清水江的鱼类区系及生态类型

为了系统研究清水江的鱼类区系和生态类型,在2002-2004年对清水江进行了鱼类标本的采集和生态学调查.共采集鱼类标本2 500余号,经鉴定为71种(亚种).其中中华花鳅、拟尖头鲌、长身鳜和长吻鮠等52种(亚种)鱼类为清水江鱼类新记录,而红尾副鳅、长薄鳅、海南拟、福建纹胸鮡和长须黄颡鱼则首次被发现分布于沅江水系.结合文献记录与调查表明:清水江共有鱼类4目13科57属86种(亚种),其中仅胡子鲇为外来种;清水江鱼类区系具有土著鱼类占优势、特有种类和易(濒)危种类较多、区系组成较复杂和与珠江水系之间存在着鱼类跨水系分布的现象等特点.清水江鱼类在洄游、食性、繁殖和栖息习性等方面分别属于不同的生态类型.     

梵净山及邻近地区鱼类资源的现状

为了了解梵净山及邻近地区鱼类资源的现状及变化趋势,2001–2003年对这一地区乌江水系和沅江水系鱼类进行了系统的调查。本调查设立了19个调查点,共采集鱼类标本3614号,经鉴定为85种(亚种),分属5目14科61属。除胡子鲇(Clariasfuscus)为外来种外,其他均为土著鱼类。海南拟餐(PseudohemiculterHainanensis)、峨眉后平鳅(Metahomalopteraomeiensisomeiensis)和福建纹胸鱼兆(Glyptothoraxfukiensisfukiensis)为本地区土著鱼类新记录种。鱼类组成以鲤形目鲤科为主体,并以适应急流生活的鱼类占多数,小型野杂鱼类所占比例较高。乌江水系和沅江水系鱼类物种组成存在差异,分别属于长江上游鱼类区系成分和长江中下游区系成分。结果还表明这一地区土著鱼类物种数呈下降趋势,其中鲤形目鱼类物种数减少较多。导致该地区土著鱼类物种数下降的原因是酷渔滥捕和水域生境的破坏。     

四川裂腹鱼属一新种的记述

1980年12月和1981年4月,我院动物学教研室鱼类科研组在雅安县晏场河(海拔1020—1050米,属青衣江水系)进行过短期的鱼类调查。采得的标本中,有一批属于裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)裂腹鱼属(Schizothorax)的鱼类,经比较研究后,为前所未曾报导过,认为是一个新种。命名为:     

甘肃省鱼类资源现状及DNA条形码在鱼类物种鉴定中的应用

为了摸清甘肃省土著鱼类资源与分布现状, 探索DNA条形码在鱼类辅助物种鉴定中的适用性, 2012年6-9月对甘肃境内黄河水系、嘉陵江水系和河西内陆河水系进行了较全面的鱼类调查。共采集鱼类标本3,087尾, 隶属于5目10科38属64种, 以鲤科种类最多, 为30种, 占总种数的46.88%。物种多样性分析表明, 在黄河水系的夏河和庄浪河多样性指数是所有调查点中最低的, 分别为1.38和1.09。嘉陵江水系各河段的多样性指数较高(H = 2.15-3.27), 其次为河西内陆河水系(H = 2.01-2.83)。在河西内陆河水系中, 疏勒河的均匀度指数最高, 为1.10, 黑河最低(0.68)。庄浪河的优势度指数最高, 为0.34, 而嘉陵江干流两当段的优势度指数在所有调查点中最低, 为0.04。利用DNA条形码分析了49种662尾标本的COI基因部分序列, 大部分种类在neighbor-joining系统树中形成各自的单系, 种内平均遗传距离0.88%, 种间平均遗传距离为9.99%, 在种内和种间COI序列遗传距离之间形成明显的条形码间隙, 斯氏高原鳅(Triplophysa stoliczkae)与达里湖高原鳅(T. dalaica), 甘肃高原鳅(T. robusta)与似鲇高原鳅(T. siluroides), 嘉陵裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis kialingensis)与黄河裸裂尻鱼(S. pylzovi)之间的遗传距离低于2%, 甘肃高原鳅与似鲇高原鳅不能通过COI基因片段区分开, 其他两对物种可以采用核苷酸诊断法来进一步区分。斯氏高原鳅和拉氏鱼岁(Phoxinus lagowskii)种内遗传分歧较大, 揭示种内可能存在隐存种。结果表明, 对某些近缘种和不同地理种群差异较大的物种, 要将分子、形态和地理分布特点结合起来才能准确鉴定。     

