森林生物量遥感降尺度研究

森林生物量是评价全球碳氧平衡、气候变化的重要指标。目前已有基于星载激光雷达数据的全球森林生物量产品,但空间分辨率较低,不能很好地满足小区域森林调查和动态监测的需要。针对这一现状,以美国马里兰州两个森林分布状况不同的区域为研究区,基于CMS(Carbon Monitoring System)30 m分辨率和GEOCARBON 1 km分辨率森林地上生物量产品以及TM等数据源,通过升尺度模拟低分辨率生物量数据和直接使用低分辨率产品两种方式,分别尝试建立了多光谱地表参数和低分辨率森林地上生物量之间的统计关系,以此作为降尺度模型实现了森林地上生物量空间分辨率从1 km到30 m的转换,并对降尺度结果进行精度评价和误差分析。结果表明:模拟数据降尺度后的30 m分辨率森林地上生物量空间分布和CMS森林地上生物量分布状况大致相同,RMSE=59.2—65.5 Mg/hm~2,相关系数约为0.7;其降尺度结果优于GEOCARBON产品直接降尺度结果RMSE=75.3—79.9 Mg/hm~2;相较于线性模型,非线性模型能更好地呈现森林地上生物量和地表参数间的关系;总体上,降尺度生物量呈现高值区低估,低值区高估的现象。     

基于随机森林模型的青藏高原森林地上生物量遥感估算

遥感数据可以实时快速获取森林属性信息，利用遥感技术数据估算的森林地上生物量(aboveground biomass, AGB)具有空间连续性且精度较高的优势。与低纬度或低海拔的森林生态系统相比，高寒区因地形复杂、气候特殊，森林属性信息的获取更加困难，因此遥感是获取大尺度高寒区森林属性的重要手段。本研究以青藏高原为研究区，利用MODIS卫星影像和样地调查数据，建立随机森林模型(RF)估算森林AGB,并结合K最近邻算法(KNN)进一步探究该区域主要树种AGB。本研究在不同尺度上验证了模型预测精度，并分析预测变量的重要性。结果表明：(1)建立的AGB估算模型在像元(R²=0.82,RMSE=64.93 t·hm^-2)和景观尺度(t=0.15,P=0.88)上皆表现较好；(2)青藏高原森林AGB空间分布呈现由东南向西北逐渐降低的趋势，平均森林AGB为181.28±104.54 t·hm^-2;最高的森林AGB出现在海拔1000 m以下，为237.66±60.92 t·hm^-2;树种水平上，冷杉、云杉和云南松A...     

上海城市森林叶生物量遥感监测

区域尺度城市森林叶生物量的估测对了解植物长势、碳同化过程和森林生态系统具有显著作用。本研究基于2011年6月—2012年6月样地实测叶生物量数据以及同期遥感信息,采用回归分析与空间分析相结合的方法,估测了上海城市森林叶生物量的空间分布,探讨了区域尺度森林叶生物量的遥感估测方法。结果表明:(1)上海城市森林叶生物量密度总体呈现出中心城区(静安区、黄浦区等)高,郊区县(松江区、金山区等)低的空间分布特征,其生物量密度分别介于4~10和1~6 t·hm-2。(2)研究区森林叶的平均生物量密度和生物量总量分别为2.55 t·hm-2和300.81×103t,郊区县与中心城区森林叶生物量分别占总量的94.16%和5.84%。在所有区县中,以林地面积最大的崇明县和浦东新区具有最高的森林叶生物量值,两者总量达到研究区总量的34.82%;以林地面积最小的静安区为最低,仅占总量的0.1%。(3)通过残差计算并引入空间分析的森林叶生物量遥感估算方法,其标准误差RMSE、平均绝对误差MAE、平均相对误差MRE较回归模型分别降低了58.46%、48.76%和48.71%,较空间插值的结果分别降低了47.74%、38%和49.24%。结合空间分析和回归分析的城市森林叶生物量研究方法为快速、便捷、客观、高效的区域生物量遥感监测提供了可能。     

