大肠埃希菌trp operon的克隆与表达

色氨酸操纵子所表达酶的高效表达和酶活性的提高,从而构建高产色氨酸菌株.利用PCR的方法从大肠埃希菌基因组中直接克隆色氨酸操纵子,并将其连接到原核表达载体pBV220中,得到重组质粒pBV220-trp operon,转化大肠埃希菌DH5α,温度诱导重组蛋白表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析并用比色法测定其活性.通过凝胶电泳观察PCR扩增产物大小约为7 kb.SDS-PAGE鉴定目的蛋白得到了高效表达,邻氨基苯甲酸合成酶和色氨酸合成酶的活性分别比对照提高了3.4倍和2.5倍.成功构建了重组质粒pBV220-trp operon,邻氨基苯甲酸合成酶和色氨酸合成酶的表达量和表达活性在大肠埃希菌中得到了提高,为高产色氨酸基因工程菌的构建奠定基础.     

大肠杆菌W 3110(pEC901)的αA干扰素生产

通过大肠杆菌w 3110(pEc 901)和宿主菌w 3110的连续培养,分别得到它们的最大比生长速率、饱和常数、维持系数和生长得率系数。两者生长动力学参数的差异表明由于质粒pEC 90l的存在,明显使大肠杆菌的生长速率降低及维持代谢的消耗增大。W 3110(pEc901)的质粒稳定性和αA干扰素的表达均随比生长速率的增大而增大。在补料分批培养中,通过葡萄糖的流加维持w 311O(pWC 901)较高的比生长速率,培养13 h的干扰索效价达到2．5×10　10u／L,比摇瓶培养大为增加。     

结核分枝杆菌拟核结合蛋白Lsr2阻遏调控rv1057基因转录的研究

探讨结核分枝杆菌拟核结合蛋白Lsr2是否是rv1057基因转录的阻遏蛋白。利用凝胶阻滞迁移试验分析Lsr2在体外与rv1057启动子片段的特异性结合能力;通过lacZ报告基因和荧光定量PCR检测rv1057启动子区域的不同突变形式对转录的影响;启动转录的能力;通过蛋白质免疫印迹法检测目标基因rv1057的表达。统计学处理采用t检验。Lsr2结合rv1057启动子;Lsr2与已知的阻遏蛋白TrcR都能结合rv1057启动子;缺失Lsr2结合位点的rv1057启动子能够在结核分枝杆菌生长周期中持续启动rv1057基因的转录;野生型菌株H37Rv生长早期(24 h)lsr2基因转录水平较低,而在H37Rv生长中期(48 h)、后期(120 h)lsr2基因的相对表达量变化倍数显著提高,差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为24.44、16.86,P0.05);H37Rv菌株和lsr2基因缺失菌株中trcR基因在生长早期(24 h)的相对表达量显著高于生长中期(48 h)、生长后期(120 h)的trcR表达量,差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为6.79、10.16,P0.05)。Lsr2是rv1057基因转录的阻遏蛋白,Lsr2和TrcR均可调控rv1057基因的表达。Lsr2在结核分枝杆菌生长周期的中后期大量表达并阻遏rv1057的转录,TrcR则在结核分枝杆菌生长周期的早期阻遏rv1057的转录。     

色氨酸操纵子调控机理详析

色氨酸操纵子是最早被研究的细菌合成代谢调控、基因表达调控的模型之一。其中阻遏蛋白对转录起始的抑制作用、色氨酸作为辅阻遏物的作用以及通过定点突变揭示的弱化作用的分子机制已基本被阐明。此外,色氨酸操纵子RNA结合弱化蛋白、NusA、NusG、TrpY等调节蛋白对细菌色氨酸操纵子弱化作用的调节机制也在近年来得到进一步揭示。特别是在枯草芽孢杆菌中,色氨酸操纵子主要依赖于转录衰减机制调控,包括由色氨酸激活的色氨酸操纵子RNA结合弱化蛋白与新生转录产物结合形成内部终止子,导致5′非翻译区（5′UTR）转录终止。NusA、NusG通过刺激RNA聚合酶在5′UTR的U107和U144位点暂停,释放出RNA聚合酶,最终造成转录终止。不同的是,在U144位点NusA参与的转录弱化机制依赖其发夹结构,且NusA与RNA聚合酶作用促进了RNA结合弱化蛋白与新生转录产物的结合,使转录终止。而NusG是通过与非模板DNA链中的一段富含T碱基序列和RNA聚合酶同时互作,阻止了RNA聚合酶向下游移动,从而引起RNA聚合酶高效停滞。但在细菌操纵子中,绝大多数调节因子参与的弱化机制最终依赖于ρ因子,从而导致多达一半的转录终止事件发生。近年来,随着学科的发展,越来越多关于色氨酸操纵子调节机制新概念被挖掘报道,这也使人类对色氨酸操纵子的表达调控机制的认知愈加详尽。     

