土拉弗朗西斯菌与巨噬细胞膜的早期相互作用

评估土拉弗朗西斯菌LVS在感染鼠巨噬细胞早期与细胞膜的相互作用。用表达GFP的土拉弗朗西斯菌LVS感染鼠巨噬细胞1774A1。结合单抗的小窝蛋白-1或转铁蛋白受体-1分别用键合了Alexa594的羊抗鼠二抗显色。土拉弗朗西斯菌疫苗株LVS可以诱导宿主细胞膜伸出伪足,将细菌吸收进入巨噬细胞。分布在细胞膜上的小窝蛋白-1和转铁蛋白受体-1参与巨噬细胞对弗朗西斯菌的摄入。这些发现说明,弗朗西斯菌进入巨噬细胞需要细胞膜微结构域和小窝蛋白;在感染早期转铁蛋白受体-1参与了细菌的摄入,这可能与弗朗西斯菌获取铁以利在胞内生存有关。     

TassC结合过氧化物酶体对早期受染巨噬细胞内的鼠伤寒沙门菌的影响

探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌在感染鼠巨噬细胞早期与细胞器的相互作用。用pTassC-GFP质粒转染鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7,结合多抗的溶酶体标志物溶酶体相关膜蛋白-1用键合了Alexa594的羊抗鼠二抗显色,以观察标记了绿色荧光蛋白的TassC与溶酶体的关系;用pTassC-GFP和pDsRed2-Perxi质粒共转染RAW264.7细胞,以观察TassC-GFP与过氧化物酶体的关系;用SYTO42标记鼠伤寒沙门菌,感染用pTassC-GFP和pDsRed2-Perxi质粒共转染的RAW264.7细胞,以观察细菌与TassC和过氧化物酶体的关系。免疫荧光显示TassC-GFP不与鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中的溶酶体结合,但与标记了红色荧光的过氧化物酶体共定位;感染1 h的RAW264.7胞内SYTO42标记的鼠伤寒沙门菌吞噬泡可招募TassC-GFP和过氧化物酶体。这些发现提示在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染早期过氧化物酶体携带杀菌成分通过TassC介导可参与发挥一定的杀菌作用。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌六型分泌系统效应蛋白Clpv对巨噬细胞极化的影响北大核心

【目的】探讨Ⅵ型分泌系统(typeⅥsecretion system,T6SS)效应蛋白Clpv在鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium)致病过程中的功能。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌SL1344基因组为模板克隆clpv基因,并比较与其他革兰氏阴性菌台湾假单胞菌(Pseudomonas taiwanensis)、植生拉乌尔菌(Raoultella planticola)、鳗利斯顿氏菌(Listonella anguillarum)、菠萝多源菌(Pantoea ananatis)、粘放线菌(Actinomyces viscosus)和大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)的同源性;将clpv基因克隆至pEGFP-N1载体构建重组质粒pEGFP-Clpv,利用Western blotting、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,q-PCR)、荧光显微镜以及流式细胞术检测蛋白表达、定位及诱导小鼠巨噬细胞M1型和M2型极化水平。【结果】clpv基因全长为2637 bp,与台湾假单胞菌的同源性最高;Western blotting、qPCR和免疫荧光检测表明重组蛋白大小约120 kDa,在细胞中有明显绿色荧光并且主要定位于细胞膜;q-PCR和流式细胞术结果发现Clpv转染组巨噬细胞M1型极化显著增加(P<0.01),M2型巨噬细胞极化显著减少(P<0.01)。【结论】成功克隆表达鼠伤寒沙门菌T6SS效应蛋白Clpv,并明确其胞内表达定位以及对巨噬细胞极化的影响。     

短链脂肪酸作用下伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡机制的探讨

目的了解短链脂肪酸(SCFA)作用伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡机制。方法将SCFA作用伤寒沙门菌感染巨噬细胞8 h后,检测TNF-α、caspase3、caspase8、caspase9及NO的产生量,同时检测加入caspase3、caspase8、caspase9抑制剂和TNF-α抗体后的细胞凋亡率。结果作用8 h后caspase3、caspase8及NO、TNF-α的产生量均高于对照组(P0.01)。caspase3、caspase8抑制剂和TNF-α抗体均能不同程度抑制SCFA作用伤寒沙门菌诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡(P0.01)。结论 SCFA作用伤寒沙门菌诱导巨噬细胞凋亡可以通过NO及TNF-α介导,caspase3和caspase8参与的外源性凋亡途迳。     

