Species diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma</Emphasis> in Poland

In the present study, we reinvestigate the diversity of Trichoderma in Poland utilizing a combination of morphological and molecular/phylogenetic methods. A total of 170 isolates were collected from six different substrata at 49 sites in Poland. These were divided among 14 taxa as follows: 110 of 170 Trichoderma isolates were identified to the species level by the analysis of their ITS1, ITS2 rDNA sequences as: T. harzianum (43 isolates), T. aggressivum (35), T. citrinoviride (11), T. hamatum (9), T. virens (6), T. longibrachiatum (4), T. polysporum (1), and T. tomentosum (1); 60 isolates belonging to the Viride clade were identified based on a fragment of the translation-elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene as: T. atroviride (20 isolates), T. gamsii (2), T. koningii (17), T. viridescens (13), T. viride (7), and T. koningiopsis (1). Identifications were made using the BLAST interface in TrichOKEY and TrichoBLAST (). The most diverse substrata were soil (nine species per 22 isolates) and decaying wood (nine species per 75 isolates). The most abundant species (25%) isolated from all substrata was T. harzianum.     

Association between aggregative adherence fimbriae types including putative new variants and virulence‐related genes and clump formation among aggR‐positive Escherichia coli strains isolated in Thailand and Japan

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) are an important cause of diarrhea. Four types of AAF have been identified; however, their prevalence and association with virulence properties remain unclear. E. coli strains carrying the aggR gene as EAggEC that were isolated in Japan and Thailand (n = 90) were examined for AAF subunit genes, two toxin genes (pet/astA), and clump formation. The most prevalent AAF gene was hdaA (28%), followed by aafA (20%), aggA (12%), and agg3A (4%), as well as a putative new AAF sequence (25.6%). Retention status of the toxin genes and intensities of clump formation appeared to vary according to the AAF type.     

A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of bacteriophage P2

Summary A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of phage P2 was constructed. The enzymes used and, within parenthesis, the number of their cleavage sites on the P2 lg cc DNA molecule were: AvaI(3), BalI(1), BamI(3), BglII(3), HaeIII (more than 40; only three were mapped), HindIII(0), HpaI(10), KpnI(3), PstI(3), SalI(2) and SmaI(1). The EcoRI cleavage sites (3), as determined earlier, were used as reference points for this study. The DNAs of a variety of P2 mutants carrying chromosomal aberrations (del1, del2, del3, del6, vir22, vir37(2), vir79 and vir94) were also similarly examined.     

Naphtho‐γ‐pyrones from Endophyte Aspergillus niger Occurring in the Liverwort Heteroscyphus tener (Steph.) Schiffn.

Bioactivity‐guided fractionation of the cytotoxic extract of Aspergillus niger, an endophytic fungus from the Chinese liverwort Heteroscyphus tener (Steph .) Schiffn ., afforded five new naphtho‐γ‐pyrones, rubrofusarin‐6‐O‐α‐D ‐ribofuranoside ( 1 ), (R)‐10‐(3‐succinimidyl)‐TMC‐256A1 ( 2 ), asperpyrone E ( 3 ), isoaurasperone A ( 4 ), and isoaurasperone F ( 5 ), as well as four known ones, dianhydroaurasperone C ( 6 ), aurasperone D ( 7 ), asperpyrone D ( 8 ), and asperpyrone A ( 9 ), together with a cytotoxic cyclic pentapeptide, malformin A₁ ( 10 ). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of dimeric naphtho‐γ‐pyrones 3 – 9 were also determined by analysis of their respective CD spectra.     

