Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthetic Rate, and Pigment Content in Ruellia Tuberosa Leaves as Affected by Coal-Smoke Pollution

Study of the effects of air pollution caused by thermal power plant emissions on some foliar traits of Ruellia tuberosa L. has shown that length and width of stomata, length of stomatal pore, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and chlerophyll content were reduced in the polluted plants in pre-flowering, flowering as well as post-flowering phases of plant growth. Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the palisade tissue was increased at each stage of plant development. Stomatal index remained almost unchanged at the polluted site, except on the adaxial surface during the preflowering stage where it was higher as compared to the non-polluted plants.     

籼粳稻杂交后代的剑叶气孔性状与亚种特性的关系

水稻品种‘秋光’和‘七山占’的杂交后代F9群体,用TM1000台式扫描电镜观察水稻剑叶气孔各种性状的结果表明：籼粳杂交后代剑叶的气孔性状间变化规律不同,背部气孔密度大于腹部,背部气孔长度小于腹部,而气孔宽度则是背部大于腹部。杂交后代按照程氏指数分为籼稻、偏籼稻、偏粳稻、粳稻4种类型,它们的叶片背部气孔密度大小依次为粳型〉偏籼型〉偏粳型〉籼型;腹部和背部气孔密度的变化规律相一致。背部气孔长度依次为偏粳型〉偏籼型〉籼型〉粳型;腹部气孔长度变化为籼型〉偏粳型〉偏籼型〉粳型;背部气孔宽度变化为粳型〉偏粳型〉偏籼型〉籼型;腹部气孔宽度变化为偏粳型〉偏籼型〉粳型〉籼型。     

植物叶片气孔性状变异的影响因素及研究方法

气孔是陆生植物与外界环境进行水分和气体交换的主要通道,在全球水和碳循环中发挥着重要作用.植物的气孔性状包括气孔密度、气孔形状和大小、气孔指数等,是植物在进化过程中对外界环境因子长期适应的结果,并对环境因子变化表现出高度的敏感性.本文评述了国内外近30年来植物气孔性状与大气CO₂浓度、温度、水分、光照等环境因素的关系研究的主要方法和成果,展望了今后植物气孔性状对气候变化响应的主要研究方向.     

Stomatal Characteristics at Different Ploidy Levels inCoffeaL.

Stomatal frequency, epidermal cell frequency, stomatal guardcell length and stomatal index were examined at different ploidylevels inCoffea. In general, stomatal and epidermal cell frequencyper unit leaf area decreased while stomatal guard cell lengthincreased with an increase in ploidy. The reduction in stomatalfrequency at higher ploidy levels was mainly a result of largerepidermal cells. In the case ofC. canephora(cultivar S.274)a significant reduction in stomatal frequency was noticed fromdiploid to tetraploid level which was due to both larger epidermalcell size and less stomatal differentiation at the tetraploidlevel. Besides the effect of ploidy on stomatal frequency andguard cell length, genotypic differences in stomatal frequencyand stomatal guard cell length were also observed among cultivarsof the same ploidy level. Although variation in stomatal frequencyamong cultivars was found to be associated with the differencein stomatal to epidermal cell ratio, variation in guard celllength was attributed to differential genetic architecture.In the present study a highly significant positive correlation(r=0.82) between stomatal and epidermal cell frequency and highnegative correlations between stomatal frequency and guard celllength (r=-0.91) and epidermal cell frequency and stomatal guardcell length (r=-0.93) were obtained. The study also indicatedthat stomatal frequency can be predicted with 83 and 87% accuracy,respectively, by measuring stomatal guard cell length in coffee.Copyright1997 Annals of Botany Company Coffea; ploidy level; stomatal characteristics     

