白鹇机体营养成分和氨基酸分析

白鹇是我国南方山区广为分布的野生鸡类，国家Ⅱ级保护动物，目前我们已成功地进行了驯养繁育，并正进一步扩大至商品化生产。本文通过实验室分析证实白鹇机体营养成分好，氨基酸种类齐全，１９种氨基酸总量达到干重的８３％以上，显示出良好的养殖利用前景。     

人工养殖白鹇产卵习性和卵的变化

人工养殖白鹇产卵习性和卵的变化高育仁,曹丰质,姚伟兰（华南濒危动物研究所,广州５１０２６０）Ｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｅｇｇ－ｌａｙｉｎｇｈａｂｉｔａｎｄｅｇｇｓｉｚｅｏｆａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｌｙｂｒｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｉｌｖｅｒｐｈｅａｓａｎｔ￥．ＧａｏＹ...     

生境异质性对刺五加种子萌发的影响及其种子库动态

本文通过定位观测研究了中国东北红松阔叶林及其次生林下重要灌木刺五加种子在异质生境中转化为幼苗的差异,人工落叶松林下模拟种子库的动态。结果表明：人工落叶松林下的转化率最高,为１６．８％。以下顺序为蒙古栎林下为４．ｌ％,白桦林下为２．７％,人工红松林下为０．８％,硬阔叶林下为０．５％。人工落叶松林下模拟种子库中刺五加种子的寿命为４ａ。幼苗输出率第２年为１４．５％,第３年为１０．１％,第４年为１．８％。其它输出为：腐烂３３．ｌ％;生理衰老２２．３％;鼠类捕食１４．１％,但其很不稳定,这与鼠类种群数量动态有关。昆虫和土壤动物捕食最少,仅１．２７％。     

浙江西部山区白鹇生态的初步研究

1982—1987年在浙西的开化、衢州、建德、淳安等地对白鹇的生态进行了调查。白鹇分布于全省植被良好的山区,活动于乔木层覆盖率较高的针阔混交林和针叶林等生境,其种群密度受林下灌木层盖度的影响。白鹇的冬季食物以壳斗科植物为主,取食频度为53.5％,干重百分比达72.48％;同时也取食一定量的昆虫等动物性食物,取食频度达40％。白鹇的冬季食物可分为三种类型:1.最喜食食物,取食频度在50％以上;2.喜食食物,取食频度在10—40％;3.偶食食物,取食频度小于10％。     

南方鲇的营养学研究:Ⅰ.人工饲料的消化率

采用循环水养殖系统在２７．５℃条件下,用人工饲料持喂养南方鲇（Ｓｉｌｕｒｕｓ ｍｅｒｉｄｉｏｎａｌｉｓ Ｃｈｅｎ）幼鱼６周。以三氧化二铬（Ｃｒ２Ｏ３）为指示物,测定了蛋白质含量为３５％至６０％（变化梯度为５％）的６种等能（２０ｋＪ／ｇ）试验饲料的消化率,实验结果表明,饲料蛋白南水平由３９．８６％升至５５．７３％时,饲料干物质表观消化率（Ｄｄｍ）、蛋白质表观消化率（Ｄｐ）、脂肪表观消化率（Ｄ１）、能     

白鹇海南亚种的生态和现状

海南白鹇是仅分布于我国海南岛的特殊的白鹇海岛亚种。其结群个体少；雏鸟孵出后，每群雏数少；亲鸟损失严重，有极其罕见的纯雏群现象；种群繁殖力低，出生率仅７７．５％；保护区核心区种群密度１９７８年２０．２只／ｋｍ~２，１９９２年１２只／ｋｍ~２。天敌、人类危害是种群数量严重下降的主要原因。目前全岛有白鹇分布的残存林区面积仅７４０ｋｍ~２，乐观估计白鹇数量已不足８８００只，白鹇海南亚种已处于渐危至濒危级别，必须尽快采取有效的保护措施。     