中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

Inhibitory effect of oral Lactobacillus against oral pathogens

Aims: To determine the inhibitory effect of oral Lactobacillus against putative oral pathogens. Methods and Results: Total 357 strains comprising 10 species of oral Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus fermentum (195), Lactobacillus salivarius (53), Lactobacillus casei (20), Lactobacillus gasseri (18), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (14), Lactobacillus paracasei (12), Lactobacillus mucosae (12), Lactobacillus oris (12), Lactobacillus plantarum (11) and Lactobacillus vaginalis (10) were used as producer strains. Inhibitory effect against a panel of indicators, periodontitis‐ and caries‐related pathogens, was assessed. Most oral Lactobacillus was able to inhibit the growth of both periodontitis‐ and caries‐related pathogens. The strongest inhibitory activity was associated with Lact. paracasei, Lact. plantarum, Lact. rhamnosus, Lact. casei and Lact. salivarius. Lactobacillus SD1–SD6, representing the six species with the strong inhibitory effect, inhibited growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 in the biofilm model. Also, it was demonstrated that growth of Strep. mutans was inhibited in a mixture with Lact. paracasei SD1. The inhibition was enhanced in acidic condition and 5% glucose. Conclusions: The results have shown that oral Lactobacillus SD1–SD6 showed a strong inhibitory effect against Strep. mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, as well as, Gram‐negative periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results indicated that Lactobacillus may be of benefit as probiotics for the prevention of oral diseases.     

Molecular Phylogeny of Rhizophoraceae Based on rbcL Gene Sequences

rbcL sequences to clarify the inter- and intrarelationships of Rhizophoraceae which have been variously discussed. The analyses included 12 of the 15 genera of Rhizophoraceae (4/7 of Macarisieae, 4/4 of Gynotrocheae, and 4/4 of Rhizophoreae) and a few putatively related taxa, including two of the four genera of Anisophylleaceae. The most parsimonious trees supported the monophyly of Rhizophoraceae as well as each of the three traditionally recognized tribes Macarisieae, Gynotrocheae, and Rhizophoreae. The family Rhizophoraceae is a sister taxon to Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) and is further closely related to Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae), Passiflora (Passifloraceae), Turnera (Turneraceae), Ochna (Ochnaceae), Drypetes (Euphorbiaceae), and Humiria (Humiriaceae). Anisophylleaceae, which have often been included in Rhizophoraceae as a tribe or subfamily, are placed in a common clade with Begonia (Begoniaceae), Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae), Coriaria (Coriariaceae), Corynocarpus (Corynocarpaceae), Datisca (Datiscaceae), Tetrameles (Datiscaceae), and Octomeles (Datiscaceae). Within Rhizophoraceae the mangrove tribe Rhizophoreae is sister to the inland tribe Gynotrocheae, with inland tribe Macarisieae positioned as a sister taxon to these two tribes. This pattern of relationships within the family basically agrees with those suggested by cladistic analyses based on morphological characters, except that Gynotrocheae are monophyletic with Crossostylis as a derived taxon within the tribe in the present study. Based on this cladogram for Rhizophoraceae, we discuss evolutionary trends of a few ecological and morphological characters, including the formation of aerial roots and the ovary position. Received 12 August 1999/ Accepted in revised form 11 October 1999     

Redescription of the fish parasite Nerocila japonica Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae), with comments on previous records of N. acuminata in Japanese waters

Nerocila japonica Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 is redescribed based on the holotype and specimens from various localities in Japanese waters. The following fishes are recorded as new hosts: Tribolodon hakonensis (Cyprinidae), Mugil cephalus, Liza affinis, Chelon haematocheilus (Mugilidae), Lateolabrax japonicus, L. latus (Lateolabracidae), Acanthopagrus latus, A. schlegelii schlegelii (Sparidae), Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus (Terapontidae), Ditrema viride, D. temminckii temminckii (Embiotocidae), Chaenogobius gulosus, Acanthogobius flavimanus (Gobiidae), Pseudolabrus sp. (Labridae) and Aluterus monoceros (Monacanthidae). Specimens previously recorded as ‘Nerocila acuminata’ from Toyama Bay (the Sea of Japan) were examined, when available, and re-identified as N. japonica. As there has been no reliable record of N. acuminata Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 from off Japan, reports of this species in Japanese waters are considered to represent N. japonica.     

Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from coypus (Myocastor coypus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The occurrence of mycotic agents was investigated by hair-brush technique on the coat of 162 naturalized coypus (Myocastor coypus) and 64 indigenous brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) originating from the same protected area in Central Italy. The isolates from positive coypus (29.6%) were identified as Microsporum gypseum (14.8%), Trichophyton terrestre (9.8%), Alternaria sp. (3.7%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.5%), Cladosporium sp. (1.8%), Scopulariopsis sp. (1.2%), and Chrysosporium keratinophilum (0.6%), whereas the isolates from positive rats (46.7%) were identified as M. gypseum (28.1%), T. mentagrophytes (12.5%), Chrysosporium tropicum and T. terrestre (3.1% each), and Chrysosporium inops (1.6%). Statistically, brown rats were more likely to harbor fungal agents (P < 0.05) on their coat than coypus, especially T. mentagrophytes (P < 0.01) and M. gypseum (P < 0.05). No positive animal showed dermatological lesions. The present results are the first providing basic information on the coat’s mycoflora of a wild coypu population. It is concluded that the coypu, an allochthonous rodent in Italy, can play a role as natural animal reservoir of dermatophytes and as carrier of keratinophilic and saprophytic fungi within its new habitat, though to a lesser extent than indigenous rats. Therefore, people who are exposed to the risk of contact with the coat of rats and coypus should take all the cautions needed to protect themselves from mycotic agents potentially transmissible to humans.     

Effect of frozen storage on fatty acid composition of the different tissues of four scombrid and one dussumeriid species

In the current study, the effect of frozen storage at ?18°C was evaluated on fatty acid composition of different body parts (liver, muscle tissue, and viscera) of narrow‐barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson, Lacépède, 1800), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol, Bleeker, 1851), kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis, Cantor, 1849), king mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus, Bloch & Schneider, 1801), and rainbow sardine (Dussumieria acuta, Valenciennes, 1847) caught in the Persian Gulf. Changes in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/palmitic acid (EPA+DHA/C16), ω3 PUFA/ω6 PUFA (ω3/ω6), and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) were investigated during a 6‐month period. A decrease in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly PUFAs (60–100%) as well as ω3/ω6, EPA+DHA/C16 (polyene index) and PUFA/SFA ratios, indicated a decrease in the nutritional values of the samples.     

Carrion flies of forensic interest: a study of seasonal community composition and succession in Lisbon,Portugal

Information on Diptera community, seasonality and successional patterns in every geographical region is fundamental for the use of flies as forensic indicators of time of death. In order to obtain these data from the Lisbon area (Portugal), experiments were conducted during the four seasons of the year, using piglet carcasses as animal models. Five stages were recognized during the decomposition process. The stages, besides visually defined, could be separated taking into account the occurrence and abundance of the specific groups of Diptera collected. In general, the bloated stage recorded higher abundance and species‐richness values. Seventy‐one species were identified, belonging to 39 families, in a total of 20 144 adult Diptera collected. Autumn yielded the highest values of species richness, whereas winter had the lowest. In all seasons of the year, Calliphoridae was the dominant family; Muscidae and Fanniidae were very abundant as well. Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy, Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Lucilia ampullacea Villeneuve, Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus), Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Calliphoridae), Hydrotaea ignava (Harris), Muscina prolapsa (Harris), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp) (Muscidae), Piophila megastigmata McAlpine, Stearibia nigriceps (Meigen) (Piophilidae) and Nemopoda nitidula (Fallén) (Sepsidae) were revealed to be very important members of the Diptera community collected. The necrophagous behaviour, demonstrated by their immatures, using carrion as a food source makes them useful forensic indicator species. Also of relevance is the presence of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), S. nudiseta and P. megastigmata, foreign species established in the local carrion communities. This study also marks the first record of S. nudiseta in Portugal.     

