Comparison of Protective Effect of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Propolis against Gastric Ulceration in Rats

This study focused on the protective effects of different types of propolis extracts on gastric mucosa in indomethacin-induced rats. The animals were divided into nine groups: control, negative control (ulcer), positive control (omeprazole), and experimental groups, which were summarized by 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, bw for aqueous-based and ethanol, respectively. According to the histopathological evaluation, more than others, the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of aqueous-based propolis extracts had different degrees of positive effects on the gastric mucosa. Generally, the biochemical analyses of the gastric tissue showed a correlation with microscopic evaluations. According to the phenolic profile analysis, while pinocembrin (684.34±1.70 μg/ml) and chrysin (540.54±9.06 μg/ml) were the most abundant phenolics in the ethanolic extract, ferulic acid (53.77±0.07 μg/ml) and p-coumaric acid (52.61±0.42 μg/ml) dominated the aqueous-based extract. Also, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extract showed almost nine-fold superiority compared to the aqueous-based extracts. Based on data from preclinical data, it was decided that the best doses for the main goal of the study were 200 mg and 400 mg/kg, bw for aqueous-based propolis extract.     

Determination of Bacterial Diversity of Propolis Microbiota

Propolis is a natural resinous mixture produced by the excretions of honeybees. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene region was achieved using DNA of pre-enriched propolis samples collected from Apis mellifera production hives (n=37) in Eastern Türkiye (Bingöl and its regions). Next-generation sequencing and metabarcoding techniques were used to identify bacterial communities in propolis samples. Firmicutes dominated the phylum structure, with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, and Spirochaetes following. The top three bacterial families were Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Enterococcaceae. Bacillus (dominantly B. badius and B. thermolactis at the species level) was recognized at the genus level, followed by Enterococcus and Clostridium sensu stricto. Our study comprehensively identified the bacterial diversity of propolis samples. Further investigations targeting to enlighten the microbiota of propolis and its potential application fields are required to gain better insight into ecological, nutritional, and medicinal perspectives.     

Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis Extracts and Their Compounds

Propolis is a bee product that has been used in medicine since ancient times. Although its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities have been investigated, its anti-parasitic properties remain poorly explored, especially regarding helminths. This review surveys the results obtained with propolis around the world against human parasites. Regarding protozoa, studies carried out with the protozoa Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. have demonstrated promising results in vitro and in vivo. However, there are fewer studies for Plasmodium spp., the etiological agent of malaria and less so for helminths, particularly for Fasciola spp. and Schistosoma spp. Despite the favorable in vitro results with propolis, helminth assays need to be further investigated. However, propolis has shown itself to be an excellent natural product for parasitology, thus opening new paths and approaches in its activity against protozoa and helminths.     

2008~2012年蜂胶化学成分研究进展

近年来,蜂胶的化学成分成为了国内外蜂胶研究的热点。本文对2008~2012年国内外从蜂胶中分离鉴定出的新化学成分进行了分类汇总,给出了每种化学成分的名称以及蜂胶的地理来源,以期为蜂胶化学成分的研究、胶源植物的确定以及质量控制提供理论依据。本文共列出144种蜂胶中的新成分,其中,类黄酮化合物68种、萜类化合物38种、酚酸类化合物38种。     

Ethanolic extract of mango (Mangifera indica L.) malformed inflorescence as effective antifungal agent

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) suffers from floral and vegetative malformation and crop production is seriously affected. The anti-fungal activity of ethanolic extract of malformed mango inflorescence was observed at different concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 μl/ml) against 10 fungi, viz., Ustilago cynodontis, Cercospora cajani, Sphaerotheca sp., Cercospora sp., Alternaria solani, Bipolaris sp., Helminthosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium udum and Alternaria cajani. Spore germination of most of the fungi was inhibited at 5000 μg/ml. Some of them were also susceptible at 3000 or 4000 μg/ml concentration. Analysis of phenolic acids by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed 18 peaks in the extract, but only four could be identified, viz., capachin, gallic, benzoic and cinnamic acids. Because of the high efficacy of ethanolic extract of malformed mango inflorescence, its use under field conditions to control some plant diseases has been suggested.     

