TANK结合激酶1在PINK1/Parkin依赖性和非依赖性线粒体自噬中的作用研究进展

线粒体自噬是一种清除受损或多余线粒体的过程,在调节细胞内线粒体质量和维持线粒体能量代谢等方面发挥重要作用。TANK结合激酶1 (TANK-binding kinase 1, TBK1)是一种多功能的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,同时参与调控PTEN诱导假定激酶1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, PINK1)/Parkin依赖性和非依赖性线粒体自噬过程。近期研究表明,TBK1可磷酸化视神经蛋白(optineurin, OPTN)、p62/sequestosome-1、Ras相关GTP结合蛋白7 (Ras-related GTP binding protein 7, Rab7)等自噬相关蛋白,并介导核点蛋白52 (nuclear dot protein 52, NDP52)与UNC-51样自噬激活激酶1 (UNC-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, ULK1)复合物相结合,以及TAX1结合蛋白1 (TAX1-binding protein 1, TAX1BP1)与微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-assoc...     

脑缺血后N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子ATP酶失活致神经元自噬流障碍的病理机制

缺血性脑卒中是由脑血管梗塞引起的急性脑血管病,具有较高的发病率、致残率和致死率。研究发现,过度自噬或自噬不足均可导致细胞损伤。自噬包括自噬体的形成和成熟、自噬体与溶酶体融合、自噬底物在自噬溶酶体内的降解和清除,这些过程呈连续状态则称为自噬流。研究发现,脑缺血可导致自噬体与溶酶体间发生融合障碍,从而引发自噬流损伤。细胞内膜融合由3种核心组分介导,即N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子（N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor,NSF） ATP酶、可溶性NSF黏附蛋白（soluble NSF attachment protein,SNAP）及可溶性NSF黏附蛋白受体（soluble NSF attachment protein receptors,SNAREs）。当SNAREs介导自噬体与溶酶体融合后以非活性的复合体形式存留于自噬溶酶体膜,须被NSF再激活为单体后方可发挥新一轮的膜融合介导作用,而NSF是唯一可再激活SNAREs的ATP酶。新近研究表明,脑缺血可显著抑制NSF ATP酶活性,导致其对SNAREs再激活减少,这可能是自噬体与溶酶体间发生融合障碍并导致神经元自噬...     

重组自噬标志分子LC3的抗血清制备

自噬（autophagy）是胞内蛋白等大分子或细胞器直接或间接与溶酶体结合,从而得以降解的过程.微管相关蛋白1轻链3-β（microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 β, MAP1LC3-Ⅱ,简称LC3）,是在高等真核细胞中发现的第一种自噬体膜蛋白,可以作为自噬的标志性分子用于检测自噬活动.为深入研究自噬的发生过程及其与健康和疾病的关系,通过构建pET28a(+)-LC3原核表达系统,应用多聚组氨酸结合树脂分离和纯化了重组LC3蛋白,以该蛋白为免疫原制备了抗LC3的抗血清,并利用HeLa细胞自噬模型采用Western印迹方法对该抗血清的特性进行了鉴定.结果显示,兔抗LC3抗血清同时可以识别LC3的2个亚型LC3-Ⅰ和LC3-Ⅱ,且可清晰检测到自噬发生时LC3-Ⅰ向LC3-Ⅱ的转化,表明该血清可以用于自噬的检测.     

