葡萄糖与胰岛素对3T3—F442A脂肪细胞中Leptin表达？…

为了解葡萄糖与胰岛素对３Ｔ３－Ｆ４４２Ａ脂肪细胞中Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ表达的调节，应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法以ｂｅｔａ－ａｃｔｉｎ为内对照对不同葡萄糖和／或胰岛素浓度培养条件下３Ｔ３－Ｆ４４２Ａ脂肪细胞中Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ ｍＲＮＡ表达水平进行相对定量分析。     

胰岛素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中极低密度脂蛋白受体基因表达的影响

体外培养3T3-L1细胞分化模型,研究不同浓度胰岛素及慢性胰岛素刺激对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中极低密度脂蛋白受体（VLDLR）基因表达的影响.在不同浓度胰岛素及胰岛素慢性刺激的干预下,用半定量RT-PCR检测细胞VLDLR mRNA水平的变化.微量化GOD-PAP法检测培养基中残存的葡萄糖.在细胞诱导分化过程中,胰岛素浓度的增高促进VLDLR的表达;胰岛素慢性刺激下,VLDLR表达因浓度差异呈现不同变化.研究结果表明,胰岛素的浓度及慢性刺激对3T3-L1脂肪细胞的成熟和VLDLR基因的表达有显著作用,而胰岛素抵抗明显减低成熟脂肪细胞VLDLR的表达.     

编码Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 FNR 中FNR区的基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

用ＰＣＲ的方法克隆出了编码蓝细菌Ｓｙｎｅｃｈｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｓｐ．ＰＣＣ７００２ＦＮＲ中ＦＮＲ区的基因ｐｅｔＨＬ,克隆到达载体ｐＥＴ３ａ上,转化大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）后实现了大量表达。重组ＦＮＲ区（ｒＦＮＲＤ）经ＤＥＡＥＳｅｐｈｄｅｘＡ５０离子交换层析及ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ１００凝胶层析得到大量的电泳均一的ｒＦＮＲＤ。Ｎ末端氨基酸序列分析表明,表达产物确为ｐｅｔＨＬ所编码。且起始Ｍｅｔ翻译后未被除去。ｒＦＮＲＤ与ｒＦＮＲ的吸收光谱相同,其黄递酶活性的最适ｐＨ和最适温度也相同。ｒＦＮＲＤ能在体外催化电子从Ｐ７００到ＮＡＤＰ＋的传递     

脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）在成肌细胞中的稳定表达

将ｂｄｎｆ基因克隆入逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＮＣＸ,构建得到ｐＬＮＣ／ＢＤＮＦ,经ＰＡ３１７细胞包装后,感染大鼠成肌细胞Ｌ６ＴＧ,Ｇ４１８筛选２周后,得到稳定表达ｂｄｎｆ基因的细胞克隆Ｌ６ＴＧ／ＢＤＮＦ。ＤＮＡ印迹结果证实ｂｄｎｆ基因已经整合入Ｌ６ＴＧ染色体中,ＲＮＡ印迹和斑点印迹结果分别从ｍＲＮＡ水平和蛋白水平证明了ｂｄｎｆ基因的表达,且Ｌ６ＴＧ／ＢＤＮＦ培养上清中ＢＤＮＦ的含量约为２５ｎｇ（１０６细胞数每ｍｌ每２４ｈ）。     

灵芝多糖对3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞模型PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达的影响

目的 研究灵芝多糖对3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞模型PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达的影响,探讨灵芝多糖改善胰岛素抵抗的分子机制.方法 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞经1-甲基-3-异丁基-黄嘌呤、地塞米松、胰岛素诱导分化成3T3-L1脂肪细胞,以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定培养液中残余的葡萄糖含量.比较二甲双胍组,检测培养液中葡萄糖含量及PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达变化.结果 地塞米松联合胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗,细胞对葡萄糖的摄取量减少.灵芝多糖可改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗.胰岛素抵抗细胞的PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白表达明显减少;应用灵芝多糖后,相关蛋白表达增加.结论 灵芝多糖通过提高PI-3K p85和GLUT4蛋白的表达,参与胰岛素抵抗状态下3T3-L1细胞的葡萄糖代谢.     