Syntheses,Characterizations, and Biological Activities of Tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl Acetates as Sex Attractants of Leaf‐Mining Moth of the Genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The four possible isomers of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate and corresponding alcohols were synthesized stereoselectively by synthetic routes employing Wittig coupling reaction for the preparation of (Z,E)‐ and (Z,Z)‐isomers, and alkylation of terminal alkynes for the preparation of (E,E)‐ and (E,Z)‐isomers as the key steps. Synthetic products were characterized by ¹³C‐ and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy as well as mass‐spectrometric methods. All four isomers gave distinctive mass spectra where m/z 81 fragments clearly dominated. Elution order, followed by retention index presented in parenthesis, of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐ols was determined as (Z,Z) (2082.1), (Z,E) (2082.8), (E,E) (2083.1), and (E,Z) (2083.2) from unpolar SPB‐1 column, and as (E,E) (2210.2), (Z,E) (2222.1), (E,Z) (2223.4), and (Z,Z) (2224.7) from polar DB‐WAX column. The isomers of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetates eluted in the order of (Z,Z) (2176.1), (Z,E) (2178.4), (E,Z) (2185.9), and (E,E) (2186.4) from SPB‐1, and (Z,E) (2124.3), (E,E) (2157.7), (Z,Z) (2128.9), and (E,Z) (2135.9) from DB‐WAX columns. Field‐screening tests for attractiveness of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetates revealed that (4Z,8E)‐tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate significantly attracted Phyllonorycter coryli and Chrysoesthia drurella males. (4E,8E)‐Tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate was the most efficient attractant for Ph. esperella and Ph. saportella males, and (4E,8Z)‐tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate was attractive to Ph. cerasicolella males.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatiles from Degenia velebitica, a European stenoendemic plant of the Brassicaceae family

Free and glucosidic bound leaf volatiles of Degenia velebitica were isolated and fractionated simultaneously into H₂O‐soluble, H₂O‐insoluble, and highly volatile compounds by hydrodistillation–adsorption (HDA) and analyzed by GC/MS. Among the 24 constituents identified, the main compounds obtained by the HDA method were S‐ and/or N‐atom containing compounds, i.e., 6‐(methylsulfanyl)hexanenitrile ( 10 ; 26.78%), dimethyl trisulfide ( 6 ; 26.35%), 3,4,5‐trimethylpyrazole ( 17 ; 13.33%), hex‐5‐enenitrile ( 2 ; 10.11%), dimethyl tetrasulfide ( 8 ; 4.93%), and pent‐4‐enyl isothiocyanate ( 7 ; 4.45%). In addition, O‐glycosidically bound volatiles and free volatiles were isolated by solvent extraction. Sixteen volatile O‐aglycones and twelve free volatile components were identified. The main O‐aglycones were eugenol ( 19 ; 24.15%), 2‐methoxy‐4‐vinylphenol ( 11 ; 11.50%), and benzyl alcohol ( 20 ; 9.49%), and the main free volatiles were (9Z,12Z)‐octa‐9,12‐dienic acid (38.35%), hexadecanoic acid (22.64%), and phytol (5.80%). The H₂O‐soluble volatile fraction obtained by HDA, containing mostly glucosinolate degradation products and 3,4,5‐trimethylpyrazole ( 17 ), was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by determining inhibition zones with the diffusion method as well as minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC) with the micro‐dilution method. The fraction expressed activity against the tested Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria as well as against yeast, with MIC values equal to or lower than 16.7 μg/ml.     

Rust fungi in the subantarctic islands of New Zealand

Twenty-four species of rust fungi known from Auckland Islands and Campbell Island are listed, together with details of their host plants. Several species are recorded for the first time in these subantarctic islands. Four species are newly described and illustrated, viz., Milesia polystichi-vestiti on Polystichum vestitum (Dryopteridaceae), Petersonia dracophylli on Dracophyllum longifolium (Epacridaceae), Puccinia austrina on Isolepis habra (Cyperaceae), and Puccinia chathamica on Carex trifida (Cyperaceae). Uredo inflatus is transferred to Uromyces (as Uromyces inflatus comb. nov.) following recognition of the spores on Anisotome latifolia (Apiaceae) as teliospores.     