膜铁转运蛋白1，铁调素的靶分子？

膜铁转运蛋白1是重要的跨膜铁输出分子,主要分布于十二指肠和单核巨噬系统的细胞膜上,参与机体的肠铁吸收和巨噬细胞对铁的再循环等过程。铁调素是调节机体铁代谢平衡的激素,机体通过肝脏分泌的铁调素对铁转运相关蛋白的表达进行调控,从而实现机体自身的铁稳态。最新研究显示,铁调素的靶分子可能是膜铁转运蛋白1,它通过直接的作用引起膜铁转运蛋白1的内化(internalization)、降解,从而调节其在细胞膜上的表达量,进而控制肠铁吸收和巨噬细胞对铁的再循环过程,以维持机体的铁稳态。     

转铁蛋白受体在土拉弗朗西斯菌LVS入侵巨噬细胞期间的作用

评估转铁蛋白受体-1在土拉弗朗西斯菌LVS感染鼠巨噬细胞期间的作用.用表达GFP的土拉弗朗西斯菌LVS感染鼠巨噬细胞J774A.1.结合单抗的转铁蛋白受体-1分别用键合了Alexa594的羊抗鼠二抗显色,用小干扰RNA下调转铁蛋白受体-1的表达,进而用土拉弗朗西斯菌LVS分别感染转铁蛋白受体-1表达下调的细胞和转染无关siRNA的细胞,并进行细菌计数.分布在细胞膜上的转铁蛋白受体-1参与巨噬细胞对弗朗西斯菌的摄入.免疫印迹结果表明小于扰RNA对转铁蛋白受体-1的表达下调了大约75%.细菌入侵试验显示,在感染1 h时,转铁蛋白受体-1表达下调的细胞内细菌数量等同于对照(F=1.06.P=0.3265);而在感染24 h时,Tfr1下调样本中的细菌数量明显低于对照样本(F=24.12,P=0.0006).这些发现说明在感染早期转铁蛋白受体-1参与了细菌的摄入,这可能与弗朗西斯菌获取铁以利在胞内生存有关.转铁蛋白受体-1的下调不影响细菌的入侵,但抑制细菌在细胞内的增殖.     

鼠伤寒沙门菌rtsB基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性

【背景】鼠伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhimurium)是一种重要的人畜共患病原菌,严重危害养殖业及人类健康。调控蛋白在病原菌的生存及感染过程中发挥重要作用。【目的】构建鼠伤寒沙门菌调控基因rtsB缺失株和互补株,分析调控蛋白RstB对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性和致病性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌SAT52的rtsB基因缺失株,并利用互补质粒构建互补株。然后比较分析野生株SAT52、缺失株?rtsB和互补株C?rtsB的生长特性、运动性、生物被膜形成能力、黏附入侵能力、胞内存活能力及致病性的差异。【结果】缺失rtsB基因不影响SAT52的生长速度,但导致运动能力增强,生物被膜形成能力减弱。细胞感染试验结果表明,rtsB基因有助于鼠伤寒沙门菌对Hela细胞的黏附入侵及RAW264.7细胞内的存活。动物试验结果表明rtsB基因缺失显著降低鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病力。【结论】rtsB基因在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染过程中发挥重要作用,可为阐释鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病机制提供参考。     