虎纹蛙的含肉率及蛙肉和蛙皮氨基酸组成分析

测定了8只人工养殖虎纹蛙的含肉率及氨基酸组成。结果表明,虎纹蛙的含肉率平均为35．27％;蛙肉和蛙皮干物质中水解氨基酸总量分别为71．740％和79．084％,其中必需氨基酸分别为22．95％和15．88％,分别占氨基酸总量的32．00％和20．08％;游离氨基酸中6种呈味氨基酸含量丰富,分别占游离氨基酸总量的45．50％和60．40％;蛙肉和蛙皮限制氨基酸均为缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为43.83和27．66。认为虎纹蛙是一种营养价值和养殖价值都较高的品种。     

白鹇分布区在我国东南部的新扩展

湖北省东南部通山县九宫山自然保护区存在白鹇的重要发现，加上赣北发现白鹇；结合湖南，江西，浙江的近期调查结果，皖南白鹇分布区关非孤立的分布小区，而是湘，鄂，赣，浙，皖白鹇新分布区的部分。本文论证 比原分布区几乎大近二分之一的白鹇车内新分布区的实际存在。     

高活力胰岛素研究：B3—Lys猪胰岛素的结晶及初步晶体学分析

用化学半合成方法制备的Ｂ３—Ｌｙｓ猪胰岛素（Ｂ３ＫＰＩ）具有与天然猪胰岛素相同的体内生物活力,但其体外生物活力及受体结合活力比天然猪胰岛素高。本文报道Ｂ３ＫＰＩ的晶体生长,初步晶体学分析及衍射数据与处理。Ｂ３ＫＰＩ晶体的衍射分辨率可以达到２．１Ａ（１Ａ＝０．１ｎｍ）,空间群为Ｒ３,晶胞参数为：ａＨ＝ｂＨ＝８２．２３ＡＣＨ＝３４．１７Ａ．收集了一套２．１Ａ分辨率的衍射数据,数据完全度为８１％,Ｒｍｅｒｇｅ为２．９％。     

皖南白鹇的地理分布及生态初步调查

白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)是鸡类中的珍禽之一,属国家第三类保护动物。由于它羽色鲜艳,姿态优雅,动物园也常饲养供观赏。近年来由于猎捕过甚,数量已日愈减少,今后应控制猎捕,并进行人工驯养与繁殖。 据文献记载,在国内,白鹇分布于南方各省,未曾见到安徽有记载。我们于1976年3月—1978年10月,进行我省野生珍贵动物资源     

白鹇距长与年龄关系的人工神经网络模型

注意到白鹇雄鸟距长在一定时期内随年龄增长的事实,运用人工神经网络的一典型模型──“反向传播”模型的改进形式,依据确知年龄和估计年龄的部分样本,建立了白鹇龄估计的神经网络模型,用此模型可以以实测距长初步估计标本和野外采集到的白鹇个体的年龄。     

基于红外相机技术的白鹇日活动节律研究

2014年5月至2016年4月,利用红外相机技术,系统调查和分析了浙江古田山国家级自然保护区内白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)的性比、集群方式和日活动节律。调查期间共获得244个有效位点的数据,累计58 890个工作日,收集到33 276份白鹇的照片和视频,有效探测5 687次,统计出雄性成体(含亚成体)3 946只次,雌性4 179只次,雌雄性比为1.06︰1。记录到群体大小从2至12只不等,群的组成方式多样。日活动节律分析的结果显示,白鹇的日活动时间段为5:00~18:00时,于6:00时、11:00时和16:00时有3个活动高峰,其间于10:00时和14:00时出现两个活动的低谷。雌雄个体的日活动节律基本一致,但雄性个体相比雌性清晨的活动高峰延长1 h(雌性6:00~8:00时,雄性6:00~9:00时),而午后的静息低谷推后1 h(雌性14:00时,雄性15:00时)。日活动节律密度函数分析结果显示,白鹇的日活动节律存在季节性变化。白鹇在春季和冬季存在早晚两个明显的活动高峰,而夏季和秋季在6:00~18:00时都较为活跃。同时,相比其他季节,白鹇在冬季早晨开始活动的时间推迟,傍晚结束活动的时间提前。不同季节的比较表明,白鹇在冬季和春、夏季的日活动节律重叠程度最低。白鹇日活动节律在低海拔带(200~700 m)和高海拔带(700~1 200 m)上存在差异,低海拔带个体在夏季和冬季的傍晚比高海拔带个体活跃。本研究结果为保护区内白鹇的保护管理提供了基础的科学依据。     