浙江省发现克氏光唇鱼

<正>2014年3—12月,浙江大学主持对浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区生物多样性进行调查。11月,在保护区内的东山林区溪流中(属乐安江,鄱阳湖水系)采集到鱼类标本10尾,经鉴定为浙江省光唇鱼属一新纪录种——克氏光唇鱼Acrossocheilus kreyenbergii(Regan,1908)。标本现保存于浙江自然博物馆(ZMNH)标本库。克氏光唇鱼活体呈青黑色,背部色深,腹部白色;酒精浸     

白洋淀环境变化对鱼类组成和生态的影响

白洋淀是海河流域内最大的自然淀泊,具江河平原动物区系、海河水系鱼类的特点。经济鱼类以鲤科为主,其次是鳢科、鲇科、鳅科和鲿科等。尚有溯河性的鲻科、鳗鲡科和(鱼箴)科。1955年产量曾达1770万斤,自1963年后,因自然条件变化,特别是水量减少和工业废水污染,鱼产量下降到100—200万斤。为了解环境变化对鱼类的影响,于1975—1976年对白洋淀的环境条件、鱼的种类组成、数量变化、影响鱼类大幅度减产的主要原因等方面进行了调查和初步探讨。     

江西省九岭山自然保护区鱼类资源概况

2007年10月对江西省九岭山自然保护区野生鱼类区系及资源进行了调查.共采集标本952尾,鉴定为39种,隶属于3目12科33属,多为山区溪流小型鱼类.以鲤科鱼类为主, 21种,占鱼类总物种数的53.85%.对各采样溪流进行多样性比较显示,青山站水系(H:3.2)多样性指数最高,和尚坪水系(H:1.9)多样性指数最低;各采样溪流的均匀性指数相差不大(E:0.7～0.9),且优势种群不明显(λ:0.1～0.3).     

拉萨河鱼类调查及保护

拉萨河是雅鲁藏布江最大的支流, 其鱼类区系为隶属于裂腹鱼亚科、条鳅亚科和科的13 种鱼类以及裂腹鱼属的一个自然杂交种。最近十几年, 由于人类活动的影响, 导致了大量的外来鱼类进入拉萨河水体。文章介绍了2004 年至2006 年对拉萨河鱼类进行采样调查的情况。目前在拉萨河, 鱼类组成包括以往记录的14 种鱼类: 拉萨裂腹鱼Schizothorax waltoni (Regan)、异齿裂鱼 S. o’connori (Lloyd)、巨须裂腹鱼S.macropogon (Regan)、双须叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus dipogon (Regan)、尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd)、拉萨裸裂尻鱼Schizopygopsisyounghusbandi younghusbandi Regan、异齿裂腹鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼的一个自然杂交种、异尾高原鳅Triplophysa stewartii (Hora)、细尾高原鳅T. stenura (Herzenstein)、西藏高原鳅T. tibetana(Regan)、东方高原鳅T. orientalis (Herzenstein)、斯氏高原鳅T. stoliczkae (Steindachner)、短尾高原鳅T.brevicauda (Herzenstein)、黑斑原Glyptosternum maculatum (Regan); 8 种外来鱼类: 鲫Carassius auratus(Linnaeus)、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel)、泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor)、黄黝鱼Hypseleotris swinhonis (Gunther)、鲤Cyprinus (C.) caupio Linnaeus、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus(Cuvier et Valenciennes)、银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)、鲇Silurus asotus Linnaeus; 2 个未定种。调查结果表明拉萨河鱼类资源面临的两个主要问题是过度捕捞导致鱼类资源的减少和小型化以及外来鱼类入侵。文章针对这些情况作了分析和探讨, 并对土著鱼类的保护与合理利用提出了一些建议: 合理捕捞、严格禁渔期、控制外来鱼类、保护栖息地等。       

