Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibitory Compounds from Aerial Parts of Varthemia iphionoides Boiss

Various extracts of aerial parts of Varthemia (Varthemia iphionoides Boiss) were investigated for radical-scavenging activity, antioxidative activity, and porcine pancreas α-amylase inhibitory activity. The ethanol and water extracts showed a pronounced 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, with inhibition of about 90% at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, and α-amylase inhibitory activity of about 70% at a concentration of 200 μg/ml by the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl α-maltotrioside (CNP-G₃) degradation method. The ethanol extract was purified by column chromatography to give seven 3-methoxyflavones (1–7) and eudesmane sesquiterpene, selina-4,11(13)-dien-3-on-12-oic acid (8). The structures of these compounds were established by NMR, MS, and UV spectroscopy. Of 3-methoxyflavones, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxyflavone (2), and 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,7,3′-trimethoxyflavone (3,7,3′-tri-O-methyl-quercetin) (7) exhibited pronounced radical-scavenging activity. The antioxidative activity in the linoleic acid system was considerable in compounds 1, 2, and 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (4). Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5 (5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone), and 6 (5,4′-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone) showed markedly high inhibitory activity against porcine pancreas α-amylase. Eudesmane sesquiterpene did not show any activity.     

Antioxidative activity of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato, Ipomoera batatas cultivar Ayamurasaki

We evaluated the antioxidative activity of anthocyanins from an extract of the tuber of purple sweet potato (PSP) (Ipomoea batatas cultivar Ayamurasaki). Anthocyanins from PSP showed stronger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity than anthocyanins from red cabbage, grape skin, elderberry, or purple corn, and eight major components of the anthocyanins from PSP showed higher levels of activity than ascorbic acid. In PSP anthocyanin-injected rats and PSP beverage-administered volunteers, DPPH radical-scavenging activity in the urine increased. The elevation of plasma transaminase activities induced by carbon tetrachloride was depressed in rats administered PSP anthocyanin solution. Two components, cyanidin 3-O-(2-O-(6-O-(E)-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranocyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoide)-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and peonidin 3-O-(2-O-(6-O-(E)-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranocyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoide)-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, which were detected in the plasma, protected low density lipoprotein from oxidation at a physiological concentration. These results indicate that PSP anthocyanins have antioxidative activity in vivo as well as in vitro.     

Antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory compounds from aerial parts of Varthemia iphionoides Boiss

Various extracts of aerial parts of Varthemia (Varthemia iphionoides Boiss) were investigated for radical-scavenging activity, antioxidative activity, and porcine pancreas alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The ethanol and water extracts showed a pronounced 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, with inhibition of about 90% at a concentration of 100 microg/ml, and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of about 70% at a concentration of 200 microg/ml by the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl alpha-maltotrioside (CNP-G3) degradation method. The ethanol extract was purified by column chromatography to give seven 3-methoxyflavones (1-7) and eudesmane sesquiterpene, selina-4,11(13)-dien-3-on-12-oic acid (8). The structures of these compounds were established by NMR, MS, and UV spectroscopy. Of 3-methoxyflavones, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxyflavone (2), and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone (3,7,3'-tri-O-methyl-quercetin) (7) exhibited pronounced radical-scavenging activity. The antioxidative activity in the linoleic acid system was considerable in compounds 1, 2, and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (4). Compounds 1, 2, 4, 5 (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxyflavone), and 6 (5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone) showed markedly high inhibitory activity against porcine pancreas alpha-amylase. Eudesmane sesquiterpene did not show any activity.     

Studies on the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of enzyme-assisted water extracts from Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) leaves

Enzyme-assisted water extracts (EWEDL) and ethanol extracts of Du-zhong leaves (EEDL) were evaluated for their antioxidant activities using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay, Fe²⁺-chelating assay, and inhibition ability of the linoleic acid peroxidation assay. In general, the antioxidant activity of Du-zhong leaf extracts increased with increasing concentration. Based on the two extracting methods with different antioxidative reactions, it was shown that the enzyme-assisted water extracting method was more effective for antioxidant extraction from Du-zhong leaves. By HPLC-MS analysis, the main phenolic compounds (geniposidic acid, epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid) identified in EWEDL and EEDL were similar. EWEDL and EEDL had total phenolic contents of 13.84?±?0.11 and 14.72?±?0.14?mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (CAE) in each gram of extract, respectively. However, there was no positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of EWEDL and EEDL measured by the three different assays.     