三角酵母D—氨基酸氧化酶基因的克隆,测序及表达

利用跨越内含子的ＰＣＲ技术,从三角酵母（Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ）变种ＦＡ１１０中扩增得到Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶基因（ｄａａｏ）,并通过ＴＡ克隆的方法将其克隆至ｐＧＥＭＴ载体。序列测定结果表明,所得ｄａａｏ基因的５′端内含子已被删除,基因总长度为１０７１ｂｐ,它与Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｏｐｓｉｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ的Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶同源性达９８３％,与Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ和Ｒｈｏｄｏｔｏｒｕｌａｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ的同源性分别是３８９％和３０８％。为提高表达水平,又将此基因转移至高表达载体ｐＥＴ２８ｂ上,在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中进行诱导表达。经ＩＰＴＧ诱导,目的蛋白的产生量可占菌体总蛋白量的４６％,分子量约为３８ｋＤ。Ｄ氨基酸氧化酶的活力可达８０２ｕ／Ｌ。     

大鼠星形胶质细胞组织因子活性的表达及其调控

本实验观察了基础培养条件和凝血酶刺激条件下,大鼠星形胶质细胞组织因子活性的表达及其信号传递途径。结果显示,基础条件下,Ａ２３１８７（４ｂｒｏｍｏｃａｌｃｉｕｍｉｏｎｏｐｈｏｒｅ）和佛波醇脂（ｐｈｏｒｂｏｌ１２ｍｙｒｉｓｔａｔｅ１３ａｃｅｔａｔｅ,ＰＭＡ）能明显提高星形胶质细胞组织因子活性的表达,而三氟吡啦嗪（ｔｒｉｆｌｕｏｐｅｒａｚｉｎｅ,ＴＦＰ）和１（５异喹啉磺胺）３甲基哌嗪［１（５ｉｓｏｑｕｉｎｏｌｉｎｙｌｓｕｌｆｏｎｙｌ）３ｍｅｔｈｙｌｐｉｐｅｒａｚｉｎｅ,Ｈ７］则降低星形胶质细胞组织因子活性的表达。凝血酶能明显增加星形胶质细胞表达组织因子活性;当凝血酶与ＴＦＰ或Ｈ７联合应用时,凝血酶的刺激作用受到明显抑制。实验表明,星形胶质细胞在基础培养条件下能表达组织因子,凝血酶能刺激它表达组织因子活性。Ｃａ２＋／钙调素和ＰＫＣ途径参与了在基础条件以及凝血酶刺激条件下星形胶质细胞组织因子活性的表达。     

重组人干细胞因子在昆虫细胞中的高效表达

含信号肽的可溶性人干细胞因子（ｈＳＣＦ）ｃＤＮＡ 基因重组于杆状病毒转移载体ｐＶＬ９４１ 中,重组转移载体ｐＶＬ９４１ＳＣＦ与野生型苜蓿夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＮＰＶ）ＤＮＡ 共转染草地夜蛾细胞Ｓｆ９ 后,通过体内同源重组构建了重组病毒ＡｃＮＰＶＳＣＦ。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交表明重组病毒基因组中含有ｈＳＣＦ基因片段。重组病毒感染单层Ｓｆ９ 细胞后,表达产物分泌到胞外培养液中。用ＭＴＴ 比色法和ＴＦ１ 细胞株测定表达产物与ＩＬ３ 的协同效应,测得感染重组病毒的培养细胞第三天表达量为１９７０ ｕｎｉｔｓ／ｍ Ｌ培养液。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ 分析可见分子量为１８ ×１０３ 、２０ ×１０３ 和２２ ×１０３ 三条带。     