细胞自噬形成机制及其功能研究进展

自噬是真核细胞维持内环境稳态的一种内在平衡机制。现已发现,多种自噬相关蛋白质(autophagy related protein or Atg protein)参与自噬形成。其中,自噬相关蛋白1/Unc-51样激酶1(autophagy related 1/Unc-51-like kinase 1,Atg1/ULK1)蛋白酶复合物主要在自噬形成起始阶段发挥作用;自噬相关蛋白9·自噬相关蛋白2-自噬相关蛋白18(autophagy related 9·autophagy related 2-autophagy18,Atg9·Atg2-Atg18)复合物主要为自噬形成递送膜结构;自噬相关蛋白12(autophagy related 12,Atg12)和自噬相关蛋白5/微管相关蛋白1轻链3(autophagy-related 5/microtubule-associated protein 1light chain 3,Atg5/LC3)结合系统主要参与隔离膜的延伸和自噬体的成熟;而泡膜蛋白34-自噬相关蛋白6/Beclin1磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶复合物[vacuolar proteins sorting 34-autophagy related 6/Beclin 1phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase,Vps34-Atg6/Beclin1 PI(3)P]则可与不同物质结合,在自噬的起始和自噬体成熟过程中发挥重要作用。随着研究的深入,细胞自噬被认为可特异性识别底物进行降解,如线粒体自噬、噬脂、异体吞噬等。因此,自噬与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,如神经系统疾病、肿瘤、心血管疾病、感染、代谢性疾病、特发性肺纤维化、肺动脉高压等疾病并参与衰老等生理过程。目前,一批以自噬为靶点的自噬调节剂正在临床试验阶段。     

选择性自噬受体TAX1BP1的研究进展及意义

自噬是真核细胞内主要的降解系统之一,在清除细胞内受损物质方面发挥着重要作用。近年来,自噬与疾病的关系成为研究的热门话题。自噬功能的异常往往影响着疾病的发生、发展及预后。细胞通过自噬途径选择性地清除某些细胞质成分的过程称为选择性自噬。选择性自噬的发生通常需要自噬受体的参与,不同的自噬受体发挥的具体功能也不尽相同。其中,Tax1结合蛋白1(Tax1-binding protein 1,TAX1BP1)作为选择性自噬接头蛋白的一员,主要由一个SKIP羧基同源性域(SKIP carboxyl homology,SKICH)、一个微管相关蛋白I轻链3结合结构域(LC3-interacting region,LIR)、三个卷曲螺旋和一个羧基末端泛素锌指结合(ubiquitin-binding zinc finger,UBZ)结构域构成。这些结构域介导了TAX1BP1与其他蛋白质的相互作用,并在一定程度上对TAX1BP1在细胞中的功能产生影响。TAX1BP1同时调节NF-κB、JNK等信号通路;它广泛地参与到线粒体自噬、异体自噬以及溶酶体自噬等自噬进程中去;TAX1BP1的异常表达与炎症反应、恶性肿...     

塞内卡病毒A结构蛋白VP2诱导PK-15细胞自噬的研究

本研究在塞内卡病毒A(Senecavirus A,SVA)诱导自噬的基础上,着重探究VP2蛋白在细胞自噬过程中的作用。构建VP2基因真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-VP2,将其转染至PK-15细胞,通过检测自噬蛋白和相关基因的表达情况,明确VP2蛋白对细胞自噬的影响。结果显示,本研究成功构建了pcDNA3.1-VP2真核表达载体,且SVA VP2基因在PK-15细胞中正常表达;与对照组相比,VP2蛋白显著上调LC3蛋白的表达水平（P<0.01）;同时,自噬基因LC3、Beclin-1和ATG5转录水平均显著提高（P<0.01）。综上所述,本研究证实SVA VP2蛋白可诱导PK-15细胞自噬,且VP2蛋白与自噬蛋白和基因表达水平呈正相关,为进一步研究病毒感染与致病机制打下基础。     

Src与胶原同源插头蛋白(Shc)调控曲格列酮引起的PAE细胞自噬

【目的】明确Src与胶原同源插头蛋白(Src homology and collagen homology,Shc)调控曲格列酮(troglitazone,TZ)引起的猪血管内皮(porcine aortic endothelial,PAE)细胞自噬的机制。【方法】我们先利用激光共聚焦显微镜、蛋白免疫杂交检测了TZ引起的PAE细胞自噬;然后通过siRNA干扰敲降Shc,转染wtShc、3mShc等质粒的方法确定了p52Shc参与自噬的调控;最后通过siRNA干扰敲降Ulk1得到最终结论。【结果】通过研究发现,敲降Shc,会增加细胞的自噬;而过量表达p52Shc抑制了TZ引起的细胞自噬;p52Shc抑制自噬与其自身的酪氨酸磷酸化位点Tyr239、Tyr240和Tyr317相关;同时发现,p52Shc能抑制自噬调节分子磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)及其下游底物Unc51样激酶1(UNC-51-like kinase-1,Ulk1)的活性。【结论】Shc通过调控AMPK与Ulk1的磷酸化调节TZ引起的细胞自噬。     

