中国蜜环菌的新生物种

在调查研究蜜环菌生物种的过程中,先后在东北、华北、华中和西南地区,发现了四个新的中国蜜环菌生物种,CBS F、CBS G、CBS H和CBS I。研究表明,CBS G属于典型的同宗配合种,其余三个为异宗配合。CBS H与CBS C之间存在部分互交可育,比例高达17.8%,在同一个国家的两个种之间出现如此高的互交可育比例还是首次报道。上述三个生物种同欧美的已知蜜环菌种均互交不育,为亚洲特有种。CBS I为无菌环的假蜜环菌A.tabescens (Scop. ) Emel,它与欧洲的假蜜环菌互交可育,属于同种。但同中国其它各生物种互交不育。同时讨论了蜜环菌生物种的群体观点。     

中国蜜环菌生物种与北美种的交配关系

将中国三个未知蜜环菌生物种A、C、D的38个代表菌株与北美蜜环菌A．sinopina、A．calvescens、A．nabsnona、A．gemina、A．ostoyae、NABSX等六个种的22个代表菌株进行了配对试验,结果表明中国生物种A与北美种A．sinopina互交可育,属于同一种。中国生物种C与任一北美种都互交不育,不存在部分可育现象,为亚洲特有种。中国生物种D与欧美的A．ostoyae的两个菌株互交可育,实验证实该种另外四个欧美菌株已经失去交配能力,因此确认中国生物种D与A．ostoyae属于同种。     

新的蜜环菌生物种

对湖北、西藏等地区的蜜环菌进行调查,发现了1个新蜜环菌生物种CBS P和2个互交不育子实体标本,均为四极性异宗配合。扩大了部分生物种的分布范围,试验结果显示西南地区为CBS J的分布中心。     

新的蜜环菌生物种

对湖北、西藏等地区的蜜环菌进行调查,发现了1个新蜜环菌生物种CBS P和2个互交不育子实体标本,均为四极性异宗配合。扩大了部分生物种的分布范围,试验结果显示西南地区为CBS J的分布中心。     

中国蜜环菌生物种与北美种的交配关系

将中国三个未知蜜环菌生物种Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的３８个代表菌株与北美蜜环菌Ａ．ｓｉｎａｐｉｎａ、Ａ．ｃａｌｖｅｅｓｃｅｎｓ、Ａ．ｎａｂｓｎｏｎａ、Ａ．ｇｅｍｉｎａ、Ａ．ｏｓｔｏｙａｅ、ＮＡＢＳＸ等六个种的２２个代表菌株进行了配对试验,结果表明中国生物种Ａ与北美种Ａ．ｓｉｎａｐｉｎａ互交可育,属于同一种。中国生物种Ｃ与任一北美种都互交不育不存在部分可育现象,为亚洲特有种,中国生物种Ｄ与欧美的Ａ．ｏｓｔｏｙａｅ     

鄂西地区蜜环菌生物种的遗传多样性研究

蜜环菌属Armillaria真菌是世界范围内广泛分布的担子菌,既是引起森林病害的重要病原菌,也是天麻和猪苓生长的必须共生真菌,具有重要的经济价值。本文对我国鄂西天麻主产区即神农架林区、大老岭自然保护区、宜昌市所属的夷陵区和五峰县、恩施自治州等地进行了系统的调查采样,共获得45份蜜环菌子实体样本及其二倍体菌株,其中通过孢子印分离获得约320个单孢菌株。在此基础上,采用IGS、ITS和elongation factor-1 alpha（EF1-α）分子标记对45份二倍体菌株进行测序和系统发育分析,对有单孢株的样本采用遗传互交不育性实验进行生物种鉴定。结果表明,鄂西地区的蜜环菌分为4个clade,共有6个不同的蜜环菌生物种,分别为CBS J,CBS L,CBS N,CBS O,CBS F和Armillaria mellea,具有丰富的遗传多样性。其中,24个样本鉴定为CBS L,是鄂西地区的优势种;9个样本鉴定为CBS J;9个样本鉴定为CBS N;另有3个样本分别鉴定为CBS O,CBS F和Armillaria mellea。其中CBS L、CBS N、CBS O首次在湖北地区报道,扩大了这3个生物种的分布范围。本研究为了解鄂西地区蜜环菌的资源情况提供基础数据,对天麻生产蜜环菌菌种选育具有重要的参考价值。     