RP-HPLC法测定工程菌发酵液中的乙酸含量

随着基因工程的发展,工程菌发酵工艺越来越受到重视,工程菌在含有葡萄糖的培养基发酵过程中,往往有乙酸产生。乙酸的产量与比生长速率有关,乙酸的存在对工程菌的生长及表达物有影响。本文采用了RP-HPLC法,选用简便的样品预处理方法,测定了温度诱导型IL-2工程菌发酵液中的乙酸量,得到了较好的分离效果。发现该菌在培养过程中确有乙酸积累,并在升温诱导后乙酸量急剧增加。 1 材料和方法 1.1 试剂     

重组大肠杆菌的分批补料培养方法

在重组大肠杆菌的培养过程中,存在着菌体的高浓度与外源蛋白的高表达这一矛盾,使得重组菌的比生长速率通常远远低于宿主菌,限制了基因工程菌由实验室规模向工业化规模的转变。要实现重组大肠杆菌的高密度培养,最常用和最有效的方法就是分批补料流加培养。     

大肠杆菌trpBA基因的克隆表达

目的:提高大肠杆菌中色氨酸合成酶的表达量和表达活性。方法:利用PCR方法从大肠杆菌K-12的基因组中直接克隆出紧密连锁trpB和trpA基因(简称trpBA),并将其连接到原核表达载体pet22b( )中,得到重组质粒pet22b( )-trp-BA,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析并用比色法测定其活性。结果:凝胶电泳可见PCR扩增产物大小约为2kb,SDS-PAGE鉴定目的蛋白的Mr分别约为29000和44000,色氨酸合成酶α、β亚基分别得到了高效表达,色氨酸合成酶活性提高到对照菌的3.7倍。结论:成功构建了重组质粒pet22b( )-trpBA,色氨酸合成酶的表达量和表达活性在大肠杆菌中得到了提高,为高产色氨酸基因工程菌的构建奠定基础。     

乙酸对重组大肠杆菌生长及个源基因表达的影响

在重组基因工程菌ＤＨ５α（ＰＧ－ＦＧＦ）的高密度培养过程中,发现培养液中有大量代谢副产物－乙酸的产生和积累,乙酸的存在抑制了工程菌的生长及外源的表达。研究民乙酸在Ｍ９培养基中对工程菌ＤＨ５α（ＰＧ－ＦＧＦ）及生长外源基因表达的影响。结果表明,乙酸的存在不仅导致重组菌生长速率的降低及延迟期的增长,而且对外源基因产物的表达具有强烈的抑制作用,这为该工程菌的高密度培养及外源基因产物的高表达打下了基础。     

大肠杆菌W 3110(pEC901)的αA干扰素生产

通过大肠杆菌Ｗ３１１０（ｐＥＣ９０１）和宿主菌Ｗ３１１０的连续培养,分别得到它们的最大比生长速率、饱和常数、维持系数和生长得率系数。两生长动力学参数的差异表明由于质粒ｐＥＣ９０１的存在,明显使大肠杆菌的生长速率降低及维持代谢的消耗增大,Ｗ３１１０（ｐＥＣ９０１）质粒稳定性和ａＡ干扰素的表达均随比生长速率的增大而增大。在补料分批培养中,通过葡萄糖的流加维持Ｗ３１１０（ｐＷＣ９０１）较高的比生长速率     

生长速度对β干扰素工程菌稳定性和产物表达的影响研究

为了研究发酵培养阶段生长速度对重组人干扰素β(hIFN-β)工程菌稳定性、菌体密度和干扰素表达的影响,采用日本LE．Marubishi MSJ-50L发酵罐,在发酵过程中于诱导后通过控制不同的补料速度,检测低和高生长速度及发酵结束后菌体密度、稳定性和重组人干扰素β的表达量。诱导后维持低生长速度,发酵结束后平均密度A600值为7．52,表达量达20．7％,质粒稳定率好,达到91％,粗制干扰素收获2．37克;维持高生长速度,发酵结束后平均密度A600值达20．57,而表达量降为4．13％,质粒稳定率降为27％,粗制干扰素收获仅为0．59克。诱导后生长速度对工程菌稳定性和产物表达有明显影响。     

Optimization of a two-stage recombinant fermentation process: the dilution rate effect