15种铁角蕨科植物叶表皮形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对铁角蕨科15种植物的叶表皮形态特征进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）15种铁角蕨科植物的叶上、下表皮细胞形状为不规则型,垂周壁为深波状、波状或浅波状;上表皮细胞长宽比1.3~2.6,下表皮细胞长宽比1.3~4.1;（2）在15种铁角蕨科植物中共观察到7种气孔器类型,分别为腋下细胞型、不等细胞型、无规则四细胞型、无规则型、极细胞型、聚合极细胞型和聚腋下细胞型,每种植物具有2~5种气孔器类型,气孔均为下生型,多为椭圆形;气孔的长宽比1.12~2.81,气孔密度16.4~105.1个·mm^-2,气孔指数为5.7%~21.1%;（3）铁角蕨科植物叶表皮形态特征中的上表皮细胞形状、垂周壁形状、上表皮细胞长宽比、主要气孔器类型及衍生类型等具有一定的属内稳定性,可作为铁角蕨科属间分类的依据之一;（4）该研究在一定程度上支持秦仁昌和吴兆洪对铁角蕨科的划分以及铁角蕨属内分组和组内分系,并为铁角蕨科植物的分类鉴定及系统演化研究提供基础资料。     

太白山栎属树种气孔特征沿海拔梯度的变化规律

气孔是植物与外界环境进行水分和气体交换的主要通道,调节植物碳同化和水分散失的平衡关系,在一定程度上反映植物对外界环境变化的适应。沿太白山北坡1100—2300 m海拔,测定4种栎属树种的气孔性状,分析气孔性状沿海拔的变化规律和其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:(1)气孔密度与气孔长度间的负相关在4个树种间均显著存在(P0.05);除栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)外,气孔密度与潜在气孔导度指数的正相关关系均达显著水平;而气孔宽度与气孔长度之间只在栓皮栎和锐齿栎(Q. aliena var. acuteserrata)达到显著水平。(2)栓皮栎和槲栎(Q. aliena)的气孔长度和宽度随海拔升高而下降,气孔密度、潜在气孔导度指数增加,辽东栎(Q. wutaishansea)变化形式则相反;锐齿栎气孔宽度减小,其余性状沿海拔呈单峰变化,在约1600 m处气孔长度达到最小值,气孔密度和潜在气孔导度指数达到最大值。(3)与土壤因子相比,气孔性状主要受气候因素的影响。潜在气孔导度指数与大气温度、空气湿度成极显著正相关(P0.01),与降水量显著负相关(P0.05)。其中,空气相对湿度是影响潜在气孔导度指数的主要因素,能够解释气孔变异的22.9%。本研究结果对于深入认识秦岭太白山地区栎属树种对环境变化的响应和适应提供理论证据。     

Anatomical Characteristics of Leaves and Woods of Fagus lucida and Their Relationship to Ecological Factors in Mountain Fanjingshan,Guizhou, China

An eco-anatomic study on leaves and woods of Fagus lucida Rehd. et Wils., which grows at an elevation of 1 260～2 020 m above sea level in Mountain Fanjingshan, Guizhou Province of Southwestern China, was carried out. Anatomical characteristics of leaves (including the thickness of upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis and lamina) and woods (vessel length, vessel width, vessel frequency, fiber length, ray width, ray height and ray frequency), and leaf surface characters (stomatal density, stomatal width and stomatal length) were determined and compared along the latitudinal gradient. As the results, 1) Lamina thickness was between 119.2 and 364.3μm; 2) Vessel frequency 75.2～133.6 per mm , vessel width 50.7～85.6 μm, vessel length 479.8～748.6 μm; fiber length 936.4～1 326.9 μm; total frequency of single and muhiseriate rays 6～9 per mm; 3) No solitary trichome was found on mature foliage, and the stomatal density was 72～113.6 per mm . Climatic indices at different altitudes were obtained by means of climatological method. Multi-statistical analysis was used to clarify the relationship between the morphological characters of the leaves and woods and climatic factors. The results showed that: 1 ) The thickness of palisade mesophyll, lower epidermis and lamina, and the vessel width increased with the humid/ add index (Bailey’s index); 2) With an increase of annual precipitation, spongy mesophyll thickness, vessel length and fiber length increased, but vessel frequency and stomatal density decreased; 3) Morphological features of leaves were closely related to low winter temperature, namely, lamina thickness decreased with coldness index, and the stomatal size decreased as the increase of mean temperature of the coldest month.     