黄颡鱼属两种鱼类的线粒体ND4基因序列变异性分析

以东亚特有种光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和长须黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus eupogon)为研究对象,采用PCR技术获得了这两种鱼类的部分线粒体DNA DN4基因及其3′端的tRNA基因碱基共约772个,用MEGA2.1软件分析了此片段序列,采用Kimura双参数模型计算遗传距离,以科属的大鳍(Hemibagrus macropterus)为外类群,用邻接法构建不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼的分子系统树。不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼的遗传距离在0.000—0.012之间,长须黄颡鱼的遗传距离在0.000—0.003之间,光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼种间的遗传距离在0.099—0.108之间,从分子水平上证实了光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼为两个有效物种。不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼遗传变异很小,除黑龙江种群外,其他水系的光泽黄颡鱼在分子系统树没有能够按水系区分开来,可能的原因为:(1)不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼之间存在频繁的基因交流;(2)东亚科鱼类的线粒体DNA的进化速率可能较小;(3)人类经济活动可能已影响到光泽黄颡鱼的种群遗传结构。     

基于eDNA metabarcoding探究北京市主要河流鱼类分布及影响因素

使用eDNA宏条形码(eDNA metabarcoding)和地笼法检测了北京市3条水系在夏季和秋季两个季节的鱼类多样性, 旨在研究北京市鱼类群落的空间格局特征, 探索适用于北京鱼类生物多样性监测及保护的新方法。结果表明: 在北京市的34个采样点中, 利用eDNA metabarcoding共检测出鱼类55种, 显著高于传统方法所捕获的鱼类种数(35种), 鱼类组成以鲤形目和鲈形目为主。山区河流清水鱼的多样性要显著高于城区河流, 城区河流(北运河水系)群落结构较为单一, 以鲫(Carassius auratus)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)等耐污种为优势种; 山区河流(潮白河水系及大清河水系)以宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、拉氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys uncirostris)等为优势种。不同季节影响清水鱼群落结构的环境因子不同, 夏季主要是总溶解固体和电导率, 秋季主要是海拔和温度。清水鱼丰富度与环境因子及人类活动的相关性表明, 清水鱼的丰富度随着总溶解固体及灯光指数增加而显著降低, 且均与海拔、温度等存在显著相关性。本研究证明了eDNA metabarcoding方法用于监测北京市鱼类多样性及其时空分布的可行性。     

泸沽湖鱼类区系现状及人为影响成因的初步探讨

泸沽湖是位于滇西北的一个断陷湖泊,为滇川两省共有。文献记录泸沽湖原始的鱼类区系由4种鱼类组成,隶属于裂腹鱼属和泥鳅属。于2001 ,2002和2004年3次考察泸沽湖,进行标本采集和鱼类区系现状调查。查看了采自泸沽湖的鱼类标本518号,结合历史上的采集记录和大量相关文献,确定泸沽湖记录有鱼类12种,隶属于3目4科10属;过度捕捞和毁林造成的泥石流是泸沽湖鱼类区系变化的主要原因。     

Anthropogenic impact on fish parasite fauna in lakes

Anthropogenic influence on the fish parasite fauna in lakes is studied. Three types of the influence are considered, namely pollution by industrial effluent, anthropogenic eutrophication, and development of aquaculture. Their effects on the fish parasite fauna were found to be different.     

Changes in the fish fauna associated with a sub-Antarctic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrocystis pyrifera</Emphasis> kelp forest in response to canopy removal

The fish fauna associated with a Macrocystis pyrifera forest and the effects of the canopy removal on this fauna were studied in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Seasonal changes and differences in the fish communities that inhabit the canopy and the holdfast were also studied. Two patches of kelp forest separated by 200 m were selected. In one, the canopy was removed periodically while the other was used as a control. Samples were collected seasonally, from autumn 1999 to 2001. Fish fauna in the water column was sampled using trammel nets and holdfast fish fauna was sampled by removing the complete holdfast. Different assemblages of fish species were captured in the water column (surface and bottom) and in the holdfast. In the former there were mainly pelagic and benthopelagic species and the latter predominantly demersal species. The principal effect of the canopy removal was a drop in the abundance (and total weight) of Paranotothenia magellanica (doradito), the species with the strongest relationship with the canopy, principally at the surface of the treated patch probably due to a reduction in the availability of refuges. A high degree of seasonality was observed for fish species’ total weight, abundance and diversity, with higher values in summer and autumn. Taking into account our data and available data on kelp growth in the same locality, we suggest of cutting the kelp forest (preferably those farther away from the coast) once a year in winter or early spring, in order to minimize impact on the fish community.     

