Block Staining of Nervous Tissue with Silver IV. Embryos

Procedures having enhanced reliability over older methods for both Bielschowsky and Cajal types of stain are described.

Fixation of embryos in a solution containing 4% formaldehyde and 0.5% trichloracetic acid greatly improved the staining of neural elements by Bielschowsky's method.

Among the variations of Cajal's type of staining tried, a modification of Ranson's pyridin-silver method gave the most complete staining of neurofibrillar elements. Washing for 0.5 to 1 hour after silver impregnation and shortening of the reduction time from 24 to 4 hours corrected the tendency of the method to overstain.     

Block Staining of Nervous Tissue with Silver Studies of Fixatives, Lipid Solvents, and Reducing Solutions

Silver stains of the Cajal type, made on spinal cord of cats were studied to determine the limits of favorable ammonia concentration in alcohol as a fixative and the comparison of ammoniated alcohol with alcohol-chloroform and alcohol-pyridine mixtures. Such material subsequently extracted with various lipid solvents showed staining of a generally similar character. More intense staining was seen after the alkaline fixatives and best penetration of stain into the blocks after the most thoro extraction of lipids.

Experiments with reducing solutions which contained various proportions of pyrogallic acid and formalin indicated that pyrogallic acid is the essential ingredient.

Post-mortem autolysis up to 5 hours caused no change in fiber staining.     

Block Staining of Nervous Tissue with Silver: II. Trichloracetic Acid, Sulfosalicylic Acid, Hofker's and Carnoy's Fluids as Fixatives

Alcoholic solutions of sulfosalicylic acid, trichloracetic acid and Hofker's solution fixed mammalian spinal cord with less shrinkage than ammoniated alcohol, but during the necessary alkalinization, washing, and silvering, the acid fixed specimens shrank more than those fixed in the alkaline alcohol. Specimens fixed in Carnoy's fluid shrank most. Successful silver stains were obtained after all the fixatives.     

Staining Pericellular Boutons of Glutaraldehyde-Fixed Nervous Tissue; A Chromation-Silvering Sequence for Frozen Sections

After fixing in phosphate-buffered 5% glutaraldehyde, pH 6.8, by perfusion, brains were sliced to 3-5 mm pieces which were placed in the fixative for 5-7 days. The pieces were washed through several changes of 2.26% NaH₂PO₄ for 12 hr, 30 μ frozen sections cut, and mordanted 2 days in an equal-parts mixture of 3.5% CrO₃ and 5% Na-tartrate, which had been aged at 20-25 C for 20 days prior to use. After washing in distilled water, the sections were put into a solution containing AgNO₃, 20 gm; and KNO₃, 15 gm, in distilled water, 80 ml; at 30 C for 1.5-2 hr, then reduced at 40-45 C in three pyrogallol solutions as follows: 1-2 sec in 1% pyrogallol in 55% alcohol; 3-4 sec in a 0.67% solution in 33% alcohol, and 5-7 sec in a 0.5% solution in 25% alcohol. Gold toning is optional; dehydration, clearing and covering, routine. The technic shows particularly the perisomatic fibers, boutons en passant and boutons termineaux. Fibers in nerve tracts may be visible but lightly stained; cell nuclei may be dark, but the cytoplasm remains pale.     

Staining Plant Cells with Silver. III. The Mechanism

Silver does not stain all cytological structures with the same intensity. The chemical basis for differential silver staining is unclear, but differences in protein side groups available to react with silver are likely involved. These include amine, carboxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl and hydroxyl moieties. Here we report an investigation of the chemical groups that could be involved in salt-nylon silver staining of onion root tip squashes. Based on the results, we conclude that SN silver staining primarily depends on the presence of tyrosine hydroxyl groups, and we propose a mechanism for staining.     