Chemotype Diversity of Indigenous Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Populations in Montenegro

To identify how many chemotypes of Salvia officinalis exist in Montenegro, the chemical composition of the essential oils of 12 wild‐growing populations was determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Among the 40 identified constituents, the most abundant were cis‐thujone (16.98–40.35%), camphor (12.75–35.37%), 1,8‐cineol (6.40–12.06%), trans‐thujone (1.5–10.35%), camphene (2.26–9.97%), borneol (0.97–8.81%), viridiflorol (3.46–7.8%), limonene (1.8–6.47%), α‐pinene (1.59–5.46%), and α‐humulene (1.77–5.02%). The composition of the essential oils under study did not meet the ISO 9909 requirements, while the oils of populations P02–P04, P09, and P10 complied with the German Drug Codex. A few of the main essential‐oil constituents appeared to be highly intercorrelated. Strong positive correlations were observed between α‐pinene and camphene, camphene and camphor, as well as between cis‐thujone and trans‐thujone. Strong negative correlations were evidenced between cis‐thujone and α‐pinene, cis‐thujone and champhene, cis‐thujone and camphor, as well as between trans‐thujone and camphene. Multivariate analyses allowed the grouping of the populations into three distinct chemotypes, i.e., Chemotype A, rich in total thujones, Chemotype B, with intermediate contents of thujones, α‐pinene, camphene, and camphor and high borneol contents, and Chemotype C, rich in camphor, camphene, and α‐pinene. The chemotypes did not significantly differ in the total essential‐oil content and the cis/trans‐thujone ratio.     

Endophytic fungi from rhizomes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paris polyphylla</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">yunnanensis</Emphasis>

About 63 fungal endophytic isolates were separated from rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which is a traditional medicinal plant mainly distributed in China. The isolates were characterized and grouped based on the culture characteristics and the morphology of colony growth and conidia. Eleven representative ones were selected for further taxonomical identification. Five genera namely Fusarium, Gliocladiopsis, Gliomastix, Aspergillus and Cylindrocarpon were identified on the basis of their morphological characterizations. Of them, the most frequent genus was Fusarium (i.e. Ppf1, Ppf3 and Ppf14). Their ITS-rDNA sequences were compared with those available in the GeneBank databases to obtain the closest related species by BLAST analysis as well as to analyze their phylogenetic affiliation. The isolates were identified as Gliocladiopsis irregularis (Ppf2), Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Ppf4), Padospora sp. (Ppf6), Gliomastix murorum var. murorum (Ppf7), Aspergillus fumigatus (Ppf9), Pichia guilliermondii (Ppf10), Neonectria radicicola (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon) (Ppf12) and one uncultured mycorrhizal ascomycete (Ppf13) separately based on their morphological and molecular features. The molecular characters of the endophytic fungi were basically coincident with their morphology. The broad diversity and taxonomic spectrum were exhibited by the endophytic fungi from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.     

Conventional and Molecular Identification of Bacteria with Magnesite Enrichment Potential from Local Quarries in Erzurum

In this study, the bacteria having ore enrichment potential were isolated from three different magnesite quarries located in Erzurum-Askale borderlines. The obtained isolates were identified and characterized according to the conventional (morphological, physiological and biochemical tests) and molecular techniques (fatty acid methyl ester profiles (FAME), BOX PCR and 16S rDNA). According to sequence analysis, they were determined as Exiguobacterium aurantiacum (4), Exiguobacterium sibiricum (2), Bacillus sp. (2), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1), Shewanella baltica (1) and Klebsiella oxytoca (1), respectively.     

Phospholipids of the organs and tissues of echinoderms and tunicates from peter the great bay (Sea of Japan)

The phospholipid compositions of organs and tissues were determined in representatives of two phyla of marine invertebrates: Echinodermata [Asteroidea: Aphelasterias japonica (Bell, 1881), Evasterias echinosoma Fisher, 1926, Distolasterias nipon (Doderlein, 1902), Asterias amurensis Lutken, 1871; Echinoidea: Strongylocentrotus intermedius (A. Agassiz, 1863); Holothurioidea: Cucumaria frondosa japonica (Semper, 1868), Eupentacta fraudatrix (Djakonov et Baranova, 1958), Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867)], and Tunicata [Ascidia: Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas, 1787), H. roretzi (Drasche, 1884), and Styela clava (Herdman, 1881)]. The specificity of phospholipid distribution was shown to be related to the taxonomic position of marine invertebrates and the functional properties of their organs and tissues. Ceramide aminoethylphosphonate was found only in the digestive organs of all holothurians and the starfishes D. nipon and A. amurensis, suggesting its exogenous origin. Phosphatidylglycerol was found in all organs and tissues of the holothurians C. frondosa japonica and E. fraudatrix, as well as in the gastrointestinal tract of ascidians; its origin is unclear.     