Photosynthetic pathway and ecological adaptation explain stomatal trait diversity amongst grasses

? The evolution of C(4) photosynthesis in plants has allowed the maintenance of high CO(2) assimilation rates despite lower stomatal conductances. This underpins the greater water-use efficiency in C(4) species and their tendency to occupy drier, more seasonal environments than their C(3) relatives. ? The basis of interspecific variation in maximum stomatal conductance to water (g(max) ), as defined by stomatal density and size, was investigated in a common-environment screening experiment. Stomatal traits were measured in 28 species from seven grass lineages, and comparative methods were used to test for predicted effects of C(3) and C(4) photosynthesis, annual precipitation and habitat wetness on g(max) . ? Novel results were as follows: significant phylogenetic patterns exist in g(max) and its determinants, stomatal size and stomatal density; C(4) species consistently have lower g(max) than their C(3) relatives, associated with a shift towards smaller stomata at a given density. A direct relationship between g(max) and precipitation was not supported. However, we confirmed associations between C(4) photosynthesis and lower precipitation, and showed steeper stomatal size-density relationships and higher g(max) in wetter habitats. ? The observed relationships between stomatal patterning, photosynthetic pathway and habitat provide a clear example of the interplay between anatomical traits, physiological innovation and ecological adaptation in plants.     

15种蹄盖蕨科植物叶表皮形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对蹄盖蕨科15种植物的叶表皮形态特征进行观察和研究。结果表明:蹄盖蕨科15种植物的上、下表皮细胞均为无规则型,垂周壁为凹凸状或深波状;上表皮细胞长宽比在1.0~3.2之间,下表皮细胞长宽比在1.0~2.6之间;在这15种植物中共观察到6种气孔器类型,即极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚合极细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、无规则四细胞型和无规则型,每种植物具有3~4种气孔器类型,气孔均为下生型,多呈椭圆形。气孔的长宽比在1.3~2.1之间;气孔密度在32~90个/mm2之间;气孔指数为17.7%~40.9%。依据上述叶表皮形态特征将15种蹄盖蕨科植物分为3类,即双盖蕨类、蹄盖蕨类和对囊蕨类。该研究在一定程度上支持Christenhusz分类系统对蹄盖蕨科的划分,为蹄盖蕨科植物的系统分类及演化研究提供基础资料。     

Different combinations of morpho‐physiological traits are responsible for tolerance to drought in wild tomatoes Solanum chilense and Solanum peruvianum

Herbaceous species can modify leaf structure during the growing season in response to drought stress and water loss. Evolution can select combinations of traits in plants for efficient water use in restricted environments. We investigated plant traits that mediate adaptation and acclimation to water stress in two herbaceous drought‐tolerant species. Anatomical, morphological and physiological traits related to stems and leaves were examined under optimal watering (OW) and a long period of restricted watering (RW) in 11 accessions from three Solanaceae species (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum and S. lycopersicum). The relationships between these traits were tested using linear regression and PCA. There were significant differences in anatomical traits between the species under both OW and RW, where leaf area correlated with stem diameter. Proline and total carbohydrates accumulated highly in S. chilense and S. peruvianum, respectively, and these osmolytes were strongly correlated with increased osmotic potential. Stomatal density varied between species but not between acclimation treatments, while stomatal rate was significantly higher in wild tomatoes. There was a strong positive relationship between stem growth rate and a group of traits together expressed as total stomatal number. Total stomata is described by integration of leaf area, stomatal density, height and internode length. It is proposed that constitutive adaptations and modifications through acclimation that mediate RW play an important role in tolerance to drought stress in herbaceous plants. The capacity for growth under drought stress was not associated with any single combination of traits in wild tomatoes, since the two species differed in relative levels of expression of various phenotypic traits.     