基于森林资源清查资料的生物量估算模式及其发展趋势

基于森林资源清查资料的森林生物量估算是在景观、区域甚至全球尺度上评估森林碳收支的重要手段。且在陆地生态系统碳循环和全球变化研究中起着十分重要的作用．对3种常见的基于森林资源清查资料估算生物量的方法及其不足进行较为系统概述的基础上,指出了其未来的研究方向：1)综合考虑森林生物学因素与非生物学因素对森林生物量的影响,特别是蓄积量和林龄,以及气候因子在估算生物量中的作用;2)明确森林总生物量与活立木生物量的关系;3)建立基于森林资源清查资料的遥感驱动生物量估算模型,为森林生物量的准确估算提供方法和依据．     

森林碳计量方法研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,不仅是巨大的碳库而且对减缓气候变暖具有积极作用。科学有效的森林碳计量方法,有助于加深对全球碳循环过程的理解。然而,由于森林生态系统结构复杂,对森林碳计量的估算结果普遍存在精度低、不确定性高的问题。近年来,国内外发展了大量对森林碳计量进行估算的方法,主要有基于样地清查的森林植被和土壤碳估算、基于生长收获的经验模型估算、基于定量遥感雷达观测的遥感估测、基于多尺度森林生态系统网络的通量观测和陆地生态系统过程模型模拟等方法。在实际的森林碳计量中,根据不同的森林类型特征和数据获取情况,往往采取不同的碳计量方法,甚至不止一种。以生态过程模型模拟、遥感反演和数据同化技术为主要手段,基于碳通量观测数据、控制实验数据和遥感影像数据,发展多学科、多过程、多尺度的综合联网观测,充分认识森林碳循环过程中碳源/汇的时空分布特征,开展区域、洲际乃至全球尺度碳循环及其对全球变化和人类活动响应的系统性、集成性研究,以便建立高效、可靠的碳计量体系是未来林业碳计量的发展趋势。随着世界各国温室气体排放清单的编制,中国迫切需要科学的方法体系计量森林碳源/汇,提升我国在生态环境问题上的国际发言权和主导权,同时对我国森林可持续经营、生态环境保护以及美丽中国建设提供建议与支持。分析了各类森林碳计量方法的主要特征、优缺点,同时探讨了目前的森林碳计量方法存在的问题和未来的发展趋势,为不同时空尺度下森林碳计量提供参考。     

基于遥感降尺度估算中国森林生物量的空间分布

森林生物量是陆地生态系统重要的碳库,其大小与空间分布特征直接影响森林的碳汇潜力。基于空间降尺度技术,以中国第六次国家森林资源清查资料为基础,同时结合1∶100万植被分布图及同期的基于MODIS反演的NPP空间分布,定量估算了1 km分辨率下我国森林生物量的空间分布。结果表明:(1)降尺度技术能有效结合遥感数据的空间特征与地面详查资料的统计特征,从而较好地解决当前生物量估算的区域尺度转化问题;(2)我国森林生物量存在明显的空间分布规律,与水热条件的空间分布格局基本一致,表现为西部较低东部较高,大型山脉分布处较高;(3)我国森林生物量总量11.0 Pg,平均生物量74.8 Mg/hm2,其中高值区主要集中在东北大小兴安岭和长白山地区、新疆山区、西南横断山脉地区以及东南武夷山地区。     

基于机载激光雷达与Landsat 8 OLI数据的亚热带森林生物量估算

快速、定量、精确地估算区域森林生物量一直是森林生态功能评价以及碳储量研究的重要问题。该研究基于机载激光雷达(Li DAR)点云与Landsat 8 OLI多光谱数据,借助江苏省常熟市虞山地区55块调查样地数据,首先提取并分析了87个特征变量(53个OLI特征变量,34个LiDAR特征变量)与森林地上、地下生物量的Pearson’s相关系数以进行变量优选,然后利用多元逐步回归法建立森林生物量估算模型(OLI生物量估算模型和LiDAR生物量估算模型),并与基于两种数据建立的综合生物量估算模型的结果进行比较,讨论预测结果及其精确性。结果表明:3种模型(OLI模型、LiDAR模型和综合模型)在所有样地无区分分析时,地上和地下生物量的估算精度均达到0.4以上,基于不同森林类型(针叶林、阔叶林、混交林)分析时地上和地下生物量的估算精度均有明显提高,达到0.67及以上。利用分森林类型模型估算生物量,综合生物量估算模型精度(地上生物量:R2为0.88;地下生物量:R2为0.92)优于OLI生物量估算模型(地上生物量:R2为0.73;地下生物量:R2为0.81)和Li DAR生物量估算模型(地上生物量:R2为0.86;地下生物量:R2为0.83)。     