阿尔茨海默症中的线粒体自噬

线粒体自噬是细胞进化过程中产生的一种通过自噬选择性清除受损线粒体的机制,及时清除损伤的线粒体对维持细胞正常生理功能具有重要作用。在阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)患者的神经元中,当淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)和微管相关蛋白(microtubule associated protein,Tau)在线粒体中积累时,轻微损伤的线粒体通过分裂融合过程,保证部分子代线粒体内部环境的稳定,而严重损伤的子代线粒体则通过被自噬体包被,进行选择性线粒体自噬过程予以清除。当此系统功能受阻时,神经元中出现显著的线粒体运输、动力学异常等功能障碍,导致AD病理改变加重。因此,线粒体自噬在AD中扮演着重要角色。越来越多的证据提示,对线粒体自噬的调控可能为AD的治疗提供一种新方法。     

线粒体自噬

细胞自噬(autophagy)是细胞依赖溶酶体对蛋白和细胞器进行降解的一条重要途径.目前,将通过细胞自噬降解线粒体的途径称为线粒体自噬(mitophagy).最近几年的证据表明,线粒体自噬是一个特异性的选择过程,并受到各种因子的精密调节,是细胞清除体内损伤线粒体和维持自身稳态的一种重要调节机制.自噬相关分子,如“核心”Atg 复合物,酵母线粒体外膜分子Atg32、Atg33、Uth1和Aup1,哺乳细胞线粒体外膜蛋白PINK1、NIX和胞质的Parkin等,在线粒体自噬中起关键的作用. 线粒体自噬异常与神经退行性疾病如帕金森氏病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）的发生密切相关. 本文就线粒体自噬的研究进展做简要的介绍.     

线粒体自噬的研究进展

线粒体自噬(mitophagy)是指细胞通过自噬机制选择性清除多余或损伤线粒体的过程,对于线粒体质量控制以及细胞生存具有重要作用。在线粒体自噬的过程中,线粒体自噬受体FUNDCl、Nix、BNIP3,接头蛋白OPTN、NDP52以及去泛素化酶UPS30、UPS8等发挥了重要的调控作用。近年来,研究发现线粒体自噬与神经退行性疾病、脑损伤以及胶质瘤相关。因此,研究线粒体自噬的分子机制具有重要意义。本文就与哺乳动物相关的线粒体自噬分子机制及最新研究进展做一综述。     

NDP52, a novel autophagy receptor for ubiquitin-decorated cytosolic bacteria

Autophagy functions as a cell-autonomous effector mechanism of innate immunity by separating bacteria from cytosolic resources and delivering them for lysosomal destruction. How cytosolic bacteria are targeted for autophagy is incompletely understood. We recently discovered that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Streptococcus pyogenes are detected by NDP52 (nuclear dot protein 52kDa), after these bacteria enter the cytosol of human cells and become decorated with poly-ubiquitinated proteins. NDP52 binds the bacterial ubiquitin coat as well as ATG8/LC3 and delivers cytosolic bacteria into autophagosomes. In the absence of NDP52 ubiquitin-coated bacteria accumulate outside ATG8/LC3⁺ autophagosomes. Cells lacking NDP52 fail to restrict bacterial proliferation, as do cells depleted of TBK1, an IKK family kinase colocalizing with NDP52 at the bacterial surface. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a receptor for the selective autophagy of cytosolic bacteria, suggesting that cells are able to differentiate between anti-bacterial and other forms of autophagy.     