七种热带雨林树苗叶片气孔特征及其可塑性对不同光照强度的响应

对生长在荫棚3种不同光照条件下和全自然光下的热带雨林4个冠层种(望天树、绒毛番龙眼、团花、红厚壳)和3个中层种(玉蕊、藤黄、滇南风吹楠)树苗叶片气孔特征以及它们的可塑性进行了研究、结果表明,这些植物的气孔全部着生在远轴面．7种植物中,玉蕊和绒毛番龙眼的气孔密度较大,滇南红厚壳和团花的保卫细胞最长．随光强的增大,气孔密度和气孔指数增大,单位叶气孔数在低光强下较大．除团花外,其它植物叶片气孔导度在50％光强处最大,而光强对保卫细胞的长度影响不显著．相关分析表明,气孔密度与植物单位叶的面积呈负相关。而与气孔导度的相关性不显著、尽管两种不同生活型植物气孔指数和单位叶气孔数在不同光强下的可塑性差异较小,但冠层树种气孔密度和气孔导度的可塑性显著高于中层树种．     

兰州市主要绿化植物气孔性状特征

气孔是植物叶片与外界环境进行水汽交换的门户, 利用气孔特征反映植物对环境变化的响应与适应有助于了解干旱区绿化植物的适应策略。于2019年7月通过气孔印迹法对兰州市40种主要绿化植物气孔性状进行观察与测定。采用标准化主轴估计和系统独立比较分析建立气孔性状间的相关关系; 通过计算Blomgerg’sK值以检验系统发育信号; 利用聚类分析和主成分分析对气孔性状特征进行功能群划分。结果表明: (1)在所研究的植物中, 气孔性状特征在个体间差异显著, 植物生长型(乔木、小乔木、灌木和草本)会显著影响气孔长度、宽度、开度和密度, 叶习性(落叶和常绿)仅对气孔开度有显著影响; (2)气孔长度与宽度、气孔开度与面积间均为显著的异速生长关系, 气孔密度与面积和开度间为负异速生长关系; (3)系统发育会对气孔性状的相关关系产生显著影响, 虽然气孔性状的系统发育保守性不强(K < 1), 但气孔开度和气孔开张比具有显著的系统发育信号; 4)依据气孔性状特征可以将绿化植物划分为: 低密度-大面积、高密度-小面积和中等密度-适中面积共3种功能群。结合系统发育和异速生长理论能更好地解释气孔性状变异及适应策略。     

Genetic variation of stomatal traits and carbon isotope discrimination in two hybrid poplar families (Populus deltoides 'S9-2' x P. nigra 'Ghoy' and P. deltoides 'S9-2' x P. trichocarpa 'V24')

Background and Aims

Stomata play an important role in both the CO₂ assimilation and water relations of trees. Therefore, stomatal traits have been suggested as criteria for selection of clones or genotypes which are more productive and have larger water-use efficiency (WUE) than others. However, the relationships between plant growth, WUE and stomatal traits are still unclear depending on plant material (genus, species, families, genotypes) and, more precisely, on the strength of the relationships between the plants. In this study, the correlations between these three traits categories, i.e. plant growth, WUE and stomatal traits, were compared in two related poplar families.

Methods

Stomatal traits (stomatal density, length and ratio adaxial : abaxial stomatal densities) of a selection of F₁ genotypes and the parents of two hybrid poplar families Populus deltoides ‘S9-2’ × P. nigra ‘Ghoy’ (D × N family, 50 F₁) and P. deltoides ‘S9-2’ × P. trichocarpa ‘V24’ (D × T family, 50 F₁) were measured, together with stem height and circumference. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) was determined and used as an indicator of leaf-level intrinsic WUE.

Key Results

Leaves of hybrids and parents were amphistomatous, except for the P. trichocarpa parent. Both families displayed high values of heritability for stomatal traits and Δ. In the progeny, the relationship between stem circumference and Δ was weak for the D × N family, while abaxial and total stomatal density were positively associated with stem dimensions for the D × T family only.