The effects of dilution rates on the performance of a two-stage fermentation system for a recombinant Escherichia coli culture were studied. Dilution rate determines the apparent or averaged specific growth rate of a heterogeneous population of cells in the recombinant culture. The specific growht rate affects the genetic parameters involved in product formation in the second stage, such as plasmid stability, plasmid content, and specific gene expression rate. Kinetic models and correlations were developed for these parameters based on experimental data. Simulations of plasmid stability in the first stage showed that for longer fermentation periods, plasmid stability is better at higher dilution rates. However, the plasmid content is lower at these dilution rates. The optimal apparent specific growth rate for maximum productivity in the second stage was determined using two methods: (1) direct search for a constant specific growth rate, and (2) dynamic optimization using the maximum principle for a time-dependent specific growth rate profile. The results of the calculations showed that the optimum constant apparent specific growth rate for maximum over-all productivity is 0.40 h(-1). This coincides with the optimal specific growht rate for maximum plasmid content in the expressed stage. A 3.5% increase in overall productivity can be obtained by using a linear time dependent apparent specific growth rate control, mu(2)(t) = 0.0007t, in the course of the fermentation time.     

Fed-batch operation of recombinant Escherichia coli containing trp promoter with controlled specific growth rate

A feb-batch operation for the production of bovine somatotropin (bST) under the control of tryptophan promoter in Escherichia coli was investigated. The plasmid used contains a two-cistron system and altered codon usage for higher expression of bST. Specific growth rate is an important parameter in the fermentation, because it affects the production of growth-inhibitory organic acids and the expression of recombinant protein. The feeding rate was adjusted to keep the specific growth rate constant in this study. The variable growth yield expressed as a function of time was used for the calculation of the feeding rate. The growth yield decreases during the fermentation as product expression is induced. The specific growth rate was well controlled; however, intracellular bST concentration decreased at high cell concentrations. This is considered to be due to degradation by proteases. The decrease was prevented by an exponential feeding of the yeast extract as an organic nitrogen source. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The inhibition of the maximum specific growth and fermentation rate of Zymomonas mobilis by ethanol

The inhibition of the maximum specific growth and fermentation rate of Zymomonas mobilis by ethanol was studied in turbidostat cultures at constant and stepwise changed ethanol concentrations. Up to 50 g/L ethanol, the inhibition kinetics can be approximated by a linear relationship between the specific growth rate and the ethanol concentration. Above this level, deviations from this linearity are observed. The specific fermentation rates were less inhibited by ethanol than was the specific growth rate. The maximum ethanol concentration achieved was 72 g/L.The response time for the adaptation of a turbidstat culture to step changes in the ethanol concentration was markedly dependent on the concentration level, the response time being large at high ethanol concentrations.     

Control of Growth Rate by Initial Substrate Concentration at Values Below Maximum Rate

The hyperbolic relationship between specific growth rate, mu, and substrate concentration, proposed by Monod and used since as the basis for the theory of steady-state growth in continuous-flow systems, was tested experimentally in batch cultures. Use of a Flavobacterium sp. exhibiting a high saturation constant for growth in glucose minimal medium allowed direct measurement of growth rate and substrate concentration throughout the growth cycle in medium containing a rate-limiting initial concentration of glucose. Specific growth rates were also measured for a wide range of initial glucose concentrations. A plot of specific growth rate versus initial substrate concentration was found to fit the hyperbolic equation. However, the instantaneous relationship between specific growth rate and substrate concentration during growth, which is stated by the equation, was not observed. Well defined exponential growth phases were developed at initial substrate concentrations below that required for support of the maximum exponential growth rate and a constant doubling time was maintained until 50% of the substrate had been used. It is suggested that the external substrate concentration initially present "sets" the specific growth rate by establishing a steady-state internal concentration of substrate, possibly through control of the number of permeation sites.     

Improved production of recombinant ovine interferon-tau by mut(+) strain of Pichia pastoris using an optimized methanol feed profile