协同ICESat/GLAS和MISR数据估算小兴安岭地区森林地上生物量

大光斑激光雷达ICESat/GLAS波形数据包含大量的地物垂直结构信息,如森林垂直断面、地形等。这些信息与森林地上生物量具有很强的相关性。本研究在雷达波形数据处理的基础上,提取波形参数,分别用线性逐步回归模型和Erf-BP神经网络模型建立波形参数与森林地上生物量的关系式。使用Erf-BP神经网络模型计算研究区域内GLAS光斑点的生物量,协同多角度光学遥感数据MISR应用随机森林机器学习方法构建从点到面的空间尺度生物量扩展模型,最后用样地数据对模型反演的生物量结果进行检验。研究结果表明Erf-BP神经网络模型预测能力(P=0.965,RMSE=3.81 t·ha-1)优于线性逐步回归模型(P=0.86,RMSE=4.54 t·ha-1);空间尺度扩展模型预测精度P=0.81,RMSE=2.39 t·ha-1,反演的森林地上生物量估计值范围在0~144.4 t·ha-1,平均地上生物量估计值为59.28 t·ha-1,用样地数据检验模型的反演结果(R2=0.72,RMSE=8.98 t·ha-1),估计值与实际值较为接近。研究实现使用少量实测数据获取大尺度、高精度森林地上生物量的目的,为森林资源调查、生态研究及碳循环研究提供基础。     

Estimates of subtropical forest biomass based on airborne LiDAR and Landsat 8 OLI data

 快速、定量、精确地估算区域森林生物量一直是森林生态功能评价以及碳储量研究的重要问题。该研究基于机载激光雷达(LiDAR)点云与Landsat 8 OLI多光谱数据, 借助江苏省常熟市虞山地区55块调查样地数据, 首先提取并分析了87个特征变量(53个OLI特征变量, 34个LiDAR特征变量)与森林地上、地下生物量的Pearson’s相关系数以进行变量优选, 然后利用多元逐步回归法建立森林生物量估算模型(OLI生物量估算模型和LiDAR生物量估算模型), 并与基于两种数据建立的综合生物量估算模型的结果进行比较, 讨论预测结果及其精确性。结果表明: 3种模型(OLI模型、LiDAR模型和综合模型)在所有样地无区分分析时, 地上和地下生物量的估算精度均达到0.4以上, 基于不同森林类型(针叶林、阔叶林、混交林)分析时地上和地下生物量的估算精度均有明显提高, 达到0.67及以上。利用分森林类型模型估算生物量, 综合生物量估算模型精度(地上生物量: R²为0.88; 地下生物量: R²为0.92)优于OLI生物量估算模型(地上生物量: R²为0.73; 地下生物量: R²为0.81)和LiDAR生物量估算模型(地上生物量: R²为0.86; 地下生物量: R²为0.83)。     