Rab35 GTPase recruits NDP52 to autophagy targets

Autophagy targets intracellular molecules, damaged organelles, and invading pathogens for degradation in lysosomes. Recent studies have identified autophagy receptors that facilitate this process by binding to ubiquitinated targets, including NDP52. Here, we demonstrate that the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab35 directs NDP52 to the corresponding targets of multiple forms of autophagy. The active GTP‐bound form of Rab35 accumulates on bacteria‐containing endosomes, and Rab35 directly binds and recruits NDP52 to internalized bacteria. Additionally, Rab35 promotes interaction of NDP52 with ubiquitin. This process is inhibited by TBC1D10A, a GAP that inactivates Rab35, but stimulated by autophagic activation via TBK1 kinase, which associates with NDP52. Rab35, TBC1D10A, and TBK1 regulate NDP52 recruitment to damaged mitochondria and to autophagosomes to promote mitophagy and maturation of autophagosomes, respectively. We propose that Rab35‐GTP is a critical regulator of autophagy through recruiting autophagy receptor NDP52.     

Nuclear ribonucleoprotein RALY targets virus nucleocapsid protein and induces autophagy to restrict porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes diarrhea and dehydration in pigs and leads to great economic losses in the commercial swine industry. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of host response to viral infection remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated a novel mechanism by which RALY, a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein family, significantly promotes the degradation of the PEDV nucleocapsid (N) protein to inhibit viral replication. Furthermore, we identified an interaction between RALY and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 (membrane-associated RING-CH 8), as well as the cargo receptor NDP52 (nuclear dot protein 52 kDa), suggesting that RALY could suppress PEDV replication by degrading the viral N protein through a RALY–MARCH8–NDP52–autophagosome pathway. Collectively, these results suggest a preventive role of RALY against PEDV infection via the autophagy pathway and open up the possibility of inducing RALY in vivo as an effective prophylactic and preventive treatment for PEDV infection.     

The ubiquitin-binding adaptor proteins p62/SQSTM1 and NDP52 are recruited independently to bacteria-associated microdomains to target Salmonella to the autophagy pathway

Autophagy is an innate immune defense against bacterial invasion. Recent studies show that two adaptor proteins, p62 and NDP52, are required for autophagy of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). However, it is not known why two different adaptors are required to target the same bacterial cargo to autophagy. Here we show that both adaptors are recruited to bacteria with similar kinetics, that they are recruited to bacteria independently of each other, and that depletion of either adaptor leads to impairment of antibacterial autophagy. Depletion of both adaptors does not synergistically impair autophagy, indicating they act in the same pathway. Remarkably, we observed that these adaptors do not colocalize, but rather form non-overlapping microdomains surrounding bacteria. We conclude that p62 and NDP52 act cooperatively to drive efficient antibacterial autophagy by targeting the protein complexes they coordinate to distinct micro-domains associated with bacteria.     

NDP52 associates with phosphorylated tau in brains of an Alzheimer disease mouse model

We previously showed that NDP52 (also known as calcoco2) plays a role as an autophagic receptor for phosphorylated tau facilitating its clearance via autophagy. Here, we examined the expression and association of NDP52 with autophagy-regulated gene (ATG) proteins including LC3, as well as phosphorylated tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) in brains of an AD mouse model. NDP52 was expressed not only in neurons, but also in microglia and astrocytes. NDP52 co-localized with ATGs and phosphorylated tau as expected since it functions as an autophagy receptor for phosphorylated tau in brain. Compared to wild-type mice, the number of autophagic vesicles (AVs) containing NDP52 in both cortex and hippocampal regions was significantly greater in AD model mice. Moreover, the protein levels of NDP52 and phosphorylated tau together with LC3-II were also significantly increased in AD model mice, reflecting autophagy impairment in the AD mouse model. By contrast, a significant change in p62/SQSTM1 level was not observed in this AD mouse model. NDP52 was also associated with intracellular Aβ, but not with the extracellular Aβ of amyloid plaques. We conclude that NDP52 is a key autophagy receptor for phosphorylated tau in brain. Further our data provide clear evidence for autophagy impairment in brains of AD mouse model, and thus strategies that result in enhancement of autophagic flux in AD are likely to be beneficial.     

