荧光假单胞菌TM5-2中D-型氨基酸脱氢酶的鉴定和表达

从荧光假单胞菌TM5-2中得到一个含丙氨酸消旋酶基因的DNA片段(8.8kb),相邻的一个开读框(ORF)与甘氨酸/D-型氨基酸氧化酶基因相似。该ORF经过克隆、表达,并没有检测到甘氨酸/D-型氨基酸氧化酶的活性,推导而得的氨基酸序列与D-型氨基酸脱氢酶序列比较发现,ORF含有D-型氨基酸脱氢酶的所有重要的保守序列。经TTC培养基鉴定,其具有D-型氨基酸脱氢酶的活性,并对一系列D-型氨基酸有作用,最佳作用底物是D-组氨酸。     

D-氨基酸氧化酶研究进展

D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase:oxidoreductase, DAAO, EC 1.4.3.3)是一种以黄素腺嘌呤(FAD)为辅基的典型黄素蛋白酶类,可氧化D-氨基酸的氨基生成相应的酮酸和氨。在体内D-氨基酸的代谢中起着重要作用。主要介绍了D-氨基酸氧化酶的生理功能和应用、表达条件优化及通过定点突变对酶学性质的研究。     

三角酵母菌D-氨基酸氧化酶的纯化和一些基本性质的研究

1．比较了17株霉菌和36株酵母菌的D-氨基酸氧化酶活力,其中以三角酵母的酶活力最高,比较适宜作为研究D-氨基酸氧化酶的材料。 2．用硫酸铵、聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)分部沉淀,Sephadcx G-200、羟基磷灰石柱层析分离纯化了三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳为单一组份。 以聚丙烯酰胺凝股梯度浓度电泳测得D-氢基酸氧化酶的分子量为170,000,sDs凝胶电泳测得其亚基分子量为42,000,表明三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶由四个相同亚基组或。 3．三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶在以D-丙氨酸为底物时,最适pH为8．3,米氏常数(Km)为3．3mM。三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶具有较宽的底物专一性,多种D或DL型氨基酸都可以做它的底物。     

三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶基因的克隆、测序及表达*

利用跨越内含子的PCR技术,三角酵母(Trigonopsos variabilis)变种FA1-10中扩增得到D-氨基酸氧化酶基因(daao),并通过TA克隆的方法将其克隆至pGEM—T载体。序列测定结果表明,所得daao基因的5’端内含子已被删除,基因总长度为1071bp,它与Trigonopsis variabilis D-氨基酸氧化酶同源性达98.3％,与Fusarium solanii和Rhodotoru-la gracilis的同源性分别是38.9％和30.8％。为提高表达水平,又将此基因转移至高表达载体pET-28b上．在大肠杆菌BL-2l(DE3)中进行诱导表达。经IPTG诱导,目的蛋白的产生量可占菌体总蛋白量的46％,分子量约为38kD。D-氨基酸氧化酶的活力可达802u／L。     

基因工程菌表达D-氨基酸氧化酶研究进展

用分子克隆手段获得D-氨基酸氧化酶基因后,对其在不同表达系统如大肠杆菌系统、酿酒酵母和克鲁维乳酸酵母、博伊丁假丝酵母、巴斯德毕赤氏酵母系统及动物细胞内的表达作了介绍。     

D-丝氨酸在神经元-胶质细胞间通讯的新进展

D-丝氨酸(D-Ser)是一种重要的胶质细胞递质,也是N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体NR1亚基上"甘氨酸位点"的主要内源性配体,具有比甘氨酸更高的结合效能.D-Ser在体内主要由丝氨酸消旋酶将L-丝氨酸消旋而来,受多种因素调控,在中枢神经系统参与调节突触可塑性、感觉信息传递、神经发育及神经兴奋性毒性等生理及病理过程,并成为阿尔采末病(AD)等神经系统疾病新的治疗靶点.本文对D-Ser在中枢神经系统的产生、代谢、生理及病理作用的研究予以综述.     