Phylogeography of Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera L.) across China: aggregate effects of refugia,introgression and riverine barriers

The role of Pleistocene glacial cycles in forming the contemporary genetic structure of organisms has been well studied in China with a particular focus on the Tibetan Plateau. However, China has a complex topography and diversity of local climates, and how glacial cycles may have shaped the subtropical and tropical biota of the region remains mostly unaddressed. To investigate the factors that affected the phylogeography and population history of a widely distributed and nondeciduous forest species, we analysed morphological characters, mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci in the Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). In a pattern generally consistent with phenotypic clusters, but not nominal subspecies, deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages restricted to different geographic regions were detected. Coalescent simulations indicated that the time of main divergence events corresponded to major glacial periods in the Pleistocene and gene flow was only partially lowered by drainage barriers between some populations. Intraspecific cytonuclear discordance was revealed in mitochondrial lineages from Hainan Island and the Sichuan Basin with evidence of nuclear gene flow from neighbouring populations into the latter. Unexpectedly, hybridization was revealed in Yingjiang between the Silver Pheasant and Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) with wide genetic introgression at both the mtDNA and nuclear levels. Our results highlight a novel phylogeographic pattern in a subtropical area generated from the combined effects of climate oscillation, partial drainage barriers and interspecific hybridization. Cytonuclear discordance combined with morphological differentiation implies that complex historical factors shaped the divergence process in this biodiversity hot spot area of southern China.     

基于自动录音技术研究三种雉类鸣叫特征和节律

自动录音机是一种低成本、高效、可以在较长时间和较大空间范围内对物种的活动进行有效监测的设备。2019年4至6月,在北京小龙门地区(40°00′N,115°26′E)褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)、勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)和环颈雉(Phasianus colchicus)的栖息地内布设了songmeter自动录音机,对三种雉类的鸣声进行为期2个月的连续收集。利用Kaleidoscope软件(Wildlife Acoustics公司,美国),对不同雉类鸣声进行了人工辅助的机器学习和自动识别,从录制的22 536 h录音数据中提取了褐马鸡、勺鸡和环颈雉的鸣声。优化鸣声提取的时频参数后,勺鸡鸣声提取的正确率为73.32%,探测率为52.91%;环颈雉鸣声提取的正确率为89.32%,探测率为67.36%;褐马鸡鸣声提取的正确率较低,仅为8.69%,探测率为58.54%。结合三种雉类的繁殖资料,揭示了三种雉类的鸣声节律:褐马鸡和环颈雉有早晚两个鸣叫高峰期,但高峰时段不尽相同,勺鸡只存在鸣叫早高峰;褐马鸡、勺鸡和环颈雉在交配期、孵卵前期具有一个鸣叫...     

笼养黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉代谢产热特征及体温调节(英文)

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪,在5～35℃的环境温度范围内测定了黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticushumiae)和白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticusellioti)的代谢率(MR)、热传导(C)和体温(Tb)等指标,探讨了其代谢产热特征。结果显示:黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉的热中性区(TNZ)分别为24.5～31.6℃和23.0～29.2℃。在5～35℃的温度范围内,黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉能保持稳定的体温,分别为(40.47±0.64)和(40.36±0.10)℃;在热中性区内,黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉的平均基础代谢率(BMR)分别为(1.36±0.84)和(2.03±0.12)mLO2/(g.h),分别是体重预期值的77%和86%。在下临界温度以下,黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉的最小热传导分别是(0.12±0.01)和(0.17±0.01)mLO2/(g.h.℃),分别是体重预期值的119%和124%。这两种鸟的生理生态学特征是:黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉都具有较低的代谢率,较高的体温和热传导,能较好地适应南方湿热的气候特征。     

广西雅长发现白冠长尾雉

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticusreevesii)是分布狭窄的全球性易危鸟类.2020年5月,在位于广西百色市乐业县的雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区观察到白冠长尾雉活动,确认为广西鸟类分布新记录种.生境的丧失和河面的加宽导致广西西北部的白冠长尾雉可能形成一个与贵州分布区隔离的孤立种群,建议对其分布区和种群数量进行专门调查...     