卫星遥感监测产品在中国森林生态系统的验证和不确定性分析——基于海量无人机激光雷达数据

准确获取森林结构参数对森林生态系统研究及其保护有着重要意义。卫星遥感数据作为获取大尺度森林结构参数的重要数据源, 已被制作成各种植被监测产品并被应用于森林质量状况变化评估、森林生物量估算以及森林干扰和生物多样性监测等研究。然而, 这些卫星遥感植被监测产品针对中国复杂多样的森林区域缺乏有效验证, 在不同林况和地形条件下的不确定性也不明确。激光雷达具备高精度三维信息采集的优势, 在国内外已被广泛用于森林生态系统监测和卫星遥感产品验证。为此, 该研究利用在中国114个样地收集的153 km²的无人机激光雷达数据, 构建了我国森林结构参数验证数据集, 并以此为基础对3套全球遥感监测产品(全球叶面积指数(GLASS LAI)、全球冠层覆盖度(GLCF TCC)、全球冠层高度(GFCH))进行了像元尺度的验证, 并分析了其在不同坡度、覆盖度和林型条件下的不确定性。研究结果表明: 与无人机激光雷达获取的叶面积指数、覆盖度以及冠层高度相比, GLASS LAI、GLCF TCC、GFCH在中国森林区域均存在一定的不确定性, 且受林况和地形因素影响的程度不一致。对GLASS LAI和GLCF TCC影响的最大因素分别为林型和覆盖度; 而GFCH则更易受地形坡度和覆盖度的影响。     

Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests

Tropical forests hold large stores of carbon, yet uncertainty remains regarding their quantitative contribution to the global carbon cycle. One approach to quantifying carbon biomass stores consists in inferring changes from long-term forest inventory plots. Regression models are used to convert inventory data into an estimate of aboveground biomass (AGB). We provide a critical reassessment of the quality and the robustness of these models across tropical forest types, using a large dataset of 2,410 trees ≥ 5 cm diameter, directly harvested in 27 study sites across the tropics. Proportional relationships between aboveground biomass and the product of wood density, trunk cross-sectional area, and total height are constructed. We also develop a regression model involving wood density and stem diameter only. Our models were tested for secondary and old-growth forests, for dry, moist and wet forests, for lowland and montane forests, and for mangrove forests. The most important predictors of AGB of a tree were, in decreasing order of importance, its trunk diameter, wood specific gravity, total height, and forest type (dry, moist, or wet). Overestimates prevailed, giving a bias of 0.5–6.5% when errors were averaged across all stands. Our regression models can be used reliably to predict aboveground tree biomass across a broad range of tropical forests. Because they are based on an unprecedented dataset, these models should improve the quality of tropical biomass estimates, and bring consensus about the contribution of the tropical forest biome and tropical deforestation to the global carbon cycle. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

基于TM影像、森林资源清查数据和人工神经网络的森林碳空间分布模拟

森林是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,在全球碳平衡和减缓全球气候变化方面发挥着不可替代的作用。当前主要利用森林资源清查数据和优势树种材积源-生物量的关系进行碳储量估算,在此基础上有效结合遥感影像数据将会更好的满足相关部门对国家和区域森林碳储量计算的需求。利用临安市2004年森林资源清查的930个样地数据和同年度Landsat TM影像数据,提取6个波段灰度值以及与碳储量相关性相对较大的3个波段组合,结合人工神经网络对研究区森林碳储量及其分布进行有效模拟。结果显示,用误差反向传播算法训练神经网络较好的重建了森林碳密度空间分布和变化,森林碳地上部分模拟结果与样地实测值之间的一致性好,全区域模拟结果森林碳平均值为0.98Mg(10.89Mg/hm²),总体森林碳密度模拟结果低于样地平均值约13%,进一步验证了人工神经网络在对大范围森林碳估算与模拟上具有较好的效果,为区域森林碳储量的估测研究提供有效的方法支持。     

基于GF-2的油松人工林地上生物量反演

油松是黄土高原地区重要的造林树种.快速准确地估测其地上生物量,对开展该地区森林资源动态监测等具有重要作用.本研究选取陕西省黄龙山林区石堡林场的油松人工林为对象,结合国产卫星高分二号(GF-2)的多光谱遥感影像与野外同时段实测样地数据,对其地上生物量进行了估算.提取了5种植被指数和8种纹理信息,基于普通回归、逐步回归、岭回归、拉索回归与主成分回归5种方法在4种纹理窗口(3×3、5×5、7×7和9×9)下建模,使用留一法交叉验证测试了每个模型的估算精度.结果表明: 提取的遥感因子之间存在着较为严重的多重共线性关系,大部分遥感因子与油松人工林地上生物量有较为显著的相关性;GF-2数据在石堡林场油松人工林地上生物量的反演中可以实现较高精度,其中估算效果最好的是使用了9×9纹理窗口的主成分回归模型,估算效果最差的是使用了3×3纹理窗口的普通回归模型.利用国产高分辨率卫星影像对油松人工林地上生物量进行反演研究,可以为西北地区林业部门进行森林生物量监测、资源管理与可持续经营提供科学依据.     