蜂胶乙醇提取物(EEP)对豚鼠胸主动脉的舒张作用

目的:探讨蜂胶水提物(WEP)和乙醇提物(EEP)的血管舒张作用。方法:以离体豚鼠胸主动脉环为材料,采用离体实验方法记录血管收缩张力。结果:对于PE(PE,1μM)和KC1(60mM)预收缩的主动脉环,EEP可以剂量依赖地使其舒张。去除内皮后舒张作用减弱,所以这种作用是内皮依赖性的;使用NO合酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA,10μM)、鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂(methylene blue,10μM)或者前列腺素合成酶抑制剂(indomethacin,10μM)预处理,血管舒张作用也减弱。这提示EEP的作用可能与血管内皮释放的一氧化氮和前列腺素有关;K~ 通道通用抑制剂TEA(tetraethylammonium chloride,1 mM)的处理对EEP的舒血管作用没有影响,显示EEP对豚鼠动脉环的舒张作用与K~ 通道无关;另外,EEP能使CaCl_2的量效曲线下移,说明EEP可以抑制细胞外Ca~(2 )的内流,同时EEP还可以抑制细胞内Ca~(2 )的释放。结论:蜂胶乙醇提取物EEP能剂量依赖地引起离体豚鼠动脉环舒张。这种舒张作用与K~ 通道无关,但受内皮NO-鸟苷酸环化酶途径和前列腺素调控,最终通过降低细胞内Ca~(2 )的浓度舒张血管。     

副猪嗜血杆菌蜂胶苗的制备及免疫效果试验

目的：以原场副猪嗜血杆菌为制苗菌株,制成自家细菌苗,预防本场猪格拉泽氏病。方法：用从河南济源一自繁自养大型养猪场发病猪分离到的副猪嗜血杆菌进行培养,经甲醛灭活,以蜂胶为佐剂,制成原场副猪嗜血杆菌灭活苗,含菌量为200亿/ml。母猪分别于产前30d和15d各注射4ml/头。仔猪出生后,分别在15、30日龄肌肉注射,1.5ml/头。结果：应用试验证明,该灭活苗保护率达98%。结论：该蜂胶苗安全、可靠,对猪格拉泽氏病有较好的预防作用。     

Uncovering Biological Application of Brazilian Green Propolis: A Phenotypic Screening against Schistosoma mansoni

The chemotherapy of schistosomiasis remains centered in the use of praziquantel, however, there has been growing resistant parasites to this drug. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro schistosomicidal activity of the hexanes/dichloromethane 1 : 1 extract of Brazilian green propolis (Pex), as well as its major isolated compounds artepillin C, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and drupanin against Schistosoma mansoni. The Pex was active by displaying an IC₅₀ value of 36.60 (26.26–51.13) μg mL^?1 at 72 h against adult worms of S. mansoni. The major isolated compounds were inactive with IC₅₀ values >100 μM, however, the combination of the isolated compounds (CM) in the same range found in the extract was active with an IC₅₀ value of 41.17 (39.89–42.46) μg mL^?1 at 72 h. Pex and CM induced alteration in the tegument of S. mansoni, and caffeic acid caused alteration in egg's maturation. Pex displayed in vitro activity against adult worms’ and eggs’ viability of S. mansoni, which opens new perspectives to better understand the synergistic and/or additive effects promoted by both Pex extract and CM against schistosomiasis features.     