Staining of Nervous Tissue by Protein-Silver Mixtures

A staining method for nerves in paraffin sections is described in which an egg albumen-silver nitrate mixture is the impregnating solution. Blocks of tissue are fixed in Bouin's fixative, formol, Huber's fixative or formol-acetic-alcohol, and decalcified if necessary in Bensley's decalcifier. Sections are impregnated overnight, in the dark, at 37-56°C in a solution containing 50 ml of filtered, aqueous 0.5% dried egg albumen with 1.8-2.5 ml of 2% silver nitrate and adjusted to pH 8.2-8.3 by the addition of ammonia. The sections are then rinsed in distilled water and the silver reduced in a mixture of hydroquinone, 1 gm; anhydrous sodium sulfite, 10 gm and distilled water, 100 ml. The remainder of the process consists of washing, gold toning, fixing in 5% sodium thiosulfate, washing, dehydrating, clearing and mounting. Casein may be used as an alternative to egg albumen in the impregnating solution (0.5% casein, 50 ml; 2% silver nitrate, 1 ml). The pH value of the solution may be adjusted by a boric acid-borax buffer or ammonium hydrogen tetraborate in the place of ammonia.     

Staining Nervous Tissue with Phloxine and Gallocyanin in Sequence

In the examination of monkey brain and spinal cord for neurovirulence in connection with the production of live poliovirus vaccine, sections must show clearly the details of the nerve cell bodies, and at the same time the identity of any inflammatory elements. The intact neuronal elements stain well with gallocyanin. Degenerated nerve cells and inflammatory cells stain well with eosin-type stains.     

Alcoholic Bouin Fixation of Insect Nervous Systems for Bodian Silver Staining. III. A Shortened, Single Impregnation Method

Satisfactory Bodian silver staining of paraffin wax sections of both locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and cockroach (Periplaneta americana) central nerve tissue can be obtained with only one impregnation, instead of the usual two, by the following modified procedure. Freshly dissected ganglia are fixed in an improved synthetic alcoholic Bouin (40% formaldehyde 0-15:ethanol 25:acetic acid 5: picric acid 0.5:either ethyl acetate 5 and diethoxymethane 15, or ethyl acetate 25:distilled water to 100). Formaldehyde content governs intensity of glial staining (little or none without formaldehyde) and the mixture with more ethyl acetate substituted for diethoxymethane gives more intense staining overall. Sections are impregnated once only, overnight, in 2% Protargol solution brought to about pH 8.4 with ammonium hydroxide and containing 1.3 g of copper per 65 ml. Depending on fixative composition, species, section thickness and contrast desired between nerve fibers and background, the subsequent distilled water rinse is shortened or omitted and sections are developed in 1% hydroquinone with sodium sulfite content reduced (to 2.5-4% Na₂SO₃·7H₂O) for thinner (10 μm) sections but normal (10%) for thicker (20 μm) ones. Sections are finally washed, gold intensified, treated with sodium thiosulfate and dehydrated, cleared and mounted as usual. Results are slightly lighter than with normal double impregnation but entirely suitable for studies of neuroanatomy.     

Silver Staining of Nerve Fibers in Cardiac Tissue

Fresh hearts of dog were perfused through the coronary vessels with 1000 ml. of fixative (chloral hydrate, 5 g. per 100 ml. of 70% ethyl alcohol) and blocks of tissue 2 × 5 mm. from epicardium to endocardium fixed 48 hours in the same fixative. The blocks were placed in 95% alcohol containing 0.3% addition of strong ammonia for 4 hours, followed by 2 changes of plain 95% alcohol of 1 hour each, then cleared and infiltrated with paraffin. Mounted sections 12-15 µ thick were incubated in 1% silver proteinate (obtained from Serumvertrieb, Marburg, Germany)² at 38° C. for 48 hours in the presence of 10 g. of 15 gauge copper wire per 200 ml. of solution. The slides were rinsed gently in 3 changes of distilled water for 2 minutes, 1 minute and 1 minute, respectively, and reduced in 1% hydroquinone and 5% sodium sulfite for 5 minutes. They were washed 5 minutes in tap water and 5 minutes in 2 changes of distilled water and toned 3-5 minutes in 0.25% gold chloride, rinsed in distilled water 10 seconds, reduced 10 seconds in 1 % oxalic acid, rinsed 1 minute, fixed in 5% sodium thiosulfate 5 minutes, washed in tap water through 3 changes, dehydrated, cleared and covered. All solutions were made with distilled water except where otherwise specified. The results gave good impregnation of fine nerve fibers without the usual confusing staining of reticular tissue.     