我国蜜环菌分类单元间菌索的相互作用

蜜环菌菌索是天麻生长的主要营养来源,而蜜环菌生物种菌索之间可能存在种间相互作用,因此天麻栽培时蜜环菌种的混用可能对天麻的产量产生影响。为揭示我国蜜环菌分类单元间菌索的相互作用,以我国8个蜜环菌分类单元为研究对象,通过研究其共同培养时整体及单侧菌索的生长速率和单位长度内生长尖端个数来研究其菌索间的作用特性。结果表明：两者间相互拮抗的有CBS D-CBS F;仅有一个蜜环菌菌索未受到影响或受到协同作用的有：CBS A-CBS H中的CBS A、CBS F-CBS J中的CBS J、CBS A-CBS F中的CBS A、CBS A-CBS N中的CBS A、CBS F-CBS M中的CBS M、CBS J-CBS M中的CBS M、CBS B-CBS J中的CBS B;组合中两种蜜环菌菌索靠近侧协同生长的有：CBS A-CBS M;组合中对两者靠近的区域具有优势的有：CBS A-CBS B中的CBS B、CBS A-CBS J中的CBS J、CBS B-CBS F中的CBS F、CBS D-CBS H中的CBS H、CBS D-CBS N中的CBS N和CBS F-CBS M中的CBS F。本研究的开展为我国蜜环菌的鉴定、天麻栽培用蜜环菌种的选用提供理论指导。     

中国蜜环菌和新生物种

在调查研究蜜环菌生物种的过程中,先后在东北、华北、华中和西南地区,发现了四个新的中国蜜环菌的生物种,ＣＢＳ Ｆ、ＣＢＳ Ｇ、ＣＢＳ Ｈ和ＣＢＳ Ｉ。研究表明,ＣＢＳ Ｇ属于典型的同宗配合种,其余三个为异宗配合。ＣＢＳ Ｈ与ＣＢＳ Ｃ之间存在部分互交可育,比例高达１７．８％,在同一个国家的两个种之间出现如此高的互交可育比例还是首次报道。上述三个生物种同欧美的已知蜜环菌种均互交不育,为亚洲特有种。ＣＢ     

蜜环菌生物种和地理分布概况综述

<正>自Hintikka(1973)发现了蜜环菌Armillaria(Fr．:Fr．)Staude的四极性性别系统,使得借助交配测试来研究这个属的互交不育性成为可能(Korhonen,1995)。蜜环菌单倍体和双倍体菌落形态差异的发现,帮助研究者用交配试验进行生物种的鉴定。Kohorhen(1978)和Anderson & Ullrich(1979)分别利用单倍体交配法发现了欧洲和北美洲的蜜环菌互交不育群(intersterility groups),即生物种(biological species)。此后,互交不育性试验     

太白山地区蜜环菌种类

对太白山地区的蜜环菌进行了调查,共发现4个互交不育群:Armillaria borealis、CBSJ、CBSN和CBS F,均为四极性异宗配合。扩大了部分种类的分布范围,该地区可能为CBSJ种群的最北分布界线。     

新的蜜环菌生物种

对湖北、西藏等地区的蜜环菌进行调查,发现了1个新蜜环菌生物种CBSP和2个互交不育子实体标本,均为四极性异宗配合。扩大了部分生物种的分布范围,试验结果显示西南地区为CBSJ的分布中心。     

Metschnikowia arizonensis and Metschnikowia dekortorum,two new large-spored yeast species associated with floricolous beetles

Two new haplontic heterothallic species of Metschnikowia were discovered in flowers and associated beetles. Metschnikowia arizonensis was recovered from flowers of cholla cactus (Opuntia echinocarpa) and a specimen of Carpophilus sp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) found in these flowers, in Arizona. Metschnikowia dekortorum was isolated in specimens of the nitidulid beetle Conotelus sp. captured in flowers of two species of Ipomoea in northwestern Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The sexual cycle of these yeasts is typical of the large-spored Metschnikowia species, but the asci and spores are intermediate in size between these and other members of the genus. The physiology is consistent with that of most Metschnikowia species except that both species fail to utilize lysine as sole nitrogen source. Also, M. arizonensis utilizes fewer carbon compounds than most species and exhibits considerable variability among strains at this level. Partial ribosomal DNA large-subunit (D1/D2) sequences suggest that M. arizonensis and M. dekortorum are moderately related sister species whose positions are intermediate between the large-spored species Metschnikowia and Metschnikowia hibisci. The type cultures are: M. arizonensis, strains UWO(PS)99-103.3.1=CBS 9064=NRRL Y-27427 (h(+), holotype) and UWO(PS)99-103.4=CBS 9065=NRRL Y-27428 (h(-), isotype); and M. dekortorum, strains UWO(PS)01-142b3=CBS 9063=NRRL Y-27429 (h(+), holotype) and UWO(PS)01-138a3=CBS 9062=NRRL Y-27430 (h(-), isotype).     