Morphometric characterisation of the native Honeybee,Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, of Saudi Arabia

The rediscovery of the Minor Snake-eyed Skink, Ablepharus grayanus, from two different localities in Sistan and Baluchestan and Kerman Provinces, southeastern Iran is reported. A total of 24 specimens was examined based on morphometrics, colour pattern and pholidotic characters. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) based on morphometric measurements revealed significant differences in terms of the snoutvent length (SVL) and fore- and hind limb distances (GA) between eastern and western populations of Ablepharus pannonicus. The most distinguishing characters of Ablepharus grayanus are morphological features, especially ear opening status and scales around the midbody (18-20 versus 20-22). Based on morphological grounds, Ablepharus grayanus is clearly distinguished from A. pannonicus occurring in the eastern and western regions of the Iranian Plateau.     

Daily number of bee louse (Braula coeca) in honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. syriaca) colonies maintained under semi‐arid conditions

Experimental work was conducted at two apiaries located in Irbid district and in Shuna North, Jordan, during the years 2004–2006. The aims of these investigations were to estimate the seasonal changes in the infestation rates of the bee louse (Braula sp.) and to develop an easy and rapid method of estimating the infestation rate on workers with bee Braula. Two major honey bee subspecies are reared in Jordan; Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera syriaca were used in this study. The results showed that the infestation rate began to increase rapidly in May, reaching the season's maximum rate of 16.2%, 15.8% and 17.4% for A. m. carnica and 22.6%, 23.9% and 22.9% for A. m. syriaca in December of 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The maximum adult numbers of bees were found in April and June, whereas the minimum for the year was in January in both honey bee subspecies colonies during the study period. The actual population of the bee louse could be estimated by counting the daily dropped lice and multiplying by a factor of 158. This factor is valid for the experimental colonies of both subspecies kept for 3 years under semi‐arid Mediterranean conditions.     

蜂胶的抗炎作用及其机制研究进展

本文通过查阅近年来蜂胶抗炎活性研究的相关文献,对近年来蜂胶改善炎症效果以及蜂胶和部分抗炎药物之间的相互作用进行了综述,并通过分析蜂胶中抗炎活性成分对蜂胶抗炎的作用途径及机制进行了探讨。指出蜂胶的抗炎活性研究对于探讨蜂胶对心血管疾病、消化系统疾病以及内分泌系统疾病的治疗作用机制有着重要的意义,蜂胶和部分抗炎药物之间呈现的协同作用对于开发复方抗炎药物提供了理论基础。     

大蜂螨对一些气味物质的趋性

狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman是意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera Spinola的主要外寄生螨。雌成螨在幼虫巢房封盖前不久侵入幼虫巢房,并开始繁殖为害。从雌成螨在一个很短的时间内进入蜜蜂幼虫巢房,以及雄蜂幼虫巢房蜂螨的寄生率明显高于工蜂幼虫巢房的现象,表明蜜蜂幼虫体表一些信息素(semiochemicals)可能起着重要的引诱作用。作者对与大蜂螨相关的19种气味物质进行筛选,并对封盖前工蜂幼虫和雄蜂幼虫表皮挥发物进行气谱及气-质联谱测定。结果表明:雄蜂6龄幼虫对大蜂螨的引诱作用显著高于丁香水等10种气味物质。工蜂和雄蜂末龄幼虫体表挥发物的共有组份是9-二十三烯(C23H46),但它在雄蜂幼虫中所占的比例要明显高于工蜂幼虫。工蜂幼虫的特有主要组分是十八烷(C18H38)和9-甲基十九烷(C19H40);而雄蜂幼虫的特有主要组分是二十五烷(C25H52)和二十三烷(C23H48)。     

意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)与中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana ceraca)的生态位比较

为了明确中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂在皖南山区生态适应性,研究两种蜜蜂的食物生态位、时间生态位和空间生态位及其差异,结果是中蜂与意蜂食物(蜜源植物)资源生态位宽度分别是 0.923、0.765,中蜂对蜜源植物采集喜好性差异小,而意蜂差异大,中蜂对意蜂生态位重迭为0.160,中蜂对意蜂生态位相似性为0.755;油菜花期,中蜂与意蜂时间资源生态位宽度分别是0.879、0.801,枇杷花期,分别是0.760、0.677,中蜂与意蜂的空间资源生态位宽度分别是0.797、0.670.中蜂3种生态位宽度均大于意蜂,中蜂三维生态位值是意蜂的1.61倍和1.57倍.表明中蜂在皖南山区生态适应性比意蜂强.     