蛋白质N端豆蔻酰化修饰的基因工程表达偶联加工系统

对酵母ＮＭＴ基因在大肠杆菌中表达进行较详细的研究,进而构建了复制子为ｐ１５Ａ并含卡那霉素抗性基因的相容性表达质粒ｐＫＺＭＴ,将其与表达质粒ｐＣＺｍＣα１共转化进大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）Ｆ′,进行双质粒表达偶联加工修饰研究,其中ｐＣＺｍＣα１表达底物蛋白小鼠ｃＡＭＰ依赖的蛋白激酶催化亚基α（ＰＫＡ-ｍＣα）。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析表明,双质粒表达系统中,ＰＫＡ-ｍＣα都得到了稳定的高表达,尤其在２３℃低温诱导表达时,表达产物的可溶性部分明显增多;而酵母ＮＭＴ被控制在有利于活性功能的可溶性低水平表达。［^３Ｈ］ｍｙｒｉｓｔｉｃａｃｉｄ标记测定及放射自显影的结果显示,在大肠杆菌中表达的重组ＰＫＡ-ｍＣα被豆蔻酰化修饰。     

人胸腺上皮细胞培养上清液促进鼠胸腺细胞和细胞株增殖的研究(英文)

胸腺是细胞分化发育的场所,源于骨髓的前Ｔ细胞。在以胸腺上皮细胞为主体的基质细胞作用下,增殖、分化、成为成熟Ｔ细胞,迁移至外周。胸腺基质细胞通过细胞与细胞之间的直接接触和分泌细胞因子影响细胞分化发育的各个阶段。本文探讨了人胸腺上皮细胞培养上清液（ＴＥＣＳＮ）对鼠胸腺细胞、８５、Ｂｅ１３、ＨＤＭａｒ、Ｍｏｌｔ４、Ｒｅｈ以及Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞株增殖的影响。取人胸腺组织,用０．１５％的胰酶消化组织块后,将其接种到培养瓶中进行培养,收集上清液。将ＴＥＣＳＮ加到鼠胸腺细胞悬液中,２ｈ后加３ＨＴｄＲ,观察鼠胸腺细胞自发性掺入３ＨＴｄＲ有无改变。同时将ＴＥＣＳＮ＋ＣｏｎＡ加入鼠胸腺细胞悬液中培养４８ｈ,收获细胞前１８ｈ加入３ＨＴｄＲ,测定ＣＰＭ值。此外,ＴＥＣＳＮ加入８５细胞株及其它细胞株悬液中,观察ＴＥＣＳＮ对这些细胞株增殖的影响。上述各实验均设有对照组（Ｔａｂ．１）。结果表明：ＴＥＣＳＮ本身能增强鼠胸腺细胞３ＨＴｄＲ自发掺入,其３ＨＴｄＲＣＰＭ值明显大于对照组（Ｆｉｇ．１）。ＴＥＣＳＮ单独使用不影响胸腺细胞增殖,ＣｏｎＡ单独作用能促进鼠胸腺细胞增殖反应,而ＴＥＣＳＮ与ＣｏｎＡ共同使用,胸腺     

Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on the preadipocyte 3T3-F442A cell line

The 3T3-F442A mouse fibroblast cell line, triggered by factors present in fetal calf serum (FCS), converts either spontaneously or, in the simultaneous presence of FCS and insulin, at an accelerated rate into cells exhibiting the adipocyte phenotype. The effects of the neurohypophysial hormones in differentiated cells on glucose metabolism (glucose oxidation and lipogenesis) were compared with the stimulatory actions of insulin, which had its most pronounced effects in cells differentiated spontaneously with FCS in the absence of insulin. The differentiated 3T3-F442A cells were sensitive to physiological levels of insulin and exhibited manyfold increases in glucose metabolism in response to it. This result demonstrated that these cultured cells respond to insulin, in a manner analogous to freshly isolated adipocytes. In contrast to its insulin-like effects in isolated epididymal adipocytes, oxytocin was not reproducibly able to stimulate glucose metabolism in differentiated 3T3-F442A cells. Vasopressin was similarly inactive. In contrast, both oxytocin and vasopressin blocked adipocyte conversion triggered by FCS, either in the presence or absence of insulin; vasopressin was more potent than oxytocin, indicating that a vasopressin receptor was responsible for the observed inhibition of differentiation. Our work suggests that vasopressin could potentially play a role in the regulation of the adipocyte differentiation process.     