D- 型氨基酸氧化酶抑制剂的发展

D-型氨基酸氧化酶(D-Amino acid oxidase,DAAO)抑制剂可以阻止D-型氨基酸(主要是D-型丝氨酸)的降解和过氧化氢的生成,在治疗精神分裂症阴性症状和认知障碍与镇痛等方面均表现出较好的疗效。从第一个DAAO抑制剂芳香羧酸类的苯甲酸到经过烯醇互变的α-羟基酮喹类抑制剂喹诺林-2,3-二酮,DAAO抑制剂结构上总共经历了3代变化,抑制剂与酶之间的相互作用模式逐渐加强,其抑制活性升高了数万倍,脂溶性增加,酸性减弱,理化性质逐渐优化。本文就近10年DAAO抑制剂的结构发展与生物活性之间的关系进行综述。     

D型氨基酸氧化酶活性对于D-硝基精氨酸手性转化的影响

D-硝基精氨酸(D-NNA)可在大鼠体内发生手性转化生成其L型异构体,即L-NNA,后者可抑制一氧化氮合酶活性,减少一氧化氮生成,升高动脉血压.研究了D型氨基酸氧化酶(DAAO)在D-NNA手性转化中的作用及DAAO对不同(包括已报道在体内可发生手型转化的)D型氨基酸的选择活性.体内实验显示,DAAO的选择性抑制剂苯甲酸钠(400mg/kg)或肌酐(400mg/kg)均可在不同程度上抑制D-NNA升压作用,进一步研究发现,肾脏或肝脏DAAO酶液在外加DAAO后可提高D-NNA的手性转化约2倍,表明DAAO对于D-NNA在体内的手性转化是必需的.DAAO酶液对可在体内发生手性转化且转化率相似(30%～50%)的D型氨基酸(D-Phe,D-Leu和D-NNA)的选择性表现出显著差异(Kcat/Km相差可达约15倍左右),这从另一方面表明体内D-硝基精氨酸氧化是其发生手性转化的前提条件但非决定因素.     

重组具有改良特性的D-氨基酸氧化酶

在大肠杆菌细胞中表达三角酵母D-氨基酸氧化酶, 并对重组酶的性质进行了研究。制备的单一突变体与野生型酶相比, 具有2.4倍的热稳定性或底物特异性变化光谱。结果显示突变的TvDAAO在氧化头孢菌素中催化效果优于野生型酶。并将一个突变的重组TvDAAO制备成结晶, 并解析了2.8 ?分辨率下的晶体结构。     

三角酵母D—氨基酸氧化酶基因的克隆,测序及表达

利用跨越内含子的ＰＣＲ技术,从三角酵母（Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ）变种ＦＡ１１０中扩增得到Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶基因（ｄａａｏ）,并通过ＴＡ克隆的方法将其克隆至ｐＧＥＭＴ载体。序列测定结果表明,所得ｄａａｏ基因的５′端内含子已被删除,基因总长度为１０７１ｂｐ,它与Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ的Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶同源性达９８３％,与Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ和Ｒｈｏｄｏｔｏｒｕｌａｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ的同源性分别是３８９％和３０８％。为提高表达水平,又将此基因转移至高表达载体ｐＥＴ２８ｂ上,在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中进行诱导表达。经ＩＰＴＧ诱导,目的蛋白的产生量可占菌体总蛋白量的４６％,分子量约为３８ｋＤ。Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶的活力可达８０２ｕ／Ｌ。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

On the role of the pineal in thermoregulation in the pigeon

Diurnal rhythm in body temperature of pigeons subjected to different experimental conditions (pinealectomized, sham-operated, melatonin-implanted, cold-exposed) was studied under a 12 h light and 12 h dark regimen. The body temperature of pigeons during photophase was higher than that during scotophase in the normal as well as every treatment group studied. Pinealectomized pigeons showed higher body temperature in the photophase as well as scotophase, than that of the normal and sham-operated birds when examined 2 or 3 weeks following the post-surgical acclimatization to 25 or 3 degrees C. However, subcutaneous implantation of melatonin pellets into pinealectomized pigeons nullified or even reversed the hyperthermic effect of pinealectomy. Exposure of pigeons to--18 degrees C for 280 min during photophase as well as scotophase, produced a marked drop in body temperature in pinealectomized, sham-operated and normal pigeons. The pinealectomized pigeons exhibited a higher body temperature than that of the sham-operated and normal ones when exposed to--18 degrees C during the photophase, but not during the scotophase. It was concluded that while the pineal is not necessary for maintaining the daily thermal rhythm in the avian body, it has a thermoregulatory role, in that it prevents rise in body temperature in warm (25 degrees C) acclimatized and chronic cold (3 degrees C) exposed birds. In acute short-term cold (--18 degrees C) exposure however, the temperature regulatory role of the pineal was not effective during the scotophase.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.