Antioxidative compounds from Crotalaria sessiliflora

Seven antioxidative compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the aerial part of C. sessiliflora (Japanese name, tanukimame) by activity-guided fractionation with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Among the isolated compounds, hydroxyeucomic acid showed the strongest free radical-scavenging activity, which was almost identical to that of epigallocatechin gallate, against DPPH. Orientin and isoorientin showed strong anti-peroxidative activities toward linoleic acid and protective effects against the bactericidal action of the tert-butyl peroxyl radical. Their activities were nearly equal to that of epigallocatechin gallate.     

Optimization of the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant activity from Malva parviflora L. leaves using Box–Behnken design

Abstract

Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction conditions of polyphenols from Malva (Malva parviflora L.) leaves. The effect of ethanol concentration (20–80%), solvent/leaf powder ratio (10:1 to 30:1, v/w) and extraction time (5–45?min) on the polyphenols yield and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the obtained extracts were investigated. Quadratic models fit well. The optimal conditions (53.40% ethanol, solvent/leaf powder ratio 20:1 (v/w), and 15?min) resulted in an extract with a maximum yield of polyphenols (1098.4?mg GAE/100?g leaf powder) and high inhibition percentage of DPPH radical (33.31%) with desirability 0.742. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the major identified polyphenol compounds extracted at the optimal conditions were naringenin, ρ-coumaric acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin, and cinnamic acid. These findings indicate that M. parviflora leaf extracts possess DPPH radical scavenging activity and could be used as a natural source for bioactive products.     

An Antioxidant of Dried Chili Pepper Maintained Its Activity through Postharvest Ripening for 18 Months

The antioxidant properties of hot-water extracts from a dried chili pepper were maintained through the postharvest ripening process at 10 °C for 18 months. In order to isolate the antioxidant from the ripe pepper, we fractionated hot-water extracts by size-exclusion gel chromatography. A certain fraction showed antioxidative activity via the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity assay. Structural analysis by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), LC-MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that the antioxidant was a known compound, p-coumaryl alcohol. This study indicates that an effective antioxidant in chili pepper sustains its antioxidative effects during the postharvest ripening process.     

In vitro bioactivities and preparation of nanoemulsion from coconut oil loaded Curcuma aromatica extracts for cosmeceutical delivery systems

Curcuma aromatica (CA) is a herbaceous plant in the Zingiberaceae family. It has antioxidative activity and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of solvents and extraction methods on CA rhizomes. The crude extracts were tested for phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidative activity by DPPH and lipid peroxidation assay, and protein denaturation inhibition. The crude extracts with 95% ethanol by maceration technique showed good results. It had phenolic content at 99.28 ± 1.09 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoid content at 397.00 ± 27.54 mg QE/g extract, antioxidative activity by DPPH assay and lipid peroxidation assay at IC₅₀ value of 0.55 ± 0.02 mg/ml and 0.60 ± 0.10 mg/ml, respectively. The percentage of protein denaturation inhibition was 65.97 ± 4.68%. The crude extract with 95% ethanol by maceration technique was selected to formulate nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion formulation consisted of DI water, Tween 80, CA extract, coconut oil and Span 80 at 72.50, 12.93, 7.07, 5.00 and 2.5%w/w, respectively. Its appearance was an opaque yellow liquid with no precipitation and no phase separation at room temperature. The particle size, pH, and viscosity were 70.20 ± 0.38 nm, 5.87 ± 0.01 and 3.56 ± 0.24 cP, respectively. Nanoemulsion loaded CA extract had bioactivities and highly stable characteristics after heating–cooling test for 6 cycles. This study has demonstrated the potential of nanoemulsion from coconut oil loaded CA extract for further development to novel cosmetic products.     