不同来源中国蜂胶水提物的化学组成及抗氧化性

本文研究了季节和地理来源对中国蜂胶水提物的化学成分和抗氧化性的影响。分别采集了来自山东、湖北和海南三个省份不同季节的蜂胶,采用改进的提取方法,得到蜂胶水提物(Water extract of propolis,WEP)。分光光度法测定了WEP的主要化学组成,普鲁士兰法和清除DPPH自由基活性法评价了WEP的抗氧化性。研究结果表明,中国WEP含有总酚和总黄酮等化学成分,具有较好的抗氧化性。季节对中国WEP化学成分和抗氧化性有显著影响。山东和湖北WEP化学成分比较接近,但同海南WEP有显著差异,抗氧化活性也显著强于海南WEP。不同产地和不同采收季节的中国WEP存在化学组成及生物活性多样性,在生产实践中需注意这一特性。     

Screening and Inhibition Mechanism of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Ethanolic Extracts of Chimonanthus salicifolius Hu Leaves

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of the ethanol elutions of Chimonanthus salicifolius Hu leaves (CsHL) against xanthine oxidase (XO). The results of XO inhibition assay and enzymatic superoxide free radical scavenging assay in vitro showed that 70 % ethanol eluate (EE) had the best inhibitory effect and followed by 40 % EE. High performance liquid chromatograph analysis showed that quercetin and kaempferol were the potential active components of XO inhibition. The inhibition mechanism of quercetin and kaempferol on XO was investigated by kinetic analysis and fluorescence quenching titration assay. The molecular simulation further revealed that quercetin and kaempferol bind to XO mainly by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals, blocking the entry of substrates and leading to the inhibition of XO. In conclusion, the CsHL have inhibitory effects on XO activity, which provides a theoretical basis for relieving or preventing hyperuricemia and gout as a natural food or medicinal plant in the future.     

中国意大利蜜蜂微卫星遗传多态性

为了分析我国不同生态条件下意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica（简称意蜂）的基因特征,对品种间基因交流或基因渗入现象进行监测,完成对我国主要地区意蜂多样性水平的评价。本研究利用10对微卫星（SSR）引物分析了来自我国黑龙江等14个省市自治区31个采集点的意蜂样品的遗传多态性,并与来自德国的喀尼阿兰蜂A. m. carnica（简称喀蜂）和来自美国的意蜂A. m. ligustica进行比对。通过NTSYS-pc2.1和popGene32软件对SSR数据进行多态性分析。结果表明：10对SSR引物中8对表现出较高的遗传稳定性,可作为意蜂遗传多态性标记。遗传一致度在0.61以上时,浙江、四川、甘肃和云南地区的样品出现较严重分化,其他地区的意蜂样品则保持了美国原种意蜂的典型基因特征。东北和新疆地区的样品与德国喀蜂血统亲缘关系较近（遗传距离在0.18149以内）,分析主要原因可能是该地区的意蜂样品杂有黑蜂A. m. mellifera血统。据此提出应在保护各地意蜂原种特性及种群多态性的基础上,科学有效地进行高产品种的繁育。     

Social parasitism by honeybee workers (Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz): host finding and resistance of hybrid host colonies