Conclusions

Genetic variation in stomatal traits and Δ was large within as well as between the different poplar species and their hybrids, but there were no direct relationships between stomatal traits and plant growth or Δ. As already noticed in various poplar hybrids, the absence of, or the weak, relationship between Δ and plant growth allows the possibility of selecting poplar genotypes combining high productivity and high WUE. In this study, stomatal traits are of limited value as criteria for selection of genotypes with good growth and large WUE.Key words: Adaxial and abaxial stomatal density, stomatal length, heritability, water-use efficiency (WUE), F₁ hybrids, breeding, Populus deltoides, Populus nigra, Populus trichocarpa     

贵州梵净山亮叶水青冈解剖特征的生态格局及主导因子分析

使用具有不同生物学意义的生态因子为环境变量,应用多元统计方法,分析了贵州梵净山的亮叶水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓ ｌｕｃｉｄａ Ｌ．）叶片及木材形态解剖特征的生态格局和影响其变化的主导生态因子。结果表明,随着温度要素的增加,叶片的所有解剖特征、叶表面的气孔面各以及木材的导管直径、纤维长度均显示下降趋势,而叶表面的气孔器密度、木材的导管频率和单列射线高度呈上升趋势;随着寒冷指数（负积温）和水分因子（年降水和水     

树冠位置对香樟叶形态性状和异速生长关系的影响

为深入了解树冠位置对植物叶形态性状的影响,在常绿乔木香樟树冠上下2层和东南西北4个方位开展调查取样,系统分析了不同树冠位置间叶形态性状(叶长、叶宽、叶厚、叶柄长、叶柄直径和叶形指数)及其异速生长关系的差异性。结果表明,叶形态性状在不同树冠方位间均差异显著,但上下2层变化趋势不完全一致。在树冠上层,除叶形指数和叶炳长外,其余4个性状均表现为东侧最大。在树冠下层,除叶形指数外,其余5个性状指标均表现为东侧最小。在同一方位上,叶形态性状在上下2层间也存在一定差异,其中叶形指数多为下层高于上层,而其他形态性状多呈相反趋势。此外,树冠层次和方位的交互作用对叶片长、叶片厚、叶柄长和叶柄直径有显著影响。各层次和各方位叶形态性状间多为异速生长关系(即异速生长指数不等于1),且多无显著差异。在所有树冠层次和树冠方位,叶宽与叶厚、叶宽与叶炳长、叶长与叶厚及叶长与叶柄长之间均呈异速生长关系。可见,树冠位置对香樟叶形态性状的影响较大,但形态性状间的异速生长关系相对稳定,这是香樟叶形态性状表型可塑性和内在关系稳定性的重要体现。     

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on stomatal characteristics and carbon isotope ratio of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from an altitudinal gradient

Stomatal functioning regulates the fluxes of CO₂ and water vapor between vegetation and atmosphere and thereby influences plant adaptation to their habitats. Stomatal traits are controlled by external environmental and internal cellular signaling. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of CO₂ enrichment (CE) on stomatal density (SD)‐related properties, guard cell length (GCL) and carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) of a range of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from a wide altitudinal range [50–1260 m above sea level (asl)], and grown at 400 and 800 ppm [CO₂], and thereby elucidate the possible adaptation and acclimation responses controlling stomatal traits and water use efficiency (WUE). There was a highly significant variation among ecotypes in the magnitude and direction of response of stomatal traits namely, SD and stomatal index (SI) and GCL, and δ¹³C to CE, which represented a short‐term acclimation response. A majority of ecotypes showed increased SD and SI with CE with the response not depending on the altitude of origin. Significant ecotypic variation was shown in all stomatal traits and δ¹³C at each [CO₂]. At 400 ppm, means of SD, SI and GCL for broad altitudinal ranges, i.e. low (<100 m), mid (100–400 m) and high (>400 m), increased with increasing altitude, which represented an adaptation response to decreased availability of CO₂ with altitude. δ¹³C was negatively correlated to SD and SI at 800 ppm but not at 400 ppm. Our results highlight the diversity in the response of key stomatal characters to CE and altitude within the germplasm of A. thaliana and the need to consider this diversity when using A. thaliana as a model plant.     

