛋白酶的前肽-成熟肽序列,将两者连接后克隆入载体pHP13中,构建了含有中性蛋白酶基因的诱导型表达分泌载体pHP13SN,再将其转化入枯草杆菌DB104,获得基因工程菌DB104(pHP13SN)。中性蛋白酶基因在蔗糖的诱导和sacR的调控下实现了分泌表达,并获得了具有生物学活性的中性蛋白酶。     

在枯草杆菌原生质体中用鸟枪法进行基因克隆

用ＢａｍＨ１和ＣＩＰ处理ｐＣＢ２０质粒,Ｓａｕ３Ａｌ部分降解枯草杆菌抗阿霉素突变株染色体ＤＮＡ,Ｔ４连接酶连接载体和ＤＮＡ片断,构成表达文库。用这个文库分别转化枯草杆菌ＢＤ２２４菌株感受态细胞和原生质体。     

同源重组法构建枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶缺失突变菌株

采用同源重组法高效构建枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶(tkt)缺失突变株。以大肠杆菌(E.coliDH5α)质粒pBlUSKM为框架,构建出基于枯草杆菌(B.S104)tkt基因位点的整合载体pb-Trs-n,将此载体重组到Bacillus subtilis104中,从新霉素抗性平板上挑取转化子,整合载体pb-Trs-n的测序结果与Kunst.F报道的tkt基因高度同源(98.9%)。同源重组后,B.S104染色体上的tkt基因(2 004bp)部分与载体pb-Trs-n的neo基因(1 197bp)发生了同源交换,确定了该转化子为枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶缺失突变株(tkt-,neo),该方法构建枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶(tkt)缺失突变株是可行的,为D-核糖工程菌的研究奠定了基础。     

枯草杆菌基因组中的回文结构

统计了枯草杆菌全序列中中间间隔S从0到29、侧翼序列长度L从4开始的所有回文结构,以及这些回文结构在编码区和非编码区的分布。通过分析不同S、L的回文结构的频数以及AT含量,发现枯草杆菌基因组中长的回文结构是过表达的、AT含量高并且对非编码区有偏好。     

血红蛋白基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达及其作用的研究

革兰氏阴性菌Ｖｉｔｒｅｏｓｃｉｌｌａ的血红蛋白与氧结合力强,能降低该菌需氧量。将该血红蛋白的结构基因（Ｖｇｂ）连接到枯草杆菌质粒ｐＡＫ４的β－内酰胺酶基因（ｂｌａ）启动子下（框架正确）,构建了重组质粒ｐＡＶ,并将此质粒先转化至枯草杆菌ＤＢ１０４,继而又转化到枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶工程菌Ｇ３３１和产木聚糖酶枯草杆菌Ｂ５３。经酶切和电泳分析显示转化的质粒ＤＮＡ含有大小与Ｖｇｂ相同的电泳带,又经非放射性同位     

Biosurfactant production by a thermophilic Bacillus subtilis strain

A strain of Bacillus subtilis was able to grow and produce a biosurfactant on 2% sucrose at 45°C. As a result of biosurfactant synthesis the surface tension of the medium was reduced from 68 dynes cm⁻¹ to 28 dynes cm⁻¹. The strain had the capacity to produce the biosurfactant at high NaCl concentrations (4%) and a wide range of pH (4.5–10.5). The biosurfactant retained its surface-active properties after heating at 100°C for 2 h and at different pH values (4.5–10.5). A maximum amount of biosurfactant was produced when urea or nitrate ions were supplied as nitrogen source. The use of the biosurfactant at high temperatures, acidic, alkaline and saline environments is discussed. As a result of its action, 62% of oil in a sand pack column could be recovered, indicating its potential application in microbiologically enhanced oil recovery. Received 28 March 1996/ Accepted in revised form 16 September 1996     

重组枯草芽胞杆菌不对称还原产d-伪麻黄碱

为了实现羰基还原酶基因mldh在枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis中的表达并通过细胞内的葡萄糖脱氢酶完成辅酶的再生,以枯草芽胞杆菌rpsD基因的启动子PrpsD和终止子TrpsD为表达元件,将羰基还原酶基因mldh连接至构建好的质粒(pHY300plk-PrpsD-TrpsD上,得到质粒pHY300plk-PrpsD-mldh-TrpsD;进一步将重组质粒转化入B. subtilis Wb600中获得重组菌B. subtilis Wb600 (pHY300plk-PrpsD-mldh-Trps