谷子叶绿体乙酰辅酶A羧化酶cDNA的克隆和禾本科除草剂靶位点的序列分析

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是一个生物素羧化酶,它所催化的反应是脂肪酸生物合成中的第一个关键步骤。禾本科植物叶绿体中的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是两类禾本科除草剂的靶蛋白。从抗除草剂拿捕净和感拿捕净的谷子(Setaria italicaBeauv.)中克隆了两个乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的全长cDNA,分别命名为foxACC-R和foxACC-S,它们推导的蛋白质均编码2 321个氨基酸,然而在第1 780个氨基酸处,foxACC-R编码亮氨酸,而foxACC-S编码异亮氨酸。采用生物信息学方法,我们推断这个cDNA编码的是叶绿体中的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶,并预测了它的功能域和保守区。通过这两个cDNA编码的氨基酸序列与其他乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的序列比较得出结论,亮氨酸/异亮氨酸位点可能是APPs和CHDs两类除草剂作用的关键位点。Southern 杂交分析的结果显示,该基因在谷子基因组中只有一个拷贝。     

抗拿捕净晋谷21突变体的筛选和分子鉴定

谷子(Setaria italica(L.)P.Beauv.)是我国重要的杂粮作物,具有抗旱耐贫瘠、水分利用率高、适应性广、营养丰富等特点,但谷子田间除草一直制约着谷子的集约化栽培和有机旱作产业规模化的推广与发展。为快速选育抗除草剂谷子品种,本试验以晋谷21突变体M2群体为试验材料,通过喷施0.33%拿捕净除草剂对晋谷21突变群体进行初次筛选和再次筛选,进而快速获得抗拿捕净除草剂突变体植株并对其进行分子鉴定。结果显示,在大田苗期喷施0.33%拿捕净除草剂的初次筛选中,筛选出抗拿捕净除草剂的晋谷21突变体共39个株系;对这39个突变体株系再次喷施0.33%拿捕净除草剂,筛选获得9个有抗拿捕净除草剂特性的株系。对筛选获得的抗拿捕净突变体株系的其中3个株系共15个植株进行分子鉴定,发现有4个突变体植株的ACCase基因编码的第1780个氨基酸-异亮氨酸突变为亮氨酸。该结果可为今后利用分子生物学手段改良名优谷子品种晋谷21、加速抗除草剂谷子品种的选育提供理论和材料基础。     

看麦娘对稀禾啶和高效氟吡甲禾灵产生抗药性的分子基础

采用双向等位基因特异性PCR研究不同抗药性生物型看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.)对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂类除草剂稀禾啶(sethoxydim)和高效氟吡甲禾灵(haloxyfop-R-methyl)产生交互抗性的分子基础.结果表明:对稀禾啶产生的高抗性的JXRII生物型能特异性多扩增出约495 bp的特异片断,而对稀禾啶表现敏感性及中等抗性生物型只能扩增出约770 bp的片断,比对序列发现编码的氨基酸由亮氨酸(Leu)替代了异亮氨酸(Ile).在研究其对高效氟吡甲禾灵产生抗药性分子基础时发现对该除草剂产生高抗型LYR生物型能特异性多扩增出约490 bp的片断,对其表现敏感性及中等抗性生物型只能扩增出1 100 bp,进一步证实了靶标酶ACCase可能存在多个突变位点而产生不同模式的抗药性,同时也表明芳氧苯氧基丙酸类(AOPP)和环己烯酮类(CHD)除草剂的作用位点是有差异的.     

粘红酵母乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）基因的克隆及CT功能域基因的原核表达

利用简并PCR结合染色体步移法首次克隆获得粘红酵母乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）基因的全长序列信息。序列分析表明,该基因包含2个内含子,分别位于42～147 bp和315～677 bp处,编码区域总长为6 801bp,推导的氨基酸序列进行二级结构分析具备乙酰辅酶A羧化酶典型的3个功能域：生物素羧化酶（BC）、生物素羧基载体蛋白（BCCP）和羧基转移酶（CT）。克隆该基因的CT功能域基因,连接到原核表达载体pET-28a上,在Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）中成功表达,利用Ni-NTA树脂柱纯化获得CT的可溶性重组蛋白,浓度为1.8mg/mL,为研究ACC的功能和针对CT作用的除草剂机理研究提供了有价值的材料。     