Antioxidative properties of ascorbigen in using multiple antioxidant assays

The antioxidative properties of ascorbigen, one of the major indole-derived compounds of Brassica vegetables, were systematically evaluated using multiple assay systems with comparison to the well-known antioxidants ascorbic acid and Trolox. We first performed assays using model radicals, DPPH radical, galvinoxyl radical, and ABTS radical cation (ABTS^?+). Ascorbigen showed stronger activity than that of ascorbic acid in the ABTS^?+-scavenging assay but showed no activity in the DPPH radical- and galvinoxyl radical-scavenging assays. In the ABTS^?+-scavenging assay, the indole moiety of ascorbigen contributed to scavenging of the radicals to produce indole-3-aldehyde as one of the final reaction products. The activity of ascorbigen was then evaluated by an oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay and an oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay using physiologically relevant peroxyl radicals, AAPH-derived radicals. Ascorbigen showed much stronger antioxidant activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox. Therefore, antioxidant activity of ascorbigen might be more beneficial than has been thought for daily health care.     

毛药忍冬花蕾抗氧化活性部位化学成分研究

毛药忍冬(Lonicera serreana)为忍冬属(Lonicera)植物,其花和果实入药,具有清热解毒、凉散风热之功效,但至今缺乏系统化学成分及药理活性研究。为了寻找毛药忍冬中天然抗氧化活性成分,进一步开发利用忍冬属药用植物资源,该研究以DPPH自由基清除法为活性指导,首次对毛药忍冬干燥花蕾75%乙醇提取物的不同极性萃取部位进行抗氧化活性测试,结果发现乙酸乙酯萃取物表现出最强的抗氧化活性(平均清除率为89.45%)。进一步应用现代色谱手段(硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等),从毛药忍冬花蕾的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离单体化合物,运用现代光谱分析技术(MS、1 H-NMR、13 C-NMR、COSY、HSQC、HMBC、ROESY),并结合文献数据鉴定化合物的化学结构。结果表明:从毛药忍冬干燥花蕾75%乙醇提取物中共分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为4个酚酸类化合物:绿原酸(1)、绿原酸甲酯(2)、绿原酸乙酯(3)、咖啡酸(4);4个黄酮类化合物:木犀草素(5)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、槲皮素(7)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8);1个甾醇类化合物:β-谷甾醇(9)。所有化合物均为从毛药忍冬花蕾中首次分离得到。研究结果可为抗氧化类相关产品的开发提供科学依据。     

A New Proteolytic Enzyme from Achromobacter lyticus M497-1

Potent antioxidative hydroxyflavanones were produced with Aspergillus saitoi from hesperidin or naringin, which are flavanone glycosides in citrus fruit with weak antioxidative activity. The hydroxyflavanone produced from hesperidin was identified as 8-hydroxyhesperetin (8-HHE), a novel substance, and those from naringin were identified as carthamidin (6-hydroxynaringenin) and isocarthamidin (8-hydroxynaringenin) by FAB-MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR analyses. The antioxidative activity of these hydroxyflavanones was examined by using the free radical-scavenging system of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the methyl linoleate oxidation system. The hydroxyflavanones (8-HHE, carthamidin, and isocarthamidin) exhibited stronger activity than the flavanone glycosides (hesperidin or naringin) and their aglycones (hesperetin or naringenin). The activity of 8-HHE and isocarthamidin was comparable to that of α-tocopherol, and that of carthamidin was weaker than that of isocarthamidin. The hydroxyflavanones, which were hydroxylated on A ring of flavanone by Aspergillus saitoi, were obtained as potent antioxidants.     

Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Characterization of Selected High-Value Components from Gemlik Olive Fruit

This article presents an optimized ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction (UAEE) and characterization of selected high-value components from Gemlik olive fruit (GOF) harvested from Potohar region of Pakistan. Response surface methodology (RSM), involving central composite design (CCD), was applied to optimize the extraction variables i. e., temperature (25–65 °C), extraction time (15–45 min) and aqueous ethanol concentration (60–90 %) for optimal recovery of bioactives extract, total phenolic contents (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavengers. Under the optimized set of conditions such as 43 °C temperature, 32 min extraction time and 80 % aqueous ethanol, the best extract yield (218.82 mg/g), TPC (19.87 mg GAE/g) and DPPH scavenging activity (63.04 %) were recorded. A quadratic polynomial model was found to be reasonably fitted to the observed results for extract yield (p<0.0001 and R²=0.9941), TPC (p<0.0001 and R²=0.9891), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.0001 and R²=0.9692). Potent phenolic compounds were identified by GC/MS in GOF extract and considerable amount of essential fatty acids were also detected. The current findings support the use of UAEE as an effective green route for optimized recovery of high-value components from GOF and hence its applications can be extended to functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical developments.     

New series of avenanthramides in oat seed

Avenanthramides are characteristic constituents of oat seeds. We analyzed the methanol extract of oat seeds by HPLC and detected three compounds 1, 2, and 3 eluted at retention times similar to avenanthramides. The three compounds were purified by column chromatography and HPLC. Spectroscopic analyses of 1, 2, and 3 suggested that they are amides of 4,5-dihydroxyanthranilic acid with caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids, respectively. Their identities were confirmed by comparing spectra and chromatographic behavior with compounds synthesized from 4,5-dihydroxyanthranilic acid and N-hyrdroxysuccinimide esters of hydroxycinnamic acids. LC-MS/MS analysis with multiple reaction monitoring showed that the amounts of 1, 2, and 3 were 16.5–26.9% of corresponding avenanthamides with 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 showed stronger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity than the corresponding avenanthramides with 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid, indicating the involvement of 4,5-dihydroxyanthranilic acid moiety in the scavenging of DPPH radicals.     

Fermented soybean meal extract improves oxidative stress factors in the lung of inflammation/infection animal model

Context

Fermented soybean products have been used in various ways, and more research is being conducted on them to reveal their benefit.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative activity of fermented soybean meal extract by Lactobacillus plantarum in vitro and in vivo tests.

Materials and methods

A Lactobacillus plantarum strain RM10 was selected through plate and fermentation experiment, which increased the degree of protein hydrolysis (1.015 μg/mL) and antioxidant activity in soybean meal fermented by selected bacteria (FSBM). In vivo study was done on septic rats as an inflammation/infection model, and then the trial groups were treated with different concentrations of fermented soybean meal extracts (FSBM, 5, 10, and 20%).

Results

DPPH radical-scavenging and ferrozine ion-chelating activity enhanced (P < 0.05) after fermentation of soybean meal compared to control group. Reduced (P < 0.05) expression of inflammatory genes and enzymes was detected in the lungs of rats treated with fermented soybean meal extract.

Discussion and conclusions

These results demonstrated that a diet containing fermented soybean meal extract improved extreme inflammatory response in an infectious disease like sepsis by reducing inflammatory factors.

     

Antioxidant activities of edible lichen Ramalina conduplicans and its free radical-scavenging constituents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of an edible lichen Ramalina conduplicans. The extract exhibited potent anti-linoleic acid peroxidation activity, free radical-scavenging activity, and reducing power. The total phenolic contents were found to be high in the extract. Activity-guided bioautographic thin layer chromatography (TLC) and HPLC identified sekikaic acid and homosekikaic acid as the main free radical-scavenging compounds in R. conduplicans extract (IC₅₀ [50% inhibition concentration] = 0.082 and 0.276 mg/ml, respectively). The results suggested that this edible lichen species have the potential to be utilized as food additives or as protective drugs.     

New phenolic constituents from Balanophora polyandra with radical-scavenging activity

The 80% acetone extract of Balanophora polyandra Griff. (Balanophoraceae) was found to exhibit high radical-scavenging activity (SC(50)=14.48 mug/ml) towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Further chemical investigation led the isolation of two new hydrolysable tannins, balapolyphorins A (1) and B (2), together with 20 known phenolic compounds (3-22). Their structures were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis, and the radical-scavenging properties of all isolated compounds were determined by DPPH assay.     