Generalized and species-specific prediction models for aboveground biomass in semi-steppe rangelands

Aims The accurate estimation of aboveground biomass in vegetation is critical for global carbon accounting. Regression models provide an easy estimation of aboveground biomass at large spatial and temporal scales. Yet, only few prediction models are available for aboveground biomass in rangelands, as compared with forests. In addition to the development of prediction models, we tested whether such prediction models vary with plant growth forms and life spans, and with the inclusion of site and/or quadrat-specific factors.     

The spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: a comparison of estimates

The amount of carbon released to the atmosphere as a result of deforestation is determined, in part, by the amount of carbon held in the biomass of the forests converted to other uses. Uncertainty in forest biomass is responsible for much of the uncertainty in current estimates of the flux of carbon from land‐use change. In the present contribution several estimates of forest biomass are compared for the Brazilian Amazon, based on spatial interpolations of direct measurements, relationships to climatic variables, and remote sensing data. Three questions were posed: First, do the methods yield similar estimates? Second, do they yield similar spatial patterns of distribution of biomass? And, third, what factors need most attention if we are to predict more accurately the distribution of forest biomass over large areas? The answer to the first two questions is that estimates of biomass for Brazil's Amazonian forests (including dead and belowground biomass) vary by more than a factor of two, from a low of 39 PgC to a high of 93 PgC. Furthermore, the estimates disagree as to the regions of high and low biomass. The lack of agreement among estimates confirms the need for reliable determination of aboveground biomass over large areas. Potential methods include direct measurement of biomass through forest inventories with improved allometric regression equations, dynamic modelling of forest recovery following observed stand‐replacing disturbances, and estimation of aboveground biomass from airborne or satellite‐based instruments sensitive to the vertical structure plant canopies.     

Simulating Carbon Stocks and Fluxes of an African Tropical Montane Forest with an Individual-Based Forest Model

Tropical forests are carbon-dense and highly productive ecosystems. Consequently, they play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In the present study we used an individual-based forest model (FORMIND) to analyze the carbon balances of a tropical forest. The main processes of this model are tree growth, mortality, regeneration, and competition. Model parameters were calibrated using forest inventory data from a tropical forest at Mt. Kilimanjaro. The simulation results showed that the model successfully reproduces important characteristics of tropical forests (aboveground biomass, stem size distribution and leaf area index). The estimated aboveground biomass (385 t/ha) is comparable to biomass values in the Amazon and other tropical forests in Africa. The simulated forest reveals a gross primary production of 24 t_cha^-1yr^-1. Modeling above- and belowground carbon stocks, we analyzed the carbon balance of the investigated tropical forest. The simulated carbon balance of this old-growth forest is zero on average. This study provides an example of how forest models can be used in combination with forest inventory data to investigate forest structure and local carbon balances.     

Allometric equations for integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes

Remote sensing is revolutionizing the way we study forests, and recent technological advances mean we are now able – for the first time – to identify and measure the crown dimensions of individual trees from airborne imagery. Yet to make full use of these data for quantifying forest carbon stocks and dynamics, a new generation of allometric tools which have tree height and crown size at their centre are needed. Here, we compile a global database of 108753 trees for which stem diameter, height and crown diameter have all been measured, including 2395 trees harvested to measure aboveground biomass. Using this database, we develop general allometric models for estimating both the diameter and aboveground biomass of trees from attributes which can be remotely sensed – specifically height and crown diameter. We show that tree height and crown diameter jointly quantify the aboveground biomass of individual trees and find that a single equation predicts stem diameter from these two variables across the world's forests. These new allometric models provide an intuitive way of integrating remote sensing imagery into large‐scale forest monitoring programmes and will be of key importance for parameterizing the next generation of dynamic vegetation models.     

Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest

Drought‐induced, regional‐scale dieback of forests has emerged as a global concern that is expected to escalate under model projections of climate change. Since 2000, drought of unusual severity, extent, and duration has affected large areas of western North America, leading to regional‐scale dieback of forests in the southwestern US. We report on drought impacts on forests in a region farther north, encompassing the transition between boreal forest and prairie in western Canada. A central question is the significance of drought as an agent of large‐scale tree mortality and its potential future impact on carbon cycling in this cold region. We used a combination of plot‐based, meteorological, and remote sensing measures to map and quantify aboveground, dead biomass of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) across an 11.5 Mha survey area where drought was exceptionally severe during 2001–2002. Within this area, a satellite‐based land cover map showed that aspen‐dominated broadleaf forests occupied 2.3 Mha. Aerial surveys revealed extensive patches of severe mortality (>55%) resembling the impacts of fire. Dead aboveground biomass was estimated at 45 Mt, representing 20% of the total aboveground biomass, based on a spatial interpolation of plot‐based measurements. Spatial variation in percentage dead biomass showed a moderately strong correlation with drought severity. In the prairie‐like, southern half of the study area where the drought was most severe, 35% of aspen biomass was dead, compared with an estimated 7% dead biomass in the absence of drought. Drought led to an estimated 29 Mt increase in dead biomass across the survey area, corresponding to 14 Mt of potential future carbon emissions following decomposition. Many recent, comparable episodes of drought‐induced forest dieback have been reported from around the world, which points to an emerging need for multiscale monitoring approaches to quantify drought effects on woody biomass and carbon cycling across large areas.     

MODIS Based Estimation of Forest Aboveground Biomass in China

Accurate estimation of forest biomass C stock is essential to understand carbon cycles. However, current estimates of Chinese forest biomass are mostly based on inventory-based timber volumes and empirical conversion factors at the provincial scale, which could introduce large uncertainties in forest biomass estimation. Here we provide a data-driven estimate of Chinese forest aboveground biomass from 2001 to 2013 at a spatial resolution of 1 km by integrating a recently reviewed plot-level ground-measured forest aboveground biomass database with geospatial information from 1-km Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) dataset in a machine learning algorithm (the model tree ensemble, MTE). We show that Chinese forest aboveground biomass is 8.56 Pg C, which is mainly contributed by evergreen needle-leaf forests and deciduous broadleaf forests. The mean forest aboveground biomass density is 56.1 Mg C ha⁻¹, with high values observed in temperate humid regions. The responses of forest aboveground biomass density to mean annual temperature are closely tied to water conditions; that is, negative responses dominate regions with mean annual precipitation less than 1300 mm y⁻¹ and positive responses prevail in regions with mean annual precipitation higher than 2800 mm y⁻¹. During the 2000s, the forests in China sequestered C by 61.9 Tg C y⁻¹, and this C sink is mainly distributed in north China and may be attributed to warming climate, rising CO₂ concentration, N deposition, and growth of young forests.     

An analysis of structure: biomass structure relationships for characteristic species of the western Kalahari,Botswana

Savannah ecosystems are important carbon stocks on the Earth, and their quantification is crucial for understanding the global impact of climate and land‐use changes in savannahs. The estimation of aboveground/belowground plant biomass requires tested allometric relationships that can be used to determine total plant biomass as a function of easy‐to‐measure morphological indicators. Despite recent advances in savannah ecology, research on allometric relations in savannahs remains confined to a few site‐specific studies where basal area is typically used as the main morphometric parameter with plant biomass. We investigate allometric relations at four sites along a 950‐km transect in the Kalahari across mean rainfall gradient 170 mm yr^?1–550 mm yr^?1. Using data from 342 harvested trees/shrubs, we relate basal area, height and crown diameter to aboveground biomass. These relationships are strongest in trees and weakest in small shrubs. Strong allometric relationships are also determined for morphologically similar groups of woody vegetation. We show that crown diameter can be used as an alternative to basal area in allometric relationships with plant biomass. This finding may enhance the ability to determine aboveground biomass over large areas using high‐resolution aerial or satellite imagery without requiring ground‐based measurements of basal area.