基于串联质谱标签法和平行反应监测技术的氟喹诺酮耐药沙门菌蛋白质组学分析

【背景】随着沙门菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性不断增强,对其耐药机理的研究显得尤为迫切和重要,蛋白质组学分析将为沙门菌的耐药机理研究提供新的靶点和方向。【目的】对鼠伤寒沙门菌诱导获得耐药性前后进行蛋白质组学分析,为深入研究沙门菌耐药机理奠定基础。【方法】用环丙沙星对鼠伤寒沙门菌ATCC13311进行耐药性诱导,利用串联质谱标签法(Tandem mass tag,TMT)对其耐药性进行差异蛋白的筛选和生物信息学分析,并选取15个差异蛋白进行平行反应监测(Parallel reaction monitoring,PRM)靶向蛋白验证。【结果】筛选出318个差异表达蛋白,其中上调159个,下调159个,涉及的KEGG通路主要包括细菌趋药性、ABC转运蛋白、双组分系统等;PRM定量到13个验证蛋白且变化趋势与TMT一致。【结论】通过TMT定量结合PRM靶向验证对鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药前后进行蛋白质组学分析,筛选出多个差异蛋白和代谢通路,包括外排泵相关蛋白、外膜蛋白、双组分相关蛋白及通路、细菌趋化性相关蛋白及通路等,为沙门菌氟喹诺酮类耐药机理的深入研究奠定了基础。     

低氧与铁代谢相关蛋白

氧和铁这两种元素对生命活动十分重要. 低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factors, HIFs)作为转录因子,参与一系列靶基因的表达调控以适应低氧. 铁参与 DNA合成、氧气运输、代谢反应等多种细胞活动,过量游离铁会通过Haber-Weiss或 Fenton反应产生毒性自由基. 细胞通过与铁吸收、存储和利用有关的多种铁代谢相 关蛋白之间的协同作用来维持铁稳态. 与铁稳态相关的一些基因是HIFs的靶基因或 者间接受低氧调控,包括转铁蛋白、转铁蛋白受体、二价金属转运体1、铁调素、膜 铁转运蛋白、血浆铜蓝蛋白、铁蛋白等,而胞内铁浓度的改变能影响HIFs的表达. 本文就低氧与铁代谢相关蛋白的关系,尤其是低氧对铁代谢相关蛋白的调节作一综 述.     

假定调控蛋白STM14_3514可降低鼠伤寒沙门菌对上皮细胞的侵袭力

【目的】研究鼠伤寒沙门菌致病岛1(SPI-1)内部的假定调控蛋白STM14_3514的功能及其作用机制。【方法】以鼠伤寒沙门菌模式菌株ATCC 14028为亲本株,构建了STM14_3514基因的缺失突变体及互补菌株,通过小鼠实验、细胞侵袭实验、Western blot及实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)等实验技术,深入研究了STM14_3514基因对鼠伤寒沙门菌致病过程的影响。【结果】STM14_3514突变提高了细菌对小鼠的致病能力,突变体在小鼠肠道、肝和脾中的定殖能力均增强;细胞实验揭示,突变体致病力提升主要由于STM14_3514突变能显著增强细菌对上皮细胞的侵袭力(2倍,P0.05)。q RT-PCR及Western blot分析表明,STM14_3514显著抑制SPI-1内部主要调控因子hil A及侵袭相关基因的表达。此外,STM14_3514对hil A的抑制由Hil C介导。【结论】STM14_3514是鼠伤寒沙门菌SPI-1内部的负调控因子,能通过Hil C抑制hil A及SPI-1其他入侵基因的表达,该基因的生物学意义可能与细菌进入细胞后对SPI-1的负调控相关。     

The co-ordinated regulation of iron homeostasis in murine macrophages limits the availability of iron for intracellular Salmonella typhimurium

In being both, a modifier of cellular immune effector pathways and an essential nutrient for microbes, iron is a critical determinant in host-pathogen interaction. Here, we investigated the metabolic changes of macrophage iron homeostasis and immune function following the infection of RAW264.7 murine macrophages with Salmonella typhimurium. We observed an enhanced expression of the principal iron export protein, ferroportin 1, and a subsequent increase of iron efflux in Salmonella-infected phagocytes. In parallel, the expression of haem oxygenase 1 and of the siderophore-binding peptide lipocalin 2 was markedly enhanced following pathogen entry. Collectively, these modulations reduced both the cytoplasmatic labile iron and the ferritin storage iron pool within macrophages, thus restricting the acquisition of iron by intramacrophage Salmonella. Correspondingly, limitation of macrophage iron decreased microbial survival, whereas iron supplementation impaired immune response pathways in Salmonella-infected macrophages (nitric oxide formation and tumour necrosis factor-alpha production) and promoted intracellular bacterial proliferation. Our findings suggest that the enhancement of ferroportin 1-mediated iron efflux, the upregulation of the haem-degrading enzyme haem oxygenase 1 and the induction of lipocalin 2 following infection concordantly aim at withholding iron from intracellular S. typhimurium and to increase antimicrobial immune effector pathways thus limiting pathogen proliferation.     