Staining Nerve Fibers with Silver in Tissue Fixed with Bouin's Fluid

Nerve fibers, in organs fixed with Bouin's fluid, are usually refractive to the Davenport silver technic. The axons, however, can be successfully stained if the sections, on slides, are given a preliminary treatment with concentrated pyridine (1 hour), then a 24-hour bath of ammoniated alcohol (99 cc. 80% alcohol, 1 cc 28% ammonium hydroxide) and an interval in 40% aqueous silver nitrate (6-8 hours) before being immersed in the acidified alcoholic silver solution of Davenport. Following the silvering, reduction and toning of the axons, according to the procedure of Davenport, the surrounding non-nervous tissue elements can be counterstained with a combination of either azocarmine, light green and orange G, or azocarmine, aniline blue and orange G.     

In Toto Staining and Preservation of Peripheral Nervous Tissue

A simple quantitative modification of the in toto staining technique for nervous networks of Sihler is described. The results are demonstrated on the innervation pattern of the hard palate of the rat. Formalin fixed hard palates of rat were macerated and bleached in an aqueous solution of 3% potassium hydroxide with a few drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide added. Thereafter, the specimens were decalcified in Sinter's solution I (1 part glacial acetic acid, 1 part pure glycerin and 6 parts 1% chloral hydrate), the process being controlled by radiography. The specimens were next stained in Sutler's solution II (1 part Ehrlich's hematoxylin, 1 part pure glycerin and 6 parts 1% chloral hydrate). After staining, the non-nervous tissues were destained in Sihler'g solution I. Destaining was checked microscopically and was stopped before the finest branches of the nerves began to fade. The specimens were then washed in a weak aqueous solution of lithium carbonate and cleared in increasing concentrations of glycerin. Good visualization of nervous structures and a deep field of observation resulted; orientation of the peripheral nerves with respect to surrounding structures was readily seen and a three-dimensional image of the nervous networks was obtained.     

应用微波辐射促进组织块浸银染色

目的：探索微波辐射对组织块浸银染色各步骤的作用及微波在其中的应用方法。方法：在组织块浸银染色过程中,对组织块的固定,浸银,还原等步骤进行不同强度的微波辐射处理。结果：微波辐射明显促进了浸银,还原作用,应用适宜强度的微波辐射染色效果比常规染色有更多的优点。结论：恰当地应用微波辐射缩短组织块浸银染色时程,切实可行。     

An Improved Silver Stain for Developing Nervous Tissue

A reduced silver technique using physical development to stain embryonic nervous tissue is described. Brains are fixed in Bodian's fixative. Paraffin sections are pretreated with 1% chromic acid or 5% formol. They are impregnated with 0.01% silver nitrate dissolved in 0.1 M boric acid/sodium tetraborate buffer of pH 8 or with silver proteinate. Finally they are developed in a special physical developer which contains 0.1% silver nitrate, 0.01-0.l% formol as developed agent, 25% sodium carbonate to buffer the solution at pH 10.3, 0.1% ammonium nitrate to prevent precipitation of silver hydroxide, and 5% tungstosilicic acid as a protective colloid. The development takes several minutes in this solution, thus the intensity of staining can be controlled easily. The method yields uniform, complete and reproducible staining of axons at all developmental stages of the nervous tissue and is easy to handle.     