Insulin regulates leptin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a PI 3 kinase independent mechanism

To better define the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin release from adipocytes, we developed a novel protocol that maximizes leptin production from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of a PPARgamma agonist to the Isobutylmethylxanthine/Dexamethasone/Insulin differentiation cocktail increased leptin mRNA levels by 5-fold, maintained insulin sensitivity, and yielded mature phenotype in cultured adipocytes. Under these conditions, acute insulin stimulation for 2 h induced a two-fold increase in leptin secretion, which was independent of new protein synthesis, and was not due to alterations in glucose metabolism. Stimulation with insulin for 15 min induced the same level of leptin release and was blocked by Brefeldin A. Inhibiting PI 3-kinase with wortmannin had no effect on insulin stimulation of leptin secretion. These studies show that insulin can stimulate leptin release via a PI3K independent mechanism and provide a cellular system for studying the effect of insulin and potentially other mediators on leptin secretion.     

Regulation of adiponectin and leptin secretion and expression by insulin through a PI3K-PDE3B dependent mechanism in rat primary adipocytes

Adiponectin is intimately involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular functions. The circulating concentration of adiponectin is decreased in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The present study attempts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of adiponectin secretion and expression in rat primary adipocytes. The beta-agonist, isoprenaline, decreased adiponectin secretion and expression in a dose-dependent manner in primary adipocytes. Importantly, such an inhibitory effect could be blocked by insulin. The opposing effects of isoprenaline and insulin could be explained by differential regulation of intracellular cAMP levels, since cAMP analogues suppressed adiponectin secretion and expression in a fashion similar to isoprenaline, and insulin blocked the inhibitory effects of the cAMP analogue hydrolysable by PDE (phosphodiesterase). A specific PDE3 inhibitor, milrinone, and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitors abolished the effects of insulin on adiponectin secretion and expression. In the same studies, leptin secretion and expression displayed a similar pattern of regulation to adiponectin. We conclude that insulin and beta-agonists act directly at the adipocytes in opposing fashions to regulate the production of adiponectin and leptin, and that a PI3K-PDE3B-cAMP pathway mediates the effects of insulin to restore beta-agonist/cAMP-suppressed secretion and expression of these two adipokines.     

Glucose, dexamethasone, and the unfolded protein response regulate TRB3 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes

Tribbles 3 (TRB3) is a recently recognized atypical inactive kinase that negatively regulates Akt activity in hepatocytes, resulting in insulin resistance. Recent reports link TRB3 to nutrient sensing and regulation of cell survival under stressful conditions. We studied the regulation of TRB3 by glucose, insulin, dexamethasone (Dex), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in L6 myotubes. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, incubation in high glucose with insulin did not increase TRB3 mRNA expression. Rather, TRB3 mRNA increased fourfold with glucose deprivation and two- to threefold after incubation with tunicamcyin (an inducer of the UPR). Incubation of cells in no glucose or in tunicamcyin stimulated the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein. In L6 myotubes, absent or low glucose induced TRB3 mRNA expression by six- and twofold, respectively. The addition of Dex to 5 mM glucose increased TRB3 mRNA expression twofold in 3T3-L1 adipocytes but decreased it 16% in L6 cells. In conclusion, TRB3 is not the mediator of high glucose or glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes or L6 myotubes. TRB3 is induced by glucose deprivation in both cell types as a part of the UPR, where it may be involved in regulation of cell survival in response to glucose depletion.