Smaller stomata require less severe leaf drying to close: A case study in Rosa hydrida

Stomata formed at high relative air humidity (RH) close less as leaf dries; an effect that varies depending on the genotype. We here quantified the contribution of each stomatal response characteristic to the higher water loss of high RH-grown plants, and assessed the relationship between response characteristics and intraspecific variation in stomatal size. Stomatal size (length multiplied by width), density and responsiveness to desiccation, as well as pore dimensions were analyzed in ten rose cultivars grown at moderate (60%) or high (85%) RH. Leaf morphological components and transpiration at growth conditions were also assessed. High growth RH resulted in thinner (11%) leaves with larger area. A strong positive genetic correlation of daytime and nighttime transpiration at either RH was observed. Stomatal size determined pore area (r = 0.7) and varied by a factor of two, as a result of proportional changes in length and width. Size and density of stomata were not related. Following desiccation, high RH resulted in a significantly lower (6–19%) decline of transpiration in three cultivars, whereas the relative water content (RWC) of high RH-expanded leaflets was lower (29–297%) in seven cultivars. The lower RWC of these leaflets was caused by (a) higher (33–72%) stable transpiration and/or (b) lower (12–143%) RWC at which this stable transpiration occurred, depending on the cultivar. Stomatal size was significantly correlated with both characteristics (r = 0.5 and -0.7, respectively). These results indicate that stomatal size explains much of the intraspecific variation in the regulation of transpiration upon water deprivation on rose.     

Ontogenetic changes in stomatal size and conductance of sunflowers

The ontogenetic changes in stomatal size, frequency and conductance (g_s) on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. Russian Mammoth) were examined under controlled environmental conditions. The stomatal frequency on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces decreased with leaf ontogeny and insertion level. The ratio of adaxial to abaxial stomatal frequency did not change with leaf ontogeny and insertion level, and 42–44% of total stomata was apportioned to the adaxial surface. Ontogenetic changes in stomatal pore length were detected and increased with ontogenesis. The stomatal length of both leaf surfaces had linear relationships with leaf area. Ontogenetic changes in g_s were similar between the two surfaces. However the adaxial g_s was lower than abaxial g_s in leaves of higher insertion levels. Conductance had a linear relationship with width x frequency but not with pore area.     

气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的发育及相关性分析

主要观察了气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的分布和发育情况,并分别对叶片和翅上气孔簇大小、气孔簇密度等指标的相关性进行了研究、结果表明:在叶片的下表皮、雌花和雄花的花被片、苞片、小苞片和翅上有气孔分布,而在茎、花梗上却未见气孔分布.叶片下表皮和翅上气孔通常成簇分布.在叶片的下表皮,气孔簇大小与气孔簇密度呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);气孔簇密度与叶片长度呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01).而翅上的气孔簇密度、气孔簇大小与子房长度无显著相关性(P>0.05).在四季秋海棠中,不同器官表皮的气孔簇大小是不同的,这可能与生理功能的不同有关.     

Structure,Ontogeny and Taxonomic Significance of Stomata in Some Cucurbitaceae

Stomatal structure, ontogeny in vegetative and floral organs of 9 genera and 12 species of Cucurbitaceae are described. The stomatal types conform to aperigenous, monoperigenous, diperigenous, hemipara-mesoperigenous and para-mesoperigenous types of Fryns-Claessens & Van Cotthem (1973). Stomatal abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, single guard cells with or without pore, one and a half stomata, degeneration of one or both the guard cells, cytoplasmic connections between guard cells of neighbouring stomata and a guard cell of a stoma and an adjacent epidermal cell, and division of guard cells are described. Stomata index, frequency of stomata, epidermal cells, size of guard and epidermal cells and organwise distribution of stomata are given. Stomatal studies does not support the view that the Cucurbitaceae are related to the Passifloraceae. The inclusion of 9 genera and 12 species studied in the tribe Cucumerineae is justified.