不同盐碱度水体的鱼类区系结构及主要经济鱼类生长的比较

通过对内陆15个盐碱度不同的典型水体中鱼类区系结构和主要经济鱼类生长的比较和分析,阐述了盐碱度对鱼类区系和鱼类生长的影响。比较和分析结果表明,鱼类的区系结构、种类数量和生长速度与水体盐碱度的高低有着密切关系,盐碱度高的水体其鱼类的生长速度较慢。将水体的pH值、盐度、碱度、硬度、电导率等几项盐碱指标与鱼类的种类数量进行逐步回归和相关分析,结果显示水体中鱼类现有的种类数量与盐碱指标的关系式为:LOG(现有种类数)=4.0929- 0.2866LOG(碱度)- 0.1857LOG(硬度),(R2= 0.7520,F=18.1967,p=0.0002);土着的种类数量与盐碱指标的关系式为:LOC(土着种类数)=3.3832-0.3509LOG(盐度)-0.44587LOG(碱度),(R2=0.7116,F=14.8058),p=0.0006).       

Effects of planktivorous and benthivorous fish on organisms and water chemistry in eutrophic lakes

The effects of planktivorous and benthivorous fish on benthic fauna, zooplankton, phytoplankton and water chemistry were studied experimentally in two eutrophic Swedish lakes using cylindrical enclosures. In enclosures in both lakes, dense fish populations resulted in low numbers of benthic fauna and planktonic cladocerans, high concentration of chlorophyll, blooms of blue-green, algae, high pH and low transparency. In the soft-water Lake Trummen, total phosporus increased in the enclosure with fish, but in the hard-water Lake Bysjön total phosphorus decreased simultaneously with precipitation of calcium carbonate. Enclosures without fish had a higher abundance of benthic fauna and large planktonic cladocerans, lower phytoplankton biomass, lower pH and higher transparency.The changes in enclosures with fish can be described as eutrophication, and those in enclosures without fish as oligotrophication. The possibility of regulation of fish populations as a lake restoration method is discussed.This paper was presented at the XXth SIL Congress in Copenhagen in 1977.     

江西赣江源自然保护区鱼类物种多样性初步研究

江西赣江源自然保护区地处武夷山脉南端.2007年11月和2008年5月,对保护区鱼类资源进行实地调查.调查发现保护区内野生淡水鱼类共计16种,隶属于4目8科15属,以鲤形目鲤科鱼类为主,多为山区溪流小型鱼类.鱼类物种多样性在空间分布上有所不同,低海拔处鱼类种类较高海拔处丰富;其多样性在时间上夏季高于冬季.     

Effects of damming on the biological integrity of fish assemblages in the middle Lancang-Mekong River basin

The Lancang-Mekong River basin contains a diverse assemblage of freshwater fish species; however, their populations are threatened by current and planned dam construction along the river. Fish assemblages are sensitive indicators of environmental degradation and can be used to assess aquatic ecosystem health. This research compared the fish fauna at the Xiaowan hydropower dam located on the middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River at three time periods: in 2008 (before impoundment), 2010 (water storage) and 2011 (full operation). A modified fish index of biological integrity (modified F-IBI) was developed and it synthesized information on the taxonomic composition, trophic guilds, and tolerance levels of the fish and habitat diversity to quantitatively assess the condition of fish populations before and after damming. This index also was used to assess the longitudinal diversity of the fish fauna along the river channel and could assess the barrier effect associated with the dam. Jaccard's index of similarity was used as a feasible tool to assess fish diversity loss and biotic homogenization. The analysis clearly showed a homogenization of the fish communities after damming, and the reservoir impoundment region showed much more serious homogenization than the downstream region. The Xiaowan dam had an immediate and profound effect on the fish fauna in this region of the Lancang-Mekong River. A total of eight cascading dams are planned for development in this region, and, unless conservation mitigation efforts are considered, the results could be devastating on the native fish populations of middle reaches of the Lancang-Mekong River basin.     