Alcoholic Bouin Fixation of Insect Nervous Systems for Bodian Silver Staining. II. Modified Solutions

A previously devised synthetic equivalent of 'aged' alcoholic Bouin (Duboscq-Brasil) fixative was modified in various ways to discover which of the chemical changes brought about by aging were important in improving fixation and staining. Effects were tested with ventral nerve cord ganglia of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, locust Schistocerca gregaria, and honey bee Apis mellifera. Formation of reaction products, chiefly ethyl acetate and diethoxymethane, seemed to play only a subsidiary role: neither individually appeared essential as long as a sufficient quantity of one or the other was present. In place of diethoxymethane, ethyl acetate concentration could be increased to 25% with little effect on results. Reduction in concentration of two of the original constituents, formaldehyde and ethanol, appeared to be the principal factor in improving fixation. Varying the concentration of each original constituent individually revealed that formaldehyde mainly increased glial staining, ethanol increased tissue shrinkage and reduced overall staining intensity, acetic acid improved preservation, and picric acid decreased glial staining but produced few other effects within a wide range of concentrations, though its omission seriously impaired overall preservation and staining. Varying the ethanol and acetic acid concentrations simultaneously confirmed that they acted in opposite ways. A decrease in ethanol and an increase in acetic acid both improved results. The optimum mixture, 'improved synthetic alcoholic Bouin' (40% formaldehyde 0-15: ethanol 25: acetic acid 5: ethyl acetate 5: diethoxymethane 15: picric acid 0.5: water to 100), gives better preservation and more intense staining, and formaldehyde content can be varied to give the degree of glial staining required. Without formaldehyde glial staining is virtually eliminated, while preservation and staining of the neurons appears unaffected. This modification seems to offer a valuable advance in technique.     

Silver Staining of Insect Central Nervous Systems by the Bodian Protargol Method

Improved fixation of ganglia of the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana and Schistocerca gregaria for silver staining by Power's (1943) modification of the Bodian protargol method is given by alcoholic Bouin aged for at least 40 days at 60° C. During impregnation of sections, increased copper and decreased pH give paler staining, more selective for nerve fibres. Prolonging impregnation from 24 to 48 hours weakens the stain and decreases selectivity. The intensity of the stain depends chiefly upon the amount of unreduced (developable) silver combined with the tissues; selectivity is determined mainly by the number and distribution of the reduced silver particles (‘nuclei’). In development, increased sodium sulphite gives more differentiation, increased hydroquinone gives less. Optimum developer composition depends upon impregnation, and thick sections need more differentiation than thinner ones. Within limits, change in one of the factors that control staining can be balanced by changes in others, but by suitable adjustment of the conditions the result can be varied from almost total staining of nerve fibres, for general neuroanatomy, to highly selective staining for tracing individual fibres.     

Staining Tissue of the Central Nervous System with Luxol Fast Blue and Neutral Red

The tissue is fixed in 10% neutral saline formalin for 1 day to 3 wk depending on the size of the block, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The sections are stained at 57° C for 2 hr, then at 22° C for 30 min, in a 0.0125% solution of Luxol fast blue in 95% alcohol acidified by 0.1% acetic acid. They are differentiated in a solution consisting of: Li₂CO₃, 5.0 gm; LiOH-H₂O, 0.01 gm; and distilled water, 1 liter at 0-1° C, followed by 70% alcohol, and then treated with 0.2% NaHSO₃. They are soaked 1 min in an acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer 0.1 N, pH 5.6, then stained with 0.03% buffered aqueous neutral red. Sections are washed in distilled water, 1 sec, then treated with the following solution: CuSO₄·5H₂O, 0.5 gm; CrK(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, 0.5 gm; 10% acetic acid, 3 ml; and distilled water, 250 ml. Dehydration, clearing and covering complete the process. Myelin sheaths are stained bright blue; meninges and the adventitia of blood vessels are blue; red blood cells are green. Nissl material is stained brilliant red; axon hillocks, axis cylinders, ependyma, nuclei and some cytoplasm of neuroglia, media and endothelium of blood vessels are pink.     