Phylogeography of the Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

The Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus is widely distributed in temperate to subtropical regions of the Palaearctic realm. Populations of Common Pheasant have been classified into five subspecies groups based on morphological variations in male plumage. Previous phylogeographical studies have focused on limited sets of subspecies groups in the eastern Palaearctic and knowledge on subspecies in the western Palaearctic region is still poor. In this study, we undertake the first comprehensive analysis of subspecies from all five defined subspecies groups across the entire Palaearctic region. Two mitochondrial (CYTB and CR) and two nuclear (HMG and SPI) loci were used to investigate genetic relationships of these subspecies groups and to infer their dispersal routes. Our results revealed that the subspecies elegans, with its range in northwestern Yunnan, China, was in the basal position among 17 studied subspecies, supporting a previous hypothesis that the Common Pheasant most probably originated in forests in southeastern China. Subspecies in the western Palaearctic region nested within the most subspecies‐rich torquatus group (‘Grey‐rumped Pheasants’), indicating that the torquatus group is not a clade but instead forms a gradation with other subspecies and subspecies groups. Our dating analysis suggested that the initial divergence among populations of Common Pheasant originated around 3.4 Mya with subsequent dispersal into the Western Palaearctic region during the Late Pliocene–Lower Pleistocene approximately 2.5–1.8 Mya. We propose two possible east‐to‐west colonization routes for the Common Pheasant and suggest conservation implications for some regional subspecies. Overall, this study demonstrates the lack of concordance between morphology‐based subspecies delimitation and their genetic relationships. This is likely to be a consequence of initial isolation due to historical vicariance followed by population admixture due to recent range expansion of Common Pheasant in the western Palaearctic region.     

Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs

As wild environments are often inhospitable, many species have to be captive-bred to save them from extinction. In captivity, species adapt genetically to the captive environment and these genetic adaptations are overwhelmingly deleterious when populations are returned to wild environments. I review empirical evidence on (i) the genetic basis of adaptive changes in captivity, (ii) factors affecting the extent of genetic adaptation to captivity, and (iii) means for minimizing its deleterious impacts. Genetic adaptation to captivity is primarily due to rare alleles that in the wild were deleterious and partially recessive. The extent of adaptation to captivity depends upon selection intensity, genetic diversity, effective population size and number of generation in captivity, as predicted by quantitative genetic theory. Minimizing generations in captivity provides a highly effective means for minimizing genetic adaptation to captivity, but is not a practical option for most animal species. Population fragmentation and crossing replicate captive populations provide practical means for minimizing the deleterious effects of genetic adaptation to captivity upon populations reintroduced into the wild. Surprisingly, equalization of family sizes reduces the rate of genetic adaptation, but not the deleterious impacts upon reintroduced populations. Genetic adaptation to captivity is expected to have major effects on reintroduction success for species that have spent many generations in captivity. This issue deserves a much higher priority than it is currently receiving.     

Gestation and inter-birth intervals in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra).

A single, timed mating indicated a gestation period of 133 days for Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra. This figure is confirmed by approximate correspondence with minimum inter-birth intervals, results from radioimmunoassay of urinary oestrogens during pregnancy, and general agreement with a logarithmic plot of gestation period against body weight for simian primates. Birth data indicate that owl monkey females in present colonies in captivity breed throughout the year and will, on average, produce 3 infants every 2 years. There is no evidence of a characteristic post-partum oestrus.     

Husbandry,overwinter care,and reproduction of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is the focus of research interest for a variety of reasons, including its roles as a rabies reservoir, urban pest, predator of bird eggs, and parasite host. Some research programmes may require husbandry and breeding of captive animals, and because skunks are inactive in the winter in northern environments, special methods are needed to maintain the animals over winter. We report on the establishment of a colony of striped skunks kept in captivity in the northern part of their range. Our goals were to develop simple and effective methods to keep skunks in captivity over winter, and successfully breed skunks in a manner that resembles conditions in the wild. In the spring of 2002, three wild‐caught, pregnant females gave birth in captivity (mean litter size=7). During the first year, 11 of 12 females kept in captivity over winter reproduced successfully in the spring of 2003, with a mean litter size of 5.5 (range=4–8, n=11). In the summer of 2003, 91 of 93 juveniles (97.9%) survived >60 days past weaning. Our high survival and reproduction rates testify to the success of this program, and provide insights into the husbandry of a species that is inactive during winter. Zoo Biol 24:83–91, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.