Genetic modification of iron metabolism in mice affects the gut microbiota

The composition of the gut microbiota is affected by environmental factors as well as host genetics. Iron is one of the important elements essential for bacterial growth, thus we hypothesized that changes in host iron homeostasis, may affect the luminal iron content of the gut and thereby the composition of intestinal bacteria. The iron regulatory protein 2 (Irp2) and one of the genes mutated in hereditary hemochromatosis Hfe , are both proteins involved in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. To test our hypothesis, fecal metal content and a selected spectrum of the fecal microbiota were analyzed from Hfe-/-, Irp2-/- and their wild type control mice. Elevated levels of iron as well as other minerals in feces of Irp2-/- mice compared to wild type and Hfe-/- mice were observed. Interestingly significant variation in the general fecal-bacterial population-patterns was observed between Irp2-/- and Hfe-/- mice. Furthermore the relative abundance of five species, mainly lactic acid bacteria, was significantly different among the mouse lines. Lactobacillus (L.) murinus and L. intestinalis were highly abundant in Irp2-/- mice, Enterococcus faecium species cluster and a species most similar to Olsenella were highly abundant in Hfe-/- mice and L. johnsonii was highly abundant in the wild type mice. These results suggest that deletion of iron metabolism genes in the mouse host affects the composition of its intestinal bacteria. Further studying the relationship between gut microbiota and genetic mutations affecting systemic iron metabolism in human should lead to clinical implications.     

Generation of conditional alleles of the murine Iron Regulatory Protein (IRP)-1 and -2 genes

Central aspects of cellular iron metabolism are controlled by IRP1 and IRP2, which are ubiquitously expressed in mouse organs and cells. Total and constitutive deficiency of both IRPs causes embryonic lethality in the mouse. To bypass the early lethality and to study organ-specific and/or temporal functions of IRP1 and/or IRP2 we generated Irp1 and Irp2 conditional alleles. We used mouse lines where a betaGeo gene trap construct was inserted into the second intron of the Irp1 and the Irp2 gene, generating hypomorphic alleles by interrupting the corresponding open reading frame near the amino-termini. The gene trap cassettes are flanked by Frt sites and were co-inserted with LoxP sites flanking exon 3. Flp-mediated removal of the gene trap construct generates floxed alleles with wildtype functions. For both Irp genes, Cre-assisted deletion of exon 3 generates complete null alleles that, in the case of IRP2, are associated with altered body iron distribution and compromised hematopoiesis. If not removed, the gene trap construct causes partially penetrant embryonic lethality unrelated to IRP deficiency when inserted within the Irp1 but not the Irp2 locus. We discuss the implications for functional genomics in the mouse.     

Slc11a1 limits intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium by promoting macrophage immune effector functions and impairing bacterial iron acquisition

The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, Slc11a1, is a phagolysosomal transporter for protons and divalent ions including iron that confers host protection against diverse intracellular pathogens including Salmonella . We investigated and compared the regulation of iron homeostasis and immune function in RAW264.7 murine phagocytes stably transfected with non-functional Slc11a1 and functional Slc11a1 controls in response to an infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We report that macrophages lacking functional Slc11a1 displayed an increased expression of transferrin receptor 1, resulting in enhanced acquisition of transferrin-bound iron. In contrast, cellular iron release mediated via ferroportin 1 was significantly lower in Salmonella -infected Slc11a1-negative macrophages in comparison with phagocytes bearing Slc11a1. Lack of Slc11a1 led to intracellular persistence of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium within macrophages, which was paralleled by a reduced formation of nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in Slc11a1-negative macrophages following Salmonella infection, whereas interleukin-10 production was increased. Moreover, Slc11a1-negative phagocytes exhibited higher cellular iron content, resulting in increased iron acquisition by intracellular Salmonella . Our observations indicate a bifunctional role for Slc11a1 within phagocytes. Slc11a restricts iron availability, which first augments pro-inflammatory macrophage effector functions and second concomitantly limits microbial iron access.