Controlled Differentiation of Cells and Connective Tissue Fibers in Silver Staining

Controlled silver staining of connective tissue fibers and sometimes of these fibers and cells simultaneously can be obtained. 1. Fix in 10% formalin. Embed in paraffin and cut sections as usual, but do not mount them on slides. Deparaffinize and hydrate through xylene, alcohols and distilled water and henceforth treat them the same as frozen sections. Real frozen sections can also be used. 2. Treat with a freshly prepared 1% solution of KMnO₄, usually 15-60 sec, sometimes up to 10 min. 3. Wash in distilled water, 5-10 sec. 4. Decolorize in 2% potassium metabisulfite, 10-20 sec. 5. Place in distilled water, 1 min. 6. Sensitize with 2% iron alum, 1 min. 7. Place in distilled water, 1 min. 8. Impregnate in Gomori's silver oxide solution, 2 min. 9. Wash in a 1.5% aqueous solution of pyridine, about 15 sec. 10. Reduce in a mixture containing 0.25% gelatin and 2% formalin 1 min. 11. Repeat steps 7 to 10 once or several times until the connective tissue fibers are completely stained. For cell staining (which may fail) proceed as follows: After the first insufficient staining of the connective tissue fibers, rinse in distilled water, dip for 1 sec in Gomori's solution and reduce immediately in gelatin-formalin without previous washing in pyridined water. This step can be repeated. 12. If the staining is too strong, decolorize as needed in 2% iron alum. 13. Toning in 0.2% gold chloride, 5 min or more, followed by fixation in 5% sodium thiosulfate, 1 min, is optional. Counterstain as desired. 14. Wash in tap water, dehydrate, clear in xylene and mount in balsam. The same technique applied to sections attached to slides gives good results but inferior to that obtained in paraffin sections processed in the loose, unmounted condition.     

Alcoholic Bouin Fixation of Insect Nervous Systems for Bodian Silver Staining. I. Composition of 'Aged' Fixative

Alcoholic Bouin (Duboscq-Brasil) fixative being 'aged' at 60 C to improve tissue preservation and subsequent staining was sampled at various stages to determine its histological effectiveness and chemical composition. Histological performance was tested using ventral nerve cord ganglia of the cockroach Periplaneta americana and the locust Schistocerca gregaria. Chemical analysis was by ultraviolet spectroscopy, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Histological performance improved rapidly during the first 7-10 days and composition changed correspondingly. The rate of change then slowed as a more stable condition was approached. Fully aged solutions, after about 40 days, giving optimum fixation and staining, contained little more than half the amounts of the volatile components (formaldehyde, ethanol, and acetic acid) in the original mixture, together with ethyl acetate and a formal, diethoxymethane, as the principal reaction products, but picric acid content showed little change. Older ('overaged') solutions, fully aged and then kept at room temperature for 1-2 yr, gave poorer fixation and staining and contained still less of the original volatile constituents and correspondingly more of the reaction products. A 'simplified synthetic aged alcoholic Bouin' (15 ml 40% formaldehyde, 35 ml ethanol, 3.5 ml acetic acid, 5 ml ethyl acetate, 15 ml diethoxymethane, 0.46 g picric acid, and water to 100 ml) closely simulated the performance of the fully aged orthodox fixative without the need for aging.     

A Rapid Silver Impregnation Method for Nervous Tissue: A Modified Protargol-Peroxide Technic

A rapid, reliable silver impregnation method is described for nervous tissue fixed in formol-saline, Bouin or Sum. Sections are impregnated for 10-15 minutes at room temperature or 37 C in a solution containing 0.5 g Protargol-S, 0.005-0.01 g allantoin, 1 ml of 1% Cu[NO₂]₂, 1 ml of 1% AgNO₃. and 1-2 drops of 30% H₂O₂ in 100 ml distilled water. Thereafter the dons arc reduced in a hydroquinone-formalin solution. This is followed by gold toning and subsequent reduction and mounting. Alternatively. following the first reduction, the silver image can be intensified by placing sections in a silver-allantoin bath which is followed by reduction and mounting. This method is very reliable and selective, making it suitable for general routine and research use.