油菜叶绿体乙酰辅酶A羧化酶单交换表达载体的构建

根据已知序列设计引物,通过PCR扩增获得质体定位的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的4个亚基的基因序列。先将该酶4个亚基的基因进行拼接,然后将这4个拼接好的片段,克隆到pMD18-T载体上,得到质粒pH BM714。再以质粒pHBM714 DNA为模板,用分别带有CpoI和Asc I酶切位点的引物进行PCR扩增,PCR产物在dTTP的保护下经T4 DNA聚合酶处理,与将质粒pHBM720DNA纯化后经CpoI和AscI双酶切后得到的大片段连接,连接产物转化大肠杆菌Xl_(10)-gold,得到正确的重组子命名为pHBM726。此质粒pH BM726,即为带有壮观霉素抗性基因(aadA)筛选标记的质体定位的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因油菜叶绿体单交换表达载体;在此载体中壮观霉素抗性基因(aadA)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的4个亚基的基因(ACC)和绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)共6个基因串联在一起,共用一个启动子序列,一起来进行表达;通过酶切检测、PCR验证和测序验证,均表明该表达载体构建成功。最后此载体在大肠杆菌中表达时,发现重组菌能够在含壮观霉素的培养基上生长,且在可见光下,能看到绿色荧光,表明壮观霉素抗性基因和绿色荧光蛋白基因均在大肠杆菌中成功表达;表达产物通过Western印迹验证表明组成乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的4个亚基的基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达。以上结果表明,该表达载体中串联排列的这6个基因均在大肠杆菌中成功表达。该研究结果可为质体定位的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶转叶绿体的研究奠定基础,为油菜油脂代谢研究提供参考。     

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶在治疗肥胖中的潜在作用

肥胖作为一种疾病引起了世界各国越来越多的重视。目前,对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的研究表明,该酶和肥胖的发生有着重大关系．脂肪的代谢异常是导致肥胖的重要原因之一。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是脂肪代谢过程中的一种重要的调节酶．它的产物丙二酰辅酶A的含量在一定程度上控制着脂肪酸的代谢。因此对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的深入研究很可能为肥胖的治疗提供新的医疗手段。该文介绍乙酰辅酶A羧化酶在脂肪代谢中的作用、分类与调控．以及当前国际上对其研究的最新进展。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32中生物素羧基载体蛋白结构基因的克隆、表达及转录

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(Acetyl CoA Carboxylase EC 6.4.1.2, ACC)催化依赖于ATP的乙酰辅酶A羧化形成丙二酸单酰辅酶A,该反应是脂肪酸生物合成途径中的第一步,也是受到调控的关键一步。根据结核分枝杆菌(M. tuberculosis)和天蓝色链霉菌(S. coelicolor)中ACC-α亚基的氨基酸保守序列和地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32对氨基酸密码子的使用偏好,设计简并引物以U32基因组DNA为模板扩增出一条约250bp的片段,并以此片段作探针成功地从U32基因组cosmid文库中克隆到相应的ACC-α亚基的编码基因accA。该基因对应的ORF长1797bp,编码一个598个氨基酸的蛋白,推算出的分子量是63,714Da;基因G+C mol%含量为70.1%,符合U32基因结构特征,距起始密码子GTG上游6个碱基处有链霉菌典型的RBS序列AGGAGG,并有生物素羧化酶特征的ATP结合区。利用pET28(b)系统构建表达载体,在E. coli BL21(DE3)中实现了accA的诱导表达,产物大部分以可溶形式存在,并通过Western Blot证明该蛋白上确有共价结合的生物素。Northern Blot分析了各种氮源对accA基因转录水平的不同影响。     

一个陆地棉bZIP蛋白cDNA的克隆及表达分析

利用PCR筛选方法从陆地棉纤维cDNA文库中筛选到一个全长cDNA序列,命名为GhbZIP。其编码产物长度为645个氨基酸残基,序列中含有两个未知功能的保守区域DUF630和DUF632,而DUF632区中有一个类似碱性亮氨酸拉链基元;此外氨基酸序列中还存在一个富脯氨酸区和一个富苯丙氨酸区,因此该蛋白具有植物碱性亮氨酸拉链蛋白的结构特征。亲水性分析表明,GhbZIP为一个典型的膜蛋白。GhbZIP基因主要是在开花3d之后在胚珠和纤维细胞中表达,这表明该基因可能与棉纤维伸长过程中的基因表达调控有关。     

巴西橡胶树的脂酰辅酶A还原酶cDNA克隆及其序列分析

从巴西橡胶树差减cDNA文库中筛选到一个与脂酰辅酶A还原酶同源性较高的基因片段,根据该基因片段序列信息,设计特异引物,采用RACE进行差异片段的5’和3’端的扩增,获得长度为1365bp的cDNA克隆R28（GenBank登陆号：AY461413）。序列分析表明,该基因包含1149bp的开放阅读框,5＇-UTR为96bp,3＇-UTR为128bp,编码382个氨基酸,推测其蛋白质的分子量为43．5kDa,等电点为8．97,有一个跨膜螺旋N（187至215位氨基酸）和1个由17个氨基酸组成的信号肽（1至17位氨基酸）。R28含有脂酰辅酶A还原酶的保守（NADP结合蛋白保守区）,推测该基因是一个脂酰辅酶A还原酶基因。     

乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族中保守的色氨酸残基的生化功能（英文）北大核心CSCD

甲烷菌与甲烷八叠球菌是仅有的两种已知利用乙酸盐进行甲烷生成的菌属。稻田以及厌氧的废物分解物是甲烷生物生成的主要来源。甲烷菌在自然界广泛分布,相比甲烷八叠球菌,在低乙酸盐的环境中对乙酸盐仍有高亲和力。在甲烷生成第一步即将乙酸盐转化为乙酰辅酶A的过程中,与甲烷八叠球菌利用乙酸激酶与磷酸转乙酰酶激活途径不同,甲烷菌通过腺嘌呤形成乙酰辅酶A合成酶进行催化。在甲烷菌一属(Methanosaeta concilii)中,共发现5个乙酰辅酶A合成酶的编码基因,其中3种乙酰辅酶A合成酶的生化及酶活特性已被确定。该3种乙酰辅酶A合成酶均以乙酸盐为其最优底物。尽管在短链乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族中,发现酰基底物结合位点高度保守,但乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族的酰基底物范围极为广泛。本研究对甲烷菌中不同种乙酰辅酶A合成酶的酰基底物结合位点的关键氨基酸进行识别与比较,从而对乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族的酶活特性有更全面深入的了解。首先,我们对甲烷菌一属中乙酰辅酶A合成酶4进行生化性质测定。结果表明,该酶无催化一系列酰基底物为酰基辅酶A或其中间产物酰基腺苷酸的活性。通过序列对比发现,嗜热自养甲烷杆菌的乙酰辅酶A合成酶1中高度保守的416位色氨酸残基在甲烷菌一属的乙酰辅酶A合成酶4中被替换成528位苯丙氨酸残基。将甲烷菌一属的乙酰辅酶A合成酶4中的528位苯丙氨酸残基点突变为色氨酸残基后,进行酶学性质测定,未检测到该突变体具有乙酰辅酶A/乙酰腺苷酸合成活性。我们进一步对嗜热自养甲烷杆菌的乙酰辅酶A合成酶1中的416位色氨酸残基点突变为苯丙氨酸残基,酶活性质结果显示,突变酶对于乙酸盐以及丙酸盐作为底物时的活性未有明显差异。然而,以丙酸盐为底物时,释放丙酰腺苷酸中间产物。该结果表明,热自养甲烷杆菌的乙酰辅酶A合成酶1对于底物乙酸盐或丙酸盐的催化作用不甚相同,苯丙氨酸中的苯甲酰环降低该酶保留中间产物丙酰腺苷酸,从而转化为丙酰辅酶A的能力。     

The molecular bases for resistance to acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides in two target-based resistant biotypes of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) (EC.6.4.1.2) is an essential enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis and, in world agriculture, commercial herbicides target this enzyme in plant species. In nearly all grass species the plastidic ACCase is strongly inhibited by commercial ACCase inhibiting herbicides [aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide chemicals]. Many ACCase herbicide resistant biotypes (populations) of L. rigidum have evolved, especially in Australia. In many cases, resistance to ACCase inhibiting herbicides is due to a resistant ACCase enzyme. Two ACCase herbicide resistant L. rigidum biotypes were studied to identify the molecular basis of ACCase inhibiting herbicide resistance. The carboxyl-transferase (CT) domain of the plastidic ACCase gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Amino acid substitutions in the CT domain were identified by comparison of sequences from resistant and susceptible plants. The amino acid residues Gln-102 (CAG codon) and Ile-127 (ATA codon) were substituted with a Glu residue (GAG codon) and Leu residue (TTA codon), respectively, in both resistant biotypes. Amino acid positions 102 and 127 within the fragment sequenced from L. rigidum corresponded to amino acid residues 1756 and 1781, respectively, in the A. myosuroides full ACCase sequence. Allele-specific PCR results further confirmed the mutations linked with resistance in these populations. The Ile-to-Leu substitution at position 1781 has been identified in other resistant grass species as endowing resistance to APP and CHD herbicides. The Gln-to-Glu substitution at position 1756 has not previously been reported and its role in herbicide resistance remains to be established.     