Synthesis and biological activity of halophenols as potent antioxidant and cytoprotective agents

A series of new bromophenols and chlorophenols were prepared by a practical route. The in vitro antioxidative activity of the halophenols was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay, and their cytoprotective activity was also tested on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). All halophenols tested displayed moderate to good DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and two bromophenols, 2,3′-dibromo-4,5,6′-trihydroxydiphenylmethanone (16c) and 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxydiphenylmethanone (17c) exhibited high protective activity against H₂O₂-induced injury in HUVEC with EC₅₀ values of 0.4 and 0.8 μM, respectively. The preliminary structure–activity relationships of these compounds were also investigated in order to determine the essential structures required for their bioactivities.     

The detection of radical scavenging compounds in crude extract of borage (Borago officinalis L.) by using an on-line HPLC-DPPH method

The rapid evaluation of antioxidant activity of crude borage (Borago officinalis L.) extract was determined by using DPPH free radical method. This borage extract resulted in a rapid decrease of the absorbance and showed very high hydrogen-donating capacity towards the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. A new HPLC-DPPH on-line method was applied for a screening of several radical scavenging components in this borage extract as well as for quantitative analysis. This on-line HPLC-DPPH method was developed using a methanolic solution of DPPH-stable radical. The HPLC-separated analytes reacted post-column with the DPPH solution in methanol. The induced bleaching was detected as a negative peak photometrically at 515 nm. The separation of antioxidative components was carried out by gradient HPLC with mobile-phase composition ranging from 2% to 80% acetonitrile with 2% acetic acid in water, UV detection was carried out at 280 nm. The HPLC analysis of borage extract revealed the presence of several radical scavenging components in the borage extract. The results obtained from the chromatograms suggest that some compounds present in the extract possess high radical quenching ability. The dominant antioxidative compound in the crude extract of borage leaves was identified as rosmarinic acid.     

加工因素对橄榄叶提取物抗氧化活性的影响

研究在橄榄叶加工过程中,加工因素对橄榄叶提取物中抗氧化活性的影响,这些因素包括:(1)干燥方式(微波炉干燥,烘箱干燥,低温冷冻干燥和熏蒸及烘箱结合干燥);(2)提取方式(超声波提取和搅拌式提取);(3)提取溶剂的酸度(pH 4、7、10).实验将总多酚含量和清除自由基活性作为衡量提取物抗氧化有效成分和活性的指标.研究结果表明,通过低温冷冻干燥、调节pH至4和采用超声波提取的方式,橄榄叶提取物中的抗氧化有效成分最多.本研究对橄榄叶等天然植物中抗氧化成分提取工艺的制定具有参考价值.     

Improved in vitro antioxidant properties and hepatoprotective effects of a fermented Inula britannica extract on ethanol-damaged HepG2 cells

This study aimed to improve antioxidant effect and hepatoprotective effect of Inula britannica using fermentation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in an I. britannica extract was found to be upregulated from 2.06 to 10.28 μg/mg during fermentation (p?<?0.001). After fermentation, DPPH radical-scavenging ABTS radical-scavenging, and superoxide anion-scavenging abilities increased to 92.65%, 694.25 μM Trolox/mL, and 86.38%, respectively, at 500 μg/mL (p?<?0.05). Cupric-ion-reducing capacity with formation of the Cu⁺-neocuproine complex increased by 5.88%, 6.38%, 3.24%, and 8.55% at 62.5 to 500 μg/mL. Ferric-ion-reducing capacity of the fermented extract increased by 20%, 7.16%, 3.85%, and 5.45% at each concentration (p?<?0.05). Unfermented extracts yielded cell viability of 91.42%, 90.59%, 88.38%, and 79.17%, whereas the fermented extract yielded 100.28%, 99.66%, 96.15%, and 89.90%, respectively, at each concentration in ethanol-damaged HepG2 cells (p?<?0.05). Additionally, the fermented extract decreased alanine transaminase activity from 117.2 to 61.7 U/mL in the ethanol-damaged HepG2 cell line (p?<?0.01). Overall, both antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect increased by fermentation in I. britannica extract. These properties are expected to lead to new antioxidant agents via production of EGCG by fermentation.