We studied possible host finding and resistance mechanisms ofhost colonies in the context of social parasitism by Cape honeybee(Apis mellifera capensis) workers. Workers often join neighboringcolonies by drifting, but long-range drifting (dispersal) tocolonies far away from the maternal nests also rarely occurs.We tested the impact of queenstate and taxon of mother andhost colonies on drifting and dispersing of workers and on the hosting of these workers in A. m. capensis, A. m. scutellata,and their natural hybrids. Workers were paint-marked accordingto colony and reintroduced into their queenright or queenlessmother colonies. After 10 days, 579 out of 12,034 labeled workerswere recaptured in foreign colonies. We found that driftingand dispersing represent different behaviors, which were differentlyaffected by taxon and queenstate of both mother and host colonies.Hybrid workers drifted more often than A. m. capensis and A.m. scutellata. However, A. m. capensis workers dispersed moreoften than A. m. scutellata and the hybrids combined, and A. m. scutellata workers also dispersed more frequently than thehybrids. Dispersers from queenright A. m. capensis colonieswere more often found in queenless host colonies and vice versa,indicating active host searching and/or a queenstate-discriminatingguarding mechanism. Our data show that A. m. capensis workersdisperse significantly more often than other races of A. mellifera,suggesting that dispersing represents a host finding mechanism.The lack of dispersal in hybrids and different hosting mechanismsof foreign workers by hybrid colonies may also be responsiblefor the stability of the natural hybrid zone between A. m.capensis and A. m. scutellata.     

意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为比较研究

应用意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉,对其授粉行为和活动方式进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)采集过程中意蜂和中蜂的行为存在差异,意蜂头部探进铃铛花,将喙伸入花管中吸食花蜜,头部粘附花粉,花粉一部分被收集到花粉框,另一部分被带到其他花上;中蜂采集行为不同,一部分采集蜂探入铃铛花采食,采集时间短暂,另一部分采集蜂停靠在花托部位,采食花瓣掉落的花朵,不易粘附花粉和携带花粉。(2)授粉活动方式不同,意大利蜜蜂每分钟平均访花数为5.05±0.14次,中华蜜蜂为4.77±0.13次,两者差异不显著;而意蜂单次访花时间为9.16±0.43 s极显著长于中蜂的4.89±0.22 s,意蜂较中蜂在花朵的采集时间长,采集间隔时间短,而中蜂较意蜂寻找花朵的时间长,采集间隔时间长。单位面积意蜂采集蜂数量为平均12.00±0.90头,中蜂采集蜂数量平均为1.73±0.42头,两者差异极显著。同时意蜂蓝莓花粉携粉率27.51%,中蜂采集蓝莓花粉携粉率为11.38%,意蜂的授粉蜂数量及授粉专一性优于中蜂。本研究阐明了蓝莓花期不同蜂种的授粉行为及活动方式,据此得出意蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为和活动特性优越于中蜂,两者相比意蜂具有更高的授粉效率。     

安徽省七种蜜蜂病毒的发生与流行研究

【目的】调查安徽省内7种常见蜜蜂病毒:蜜蜂畸翅病毒(Deformed wing virus,DWV)、以色列急性麻痹病毒(Israeli acute paralysis virus,IAPV)、急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(Acute bee paralysis virus,ABPV)、慢性麻痹病毒(Chronic bee paralysis virus,CBPV)、黑蜂王台病毒(Black queen cell virus,BQCV)、囊状幼虫病病毒(Sacbrood virus,SBV)、克什米尔病毒(Kashmir bee virus,KBV)的感染发生情况,为安徽养蜂业可持续健康发展提供理论依据。【方法】运用反转录RT-PCR和序列分析比对的方法对安徽省内21个乡镇中的38个蜂场蜜蜂样品进行研究分析,以获得以上7种蜜蜂病毒的特异性发生情况。【结果】意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂场感染率:DWV(64%),IAPV(43%),CBPV(32%),ABPV(14%),BQCV(11%);中华蜜蜂Apis cerana蜂场感染率:DWV(80%),IAPV(40%),CBPV(30%),ABPV(10%),BQCV(0)。SBV和KBV在所有的蜜蜂样品中均未检测到。【结论】DWV,IAPV,CBPV,ABPV,BQCV在安徽省内大范围都存在发生流行现象,SBV和KBV对安徽蜜蜂的潜在危害可能性小。