Role of a Novel I1781T Mutation and Other Mechanisms in Conferring Resistance to Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibiting Herbicides in a Black-Grass Population

Background

Knowledge of the mechanisms of herbicide resistance is important for designing long term sustainable weed management strategies. Here, we have used an integrated biology and molecular approach to investigate the mechanisms of resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibiting herbicides in a UK black-grass population (BG2).

Methodology/Principal Findings

Comparison between BG2 phenotypes using single discriminant rates of herbicides and genotypes based on ACCase gene sequencing showed that the I1781L, a novel I1781T, but not the W2027C mutations, were associated with resistance to cycloxydim. All plants were killed with clethodim and a few individuals containing the I1781L mutation were partially resistant to tepraloxydim. Whole plant dose response assays demonstrated that a single copy of the mutant T1781 allele conferred fourfold resistance levels to cycloxydim and clodinafop-propargyl. In contrast, the impact of the I1781T mutation was low (Rf = 1.6) and non-significant on pinoxaden. BG2 was also characterised by high levels of resistance, very likely non-target site based, to the two cereal selective herbicides clodinafop-propargyl and pinoxaden and not to the poorly metabolisable cyclohexanedione herbicides. Analysis of 480 plants from 40 cycloxydim resistant black grass populations from the UK using two very effective and high throughput dCAPS assays established for detecting any amino acid changes at the 1781 ACCase codon and for positively identifying the threonine residue, showed that the occurrence of the T1781 is extremely rare compared to the L1781 allele.

Conclusion/Significance

This study revealed a novel mutation at ACCase codon position 1781 and adequately assessed target site and non-target site mechanisms in conferring resistance to several ACCase herbicides in a black-grass population. It highlights that over time the level of suspected non-target site resistance to some cereal selective ACCase herbicides have in some instances surpassed that of target site resistance, including the one endowed by the most commonly encountered I1781L mutation.     

Six amino acid substitutions in the carboxyl-transferase domain of the plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene are linked with resistance to herbicides in a Lolium rigidum population

The molecular basis of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) target-based resistant Lolium rigidum population (WLR 96) was studied here. The carboxyl-transferase domain of the plastidic ACCase gene from resistant individuals was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The DNA sequences were aligned and compared with a susceptible population. Six amino acid substitutions were identified in the resistant population. The substitution Ile-2041-Asn, known to confer resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) in Alopecurus myosuroides, was identified in most resistant plants but it is always linked with other amino acid substitutions. This was confirmed by a cleaved amplified polymorphism (CAP) marker and an allele-specific PCR. The sole amino acid substitution Ile-2041-Asn was not found in this population. It is likely this mutation evolved later among individuals already possessing the other substitutions. Three haplotypes were identified from the resistant population based on the six amino acid combinations, and two are linked with herbicide resistance in this population. The multiple amino acid substitutions including the Ile-2041-Asn form the molecular basis endowing a high degree of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in this L. rigidum population.     

Fitness costs associated with acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase mutations endowing herbicide resistance in American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne Steud.)

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A single amino acid substitution of Leu130Ile in snake DNases I contributes to the acquisition of thermal stability.

We purified pancreatic deoxyribonucleases I (DNases I) from three snakes, Elaphe quadrivirgata, Elaphe climacophora and Agkistrodon blomhoffii, and cloned their cDNAs. Each mature snake DNase I protein comprised 262 amino acids. Wild-type snake DNases I with Leu130 were more thermally unstable than wild-type mammalian and avian DNases I with Ile130. After substitution of Leu130Ile, the thermal stabilities of the snake enzymes were higher than those of their wild-type counterparts and similar to mammalian wild-type enzyme levels. Conversely, substituting Ile130Leu of mammalian DNases I made them more thermally unstable than their wild-type counterparts. Therefore, a single amino acid substitution, Leu130Ile, might be involved in an evolutionally critical change in the thermal stabilities of vertebrate DNases I. Amphibian DNases I have a Ser205 insertion in a Ca2+-binding site of mammalian and avian enzymes that reduces their thermal stabilities [Takeshita, H., Yasuda, T., Iida, R., Nakajima, T., Mori, S., Mogi, K., Kaneko, Y. & Kishi, K. (2001) Biochem. J.357, 473-480]. Thus, it is plausible that the thermally stable wild-type DNases I of the higher vertebrates, such as mammals and birds, have been generated by a single Leu130Ile substitution of reptilian enzymes through molecular evolution following Ser205 deletion from amphibian enzymes. This mechanism may reflect one of the evolutionary changes from cold-blooded to warm-blooded vertebrates.     

