The division "Synergistes"

The "Synergistes" group of organisms are a phylogenetic cluster of Gram-negative anaerobes related to Synergistes jonesii, sufficiently distinct from all other phyla to be considered a distinct phylum or Division. They are widely distributed in nature although normally only a minor constituent of the bacterial community in each habitat. They have evolved to adapt to each habitat, and therefore exhibit a wide range of physiological and biochemical characteristics, although all cultivable taxa so far studied have the ability to degrade amino acids. They are found in the human mouth where they appear to be more numerous in tooth and gum disease than health. They have also been found in the human gut and soft tissue infections. Their role in human disease has yet to be established but improved knowledge of the characteristics that enable their identification should increase the likelihood of their recognition when present at diseased sites.     

鸟类的“帮手效应”

众所周知,繁殖鸟能否成功繁殖,并使后代存活取决于许多因素.繁殖鸟往往需要消耗很多的精力来进行繁殖,这对它们来说十分不利.但在部分鸟类中,存在一种常见的生殖合作形式,就是非双亲个体帮助繁殖鸟来喂养它们的后代.帮手鸟帮助它们筑巢,孵卵,觅食,喂食和保护领域等,极大提高了繁殖鸟的适合度,即所谓的"帮手效应".同时帮手鸟也获得了未来的适合度.     

The Slide-Sealing Compound "Glyceel"

"Glyceel" has been considered for many years to be the best sealant for whole mounts of soil, plant-parasitic, freshwater, and marine nematodes. However, "Glyceel" has not been available since the mid 1980s when its production was halted. Currently available substitutes are inadequate. The original formula for "Glyceel" has been found in the literature and is given here with a method of preparation. "Glyceel" prepared in this way by the author has been used and appears to function well.