A study on intersterility groups of Armillaria in China

Mating tests were used to identify 282 basidiocarp specimens of Armillaria collected in 15 Chinese provinces, mostly in northern and southwestern parts of the country. Fourteen intersterile taxa were found, including the species A. borealis, A. gallica, A. mellea s.str., A. ostoyae, A. sinapina and A. tabescens and eight so far unnamed taxa called Chinese Biological Species (CBS) C, F, G, H, J, L, N and O. The CBS F might be A. singula, previously recorded from Japan, but six Chinese groups, C, H, J, L, N and O, are probably new biological species. The sexual system of 13 taxa is tetrapolar heterothallism. Homothallic forms also were found; they show a low degree of sexual compatibility with A. mellea s.str. and tentatively are included in the CBS G, but it is unclear whether this is a homogeneous group. Notes are presented on the distribution and ecology of the identified taxa.     

RNA-binding properties of a translational activator, the adenovirus L4 100-kilodalton protein.

The adenovirus L4 100-kDa nonstructural protein (100K protein) is required for efficient initiation of translation of viral late mRNA species during the late mRNA species during the late phase of infection (B. W. Hayes, G. C. Telling, M. M. Myat, J. F. Williams, and S. J. Flint, J. Virol. 64:2732-2742, 1990). The RNA-binding properties of this protein were analyzed in an immunoprecipitation assay with the 100K-specific monoclonal antibody 2100K-1 (C. L. Cepko and P. A. Sharp, Virology 129:137-154, 1983). Coprecipitation of the 100K protein and 3H-infected cell RNA was demonstrated. The RNA-binding activity of the 100K protein was inhibited by single-stranded DNA but not by double-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or tRNA. Competition assays were used to investigate the specificity with which the 100K protein binds to RNA in vitro. Although the protein exhibited a strong preference for the ribohomopolymer poly(U) or poly(G), no specific binding to viral mRNA species could be detected; uninfected or adenovirus type 5-infected HeLa cell poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-lacking RNAs were all effective inhibitors of binding of the protein to viral late mRNA. Similar results were obtained when the binding of the 100K protein to a single, in vitro-synthesized L2 mRNA was assessed. The poly(U)-binding activity of the 100K protein was used to compare the RNA-binding properties of the 100K protein prepared from cells infected by adenovirus type 5 and the H5ts1 mutant (B. W. Hayes, G. C. Telling, M. M. Myat, J. F. Williams, and S. J. Flint, J. Virol. 64:2732-2742, 1990). A temperature-dependent decrease in H5ts1 100K protein binding was observed, correlating with the impaired translational function of this protein in vivo. By contrast, wild-type 100K protein RNA binding was unaffected by temperature. These data suggest that the 100K protein acts to increase the translational efficiency of viral late mRNA species by a mechanism that involves binding to RNA.     

Two new species of Kazachstania that form ascospores connected by a belt-like intersporal body: Kazachstania zonata and Kazachstania gamospora

Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].     

Distortions in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin at moderate dehydration.

The photoreaction of bacteriorhodopsin was studied in moderately dehydrated films (relative humidities between 100 and 65%). Time-resolved difference spectra from a gated optical multichannel analyzer, between 100 ns and 100 ms after photoexcitation, were decomposed into sums of difference spectra of the intermediates K, L, M, N, and O, and the kinetics obtained were fitted to various alternative schemes. The data confirm the model of a single reaction sequence with reversible reactions we proposed recently for purple membrane suspensions (Váró, G., and J. K. Lanyi. Biochemistry. 1990. 29:2241-2250) but including reversibility also for the reaction K in equilibrium with L in addition to L in equilibrium with M, M in equilibrium with N, and N in equilibrium with O. With increasing dehydration the kinetics were increasingly dominated by the reverse reactions. As before, fitting the data required the existence of two M species in series: L in equilibrium with M1 in equilibrium with M2 in equilibrium with N. The M1 in equilibrium with M2 reaction was greatly slowed at lower humidities. This step might be the switch for the unidirectional transfer of protons. With increasing dehydration recovery of BR occurred less and less via the N intermediate and increasingly via direct shunts from the two M species. As indicated earlier by electrical measurements with similarly dried bacteriorhodopsin films (Váró, G., and L. Keszthelyi, 1983. Biophys. J. 43:47-51). The latter are pathways not necessarily associated with net proton translocation.