Recombinant ovine interferon-tau (r-oIFN-tau) production by Pichia pastoris was studied using methanol as the sole carbon source during induction. The cells were grown on glycerol up to a certain cell density before induction of the AOX1 promoter by methanol for expression of the recombinant protein. Cell growth on methanol has been modeled using a substrate-feed equation, which served as the basis for an effective computer control of the process. The r-oIFN-tau concentration in the culture began to decline despite continued cell growth after 50 (+/- 6) h of induction, which was associated with an increase in proteolytic activity of the fermentation broth. A specific growth rate of 0.025 h(-1) was found to be optimal for r-oIFN-tau production. No significant improvement in r-oIFN-tau production was observed when the specific growth rate was stepped up before the critical point when r-oIFN-tau concentration started decreasing during fermentation. However, best results were obtained when the specific growth rate was stepped down from 0.025 to 0.02 h(-1) at 38 h of induction, whereby the active production period was prolonged until 70 h of induction and the broth protease activity was correspondingly reduced. The corresponding maximum protein yield was 391.7 mg x L(-1) after 70 h of fermentation. The proteolytic activity could be reduced by performing fermentations at specific growth rates of 0.025 h(-1) or below. The recombinant protein production can be performed at an optimal yield by directly controlling the methanol feed rate by a computer-controlled model. The production profile of r-oIFN-tau was found to be significantly different from other secreted and intracellular recombinant protein processes, which is an indication that recombinant protein production in Pichia pastoris needs to be optimized as individual processes following established principles.     

Kinetics of inclusion body production in batch and high cell density fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli expressing ovine growth hormone.

A process for maximizing the volumetric productivity of recombinant ovine growth hormone (r-oGH) expressed in Escherichia coli during high cell density fermentation process has been devised. Kinetics of r-oGH expression as inclusion bodies and its effect on specific growth rates of E. coli cells were monitored during batch fermentation process. It was observed that during r-oGH expression in E. coli, the specific growth rate of the culture became an intrinsic property of the cells which reduced in a programmed manner upon induction. Nutrient feeding during protein expression phase of the fed-batch process was designed according to the reduction in specific growth rate of the culture. By feeding yeast extract along with glucose during fed-batch operation, high cell growth with very little accumulation of acetic acid was observed. Use of yeast extract helped in maintaining high specific cellular protein yield which resulted in high volumetric productivity of r-oGH. In 16 h of fed-batch fermentation, 3.2 g l-1 of r-oGH were produced at a cell OD of 124. This is the highest concentration of r-oGH reported to date using E. coli expression system. The volumetric productivity of r-oGH was 0.2 g l-1 h-1, which is also the highest value reported for any therapeutic protein using IPTG inducible expression system in a single stage fed-batch process.     

Optimization of recombinantEscherichia coli fed-batch fermentation for bovine somatotropin

Summary Optimum specific growth rate for the production of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) was investigated in fed-batchE. coli fermentation with a controlled specific growth rate. Maximum specific bST concentration based on cell mass decreases linearly with the controlled specific growth rate. Productivity of bST is expressed by a quadratic equation as a function of the specific growth rate and has a maximum value at =0.23 hr^–1.     

温度对谷胱甘肽分批发酵的影响及动力学模型

研究了24～32℃范围内产朊假丝酵母生产谷胱甘肽的分批发酵过程,发现较高温度对细胞生长有促进作用,而较低温度则更有利于谷胱甘肽产量的提高。应用改进的Logistic和LuedekingPiret方程分别对细胞生长动力学和谷胱甘肽合成动力学进行了模拟,得到不同温度下各种动力学参数。在此基础上,进一步研究了温度同细胞生长动力学参数之间的内在联系,得到谷胱甘肽分批发酵过程中细胞浓度的变化同温度以及底物浓度之间的一般关系式：dX-dt＝［0.0224(T+1.7)］2X(1-X/X_max)1+S｛8.26×10.6×exp［-31477/R/(T+273)］｝。验证实验结果表明,该模型具有很好的适用性。     

An algorithmic approach to constructing the on-line estimation system for the specific growth rate

The objective of this article is to propose an algorithm for the on-line estimation of the specific growth rate in a batch or a fed-batch fermentation process. The algorithm shows the practical procedure for the estimation method utilizing the macroscopic balance and the extended Kalman filter. A number of studies of the on line estimation have been presented. However, there are few studies discussing about the selection of the observed variables and for the tuning of some parameters of the extended Kalman filter, such as covariance matrix and initial values of the state.The beginning of this article is devoted to explain the selection of the observed variable. This information is very important in terms of the practical know-how for using technique. It is discovered that the condition number is a practically useful and valid criterion for number is a practically useful and valid criterion for choosing the variable to be observed.Next, when the extended Kalman filter in applied to the online estimation of the specific growth rate, which is directly unmeasurable, criteria for judging the validity of the estimated value from the observed data are proposed. Based on the proposed criterial, the system equation of the specific growth rate is selected and initial value of the state variable and covariance matrix of the system noises are adjusted. From many experiments, it is certified that the specific growth rate in the batch or fed -batch fermentation can be estimated accurately by means of the algorithm proposed here. In these experiments, that is, when the cell concentration is measured directly, the extended Kalman filter using the convariance matrix with a constant element can estimate more accurately values of the specific growth rate than the adaptive extended Kalman filter does.