A Novel W1999S Mutation and Non-Target Site Resistance Impact on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibiting Herbicides to Varying Degrees in a UK Lolium multiflorum Population

Background

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides are important products for the post-emergence control of grass weed species in small grain cereal crops. However, the appearance of resistance to ACCase herbicides over time has resulted in limited options for effective weed control of key species such as Lolium spp. In this study, we have used an integrated biological and molecular biology approach to investigate the mechanism of resistance to ACCase herbicides in a Lolium multiflorum Lam. from the UK (UK21).

Methodology/Principal Findings

The study revealed a novel tryptophan to serine mutation at ACCase codon position 1999 impacting on ACCase inhibiting herbicides to varying degrees. The W1999S mutation confers dominant resistance to pinoxaden and partially recessive resistance to cycloxydim and sethoxydim. On the other hand, plants containing the W1999S mutation were sensitive to clethodim and tepraloxydim. Additionally population UK21 is characterised by other resistance mechanisms, very likely non non-target site based, affecting several aryloxyphenoxyproprionate (FOP) herbicides but not the practical field rate of pinoxaden. The positive identification of wild type tryptophan and mutant serine alleles at ACCase position 1999 could be readily achieved with an original DNA based derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) assay that uses the same PCR product but two different enzymes for positively identifying the wild type tryptophan and mutant serine alleles identified here.

Conclusion/Significance

This paper highlights intrinsic differences between ACCase inhibiting herbicides that could be exploited for controlling ryegrass populations such as UK21 characterised by compound-specific target site and non-target site resistance.     

Structure-Guided Modification of Rhizomucor miehei Lipase for Production of Structured Lipids

To improve the performance of yeast surface-displayed Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) in the production of human milk fat substitute (HMFS), we mutated amino acids in the lipase substrate-binding pocket based on protein hydrophobicity, to improve esterification activity. Five mutants: Asn87Ile, Asn87Ile/Asp91Val, His108Leu/Lys109Ile, Asp256Ile/His257Leu, and His108Leu/Lys109Ile/Asp256Ile/His257Leu were obtained and their hydrolytic and esterification activities were assayed. Using Discovery Studio 3.1 to build models and calculate the binding energy between lipase and substrates, compared to wild-type, the mutant Asp256Ile/His257Leu was found to have significantly lower energy when oleic acid (3.97 KJ/mol decrease) and tripalmitin (7.55 KJ/mol decrease) were substrates. This result was in accordance with the esterification activity of Asp256Ile/His257Leu (2.37-fold of wild-type). The four mutants were also evaluated for the production of HMFS in organic solvent and in a solvent-free system. Asp256Ile/His257Leu had an oleic acid incorporation of 28.27% for catalyzing tripalmitin and oleic acid, and 53.18% for the reaction of palm oil with oleic acid. The efficiency of Asp256Ile/His257Leu was 1.82-fold and 1.65-fold that of the wild-type enzyme for the two reactions. The oleic acid incorporation of Asp256Ile/His257Leu was similar to commercial Lipozyme RM IM for palm oil acidolysis with oleic acid. Yeast surface-displayed RML mutant Asp256Ile/His257Leu is a potential, economically feasible catalyst for the production of structured lipids.     

Distinct non-target site mechanisms endow resistance to glyphosate,ACCase and ALS-inhibiting herbicides in multiple herbicide-resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lolium rigidum</Emphasis>

This study investigates mechanisms of multiple resistance to glyphosate, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in two Lolium rigidum populations from Australia. When treated with glyphosate, susceptible (S) plants accumulated 4- to 6-fold more shikimic acid than resistant (R) plants. The resistant plants did not have the known glyphosate resistance endowing mutation of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSPS) at Pro-106, nor was there over-expression of EPSPS in either of the R populations. However, [¹⁴C]-glyphosate translocation experiments showed that the R plants in both populations have altered glyphosate translocation patterns compared to the S plants. The R plants showed much less glyphosate translocation to untreated young leaves, but more to the treated leaf tip, than did the S plants. Sequencing of the carboxyl transferase domain of the plastidic ACCase gene revealed no resistance endowing amino acid substitutions in the two R populations, and the ALS in vitro inhibition assay demonstrated herbicide-sensitive ALS in the ALS R population (WALR70). By using the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion and amitrole with ALS and ACCase herbicides, respectively, we showed that malathion reverses chlorsulfuron resistance and amitrole reverses diclofop resistance in the R population examined. Therefore, we conclude that multiple glyphosate, ACCase and ALS herbicide resistance in the two R populations is due to the presence of distinct non-target site based resistance mechanisms for each herbicide. Glyphosate resistance is due to reduced rates of glyphosate translocation, and resistance to ACCase and ALS herbicides is likely due to enhanced herbicide metabolism involving different cytochrome P450 enzymes.