Trematodes of the Great Barrier Reef,Australia: emerging patterns of diversity and richness in coral reef fishes

The Great Barrier Reef holds the richest array of marine life found anywhere in Australia, including a diverse and fascinating parasite fauna. Members of one group, the trematodes, occur as sexually mature adult worms in almost all Great Barrier Reef bony fish species. Although the first reports of these parasites were made 100 years ago, the fauna has been studied systematically for only the last 25 years. When the fauna was last reviewed in 1994 there were 94 species known from the Great Barrier Reef and it was predicted that there might be 2,270 in total. There are now 326 species reported for the region, suggesting that we are in a much improved position to make an accurate prediction of true trematode richness. Here we review the current state of knowledge of the fauna and the ways in which our understanding of this fascinating group is changing. Our best estimate of the true richness is now a range, 1,100–1,800 species. However there remains considerable scope for even these figures to be incorrect given that fewer than one-third of the fish species of the region have been examined for trematodes. Our goal is a comprehensive characterisation of this fauna, and we outline what work needs to be done to achieve this and discuss whether this goal is practically achievable or philosophically justifiable.     

Food resources sustaining the fish fauna in a section of the upper S?o Francisco River in Três Marias, MG, Brazil.

With the purpose of determining the principal food resources responsible for maintaining the fishery yield in a section of the S?o Francisco River, 6 sampling of the fish fauna were made downstream from the Três Marias Dam, from September 1996 to July 1997. A total of 1,127 individuals of 35 species were captured, using gillnets with mesh sizes varying from 3 to 16 cm. The stomach contents of 33 species were examined in order to determine their diets. Five trophic guilds were established, in the following order of importance: ilyophagous, herbivorous, piscivorous, terrestrial invertebrates feeders, and aquatic invertebrates feeders. The resources sustaining the fish fauna were mainly of allochthonous origin. The ichthyonenosis appears to be mainly dependent on the detritus chain. The ciliary forest and seasonal flooding pulses are the main suppliers of food for the fish fauna.     

Assessing Fish and Motile Fauna around Offshore Windfarms Using Stereo Baited Video

There remains limited knowledge of how offshore windfarm developments influence fish assemblages, particularly at a local scale around the turbine structures. Considering the existing levels of anthropogenic pressures on coastal fish populations it is becoming increasingly important for developers and environmental regulators to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing fish assemblages. Improving our ability to assess such fish populations in close proximity to structures will assist in increasing this knowledge. In the present study we provide the first trial use of Baited Remote Underwater Stereo-Video systems (stereo BRUVs) for the quantification of motile fauna in close proximity to offshore wind turbines. The study was conducted in the Irish Sea and finds the technique to be a viable means of assessing the motile fauna of such environments. The present study found a mixture of species including bottom dwellers, motile crustaceans and large predatory fish. The majority of taxa observed were found to be immature individuals with few adult individuals recorded. The most abundant species were the angular crab (Goneplax rhomboides) and the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). Of note in this study was the generally low abundance and diversity of taxa recorded across all samples, we hypothesise that this reflects the generally poor state of the local fauna of the Irish Sea. The faunal assemblages sampled in close proximity to turbines were observed to alter with increasing distance from the structure, species more characteristic of hard bottom environments were in abundance at the turbines (e.g. Homarus gammarus, Cancer pagarus, Scyliorhinus spp.) and those further away more characteristic of soft bottoms (e.g. Norwegian Lobster). This study highlights the need for the environmental impacts of offshore renewables on motile fauna to be assessed using targeted and appropriate tools. Stereo BRUVs provide one of those tools, but like the majority of methods for sampling marine biota, they have limitations. We conclude our paper by providing a discussion of the benefits and limitations of using this BRUV technique for assessing fauna within areas close to offshore windfarms.