A microbiological study of Sobia: a fermented beverage in the Western province of Saudi Arabia

Sobia is a traditional fermented beverage prepared from wheat and malt flours in the Western province of Saudi Arabia. Fourteen samples of sobia were collected from Makkah Al-Mukarrmah (Western province) and from Riyadh (Central province). Samples were examined microbiologically for total bacterial counts, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and moulds as well as coliforms. Titratable acidity and pH were also analysed. The results revealed that sobia samples had high total bacterial and lactic acid bacteria counts that ranged from 4.17 to 8.09 log c.f.u./ml and from 4.01 to 8.19 log c.f.u./ml respectively. Yeasts and moulds counts ranged from 3.96 to 5.87 log c.f.u./ml. The coliform count was from 0.67 to 3.84 log c.f.u./ml. Acidity expressed as percent lactic acid ranged from 0.04 to 0.30%, while the pH of the samples ranged from 3.37 to 5.53. Identification of microorganisms in sobia revealed the presence of lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, yeasts and moulds. Lactic acid bacteria consisted of Lactobacillus cellobiosus (26.8%), L. buchneri (17.9%), L. plantarum (8.9%), L. brevis (23.2%), L. delbrueckii. delbrueckii (8.9%), Leuconostoc lactis (8.9%), and Pediococcus pentosaceus (5.4%). Coliforms consisted of Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.8%), Enterobacter aerogenes (6.1%), E. sakazakii (33.3%), E. cloacae (19.7%), and Serratia liquefaciens (3%). Yeasts comprised Saccharomyces cerevisiae (27.6%), Candida tropicalis (26.3%), C. ciferrii (13.1%), C. guilliermondii (13.1%), C. lipolytica (6.58%), Kloeckera japonica (13.1%), and Rhodotorula rubra (1.3%). All moulds were Penicillium spp.     

山西省不同地区柴胡根部可培养内生真菌的多样性分析

为研究柴胡（Bupleurum chinense DC.）根部可培养内生真菌的多样性，分析山西省不同地区柴胡根部可培养内生真菌多样性的差异性，建立柴胡根部内生真菌库。本文以山西省不同产地的柴胡根为材料，采用传统植物组织平板分离法对柴胡根部可培养内生真菌进行分离培养和分子鉴定。从25个不同产地的柴胡样品根部中共分离培养得到705株真菌，经分子生物学鉴定，其中695株真菌归属为4门14纲23目32科55属119种。晋南地区的优势菌属为镰刀菌属（Fusarium, 32.18%）、亚隔孢壳属（Didymella, 15.96%）、曲霉属（Aspergillus, 8.24%）、异茎点霉属（Paraphoma, 6.91%）、茎点球属（Phoma, 5.32%）、链格孢属（Alternaria, 5.05%），晋北地区的优势菌属为镰刀菌属（31.66%）、曲霉属（15.36%）、链格孢属（9.09%）、亚隔孢壳属（8.15%）、异茎点霉属（7.52%），亚隔孢壳属、曲霉属、链格孢属等优势属的相对丰度差异较大；晋南地区的优势物种为Didymella bellidis（11.44%）、三线镰刀菌（Fusarium tricinctum, 7.98%）、腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani, 7.45%）、锐顶镰孢菌（Fusarium acuminatum, 5.85%）、烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus, 5.85%），晋北地区的优势物种为锐顶镰孢菌（14.11%）、烟曲霉（11.91%）、三线镰刀菌（9.40%）、菊异茎点霉（Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, 5.64%）、D. bellidis（5.64%）、链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata, 5.64%），D. bellidis、锐顶镰孢菌、烟曲霉等优势种的相对丰度差异较大。差异性分析表明晋南地区的生物多样性显著高于晋北地区，D. bellidis、锐顶镰孢菌、烟曲霉等优势种的相对丰度差异较大，为进一步研究柴胡根内生真菌相对丰度差异较大的物种及其不同菌株对柴胡皂苷积累的影响提供参考。