The ubiquitin-binding adaptor proteins p62/SQSTM1 and NDP52 are recruited independently to bacteria-associated microdomains to target Salmonella to the autophagy pathway

Autophagy is an innate immune defense against bacterial invasion. Recent studies show that two adaptor proteins, p62 and NDP52, are required for autophagy of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). However, it is not known why two different adaptors are required to target the same bacterial cargo to autophagy. Here we show that both adaptors are recruited to bacteria with similar kinetics, that they are recruited to bacteria independently of each other, and that depletion of either adaptor leads to impairment of antibacterial autophagy. Depletion of both adaptors does not synergistically impair autophagy, indicating they act in the same pathway. Remarkably, we observed that these adaptors do not colocalize, but rather form non-overlapping microdomains surrounding bacteria. We conclude that p62 and NDP52 act cooperatively to drive efficient antibacterial autophagy by targeting the protein complexes they coordinate to distinct microdomains associated with bacteria.     

Species‐specific impact of the autophagy machinery on Chikungunya virus infection

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a recently re‐emerged arbovirus that triggers autophagy. Here, we show that CHIKV interacts with components of the autophagy machinery during its replication cycle, inducing a cytoprotective effect. The autophagy receptor p62 protects cells from death by binding ubiquitinated capsid and targeting it to autophagolysosomes. By contrast, the human autophagy receptor NDP52—but not its mouse orthologue—interacts with the non‐structural protein nsP2, thereby promoting viral replication. These results highlight the distinct roles of p62 and NDP52 in viral infection, and identify NDP52 as a cellular factor that accounts for CHIKV species specificity.     

An essential role for the ATG8 ortholog LC3C in antibacterial autophagy

Autophagy defends the mammalian cytosol against bacterial invasion. Efficient bacterial engulfment by autophagy requires cargo receptors that bind (a) homolog(s) of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 on the phagophore membrane. The existence of multiple ATG8 orthologs in higher eukaryotes suggests that they may perform distinct functions. However, no specific role has been assigned to any mammalian ATG8 ortholog. We recently discovered that the autophagy receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52, which detects cytosol-invading Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), preferentially binds LC3C. The CALCOCO2/NDP52-LC3C interaction is essential for cell-autonomous immunity against cytosol-exposed S. Typhimurium, because cells lacking either protein fail to target bacteria into the autophagy pathway. The selectivity of CALCOCO2/NDP52 for LC3C is determined by a novel LC3C interacting region (CLIR), in which the lack of the key aromatic residue of canonical LIRs is compensated by LC3C-specific interactions. Our findings provide a new layer of regulation to selective autophagy, suggesting that specific interactions between autophagy receptors and the ATG8 orthologs are of biological importance.     

p62 and NDP52 proteins target intracytosolic Shigella and Listeria to different autophagy pathways

Autophagy is an important mechanism of innate immune defense. We have recently shown that autophagy components are recruited with septins, a new and increasingly characterized cytoskeleton component, to intracytosolic Shigella that have started to polymerize actin. On the other hand, intracytosolic Listeria avoids autophagy recognition by expressing ActA, a bacterial effector required for actin polymerization. Here, we exploit Shigella and Listeria as intracytosolic tools to characterize different pathways of selective autophagy. We show that the ubiquitin-binding adaptor proteins p62 and NDP52 target Shigella to an autophagy pathway dependent upon septin and actin. In contrast, p62 or NDP52 targets the Listeria ActA mutant to an autophagy pathway independent of septin or actin. TNF-α, a host cytokine produced upon bacterial infection, stimulates p62-mediated autophagic activity and restricts the survival of Shigella and the Listeria ActA mutant. These data provide a new molecular framework to understand the emerging complexity of autophagy and its ability to achieve specific clearance of intracytosolic bacteria.