运动调节内质网应激和线粒体自噬防治衰老相关疾病研究进展

随着我国逐渐步入老龄化社会,衰老及其相关疾病的预防和治疗措施已成为研究的热点问题。机体老化引起老年人常见的慢性疾病如阿尔茨海默病、心血管疾病、肌肉减少症和骨质疏松等是影响老年人身体健康和造成死亡的重要威胁。内质网和线粒体是机体蛋白质合成和能量供应的主要细胞器,对于细胞内稳态调节起主导作用,在机体老化过程中细胞内的动态平衡被打破,从而加剧各器官老化,并且伴随着衰老相关疾病发生。而运动作为一种有效的非药物干预手段,对于延缓衰老预防衰老相关疾病的发生起到保护作用。本文从内质网应激、线粒体自噬两个方面入手,综述了衰老相关疾病阿尔兹海默病、心血管疾病、肌肉减少症以及骨质疏松等的相关分子机制,并且阐述运动干预之后各疾病相关分子机制变化,进一步论述了衰老机体中运动调节内质网应激和线粒体自噬及运动干预后发挥保护效应的分子机制,拟为运动延缓机体衰老及预防老年性相关疾病的发生提供新的思路和理论依据。     

延缓衰老相关的小分子物质研究进展

筛选、研究具有延缓衰老作用的小分子物质,对于发现新的治疗衰老相关性疾病及肿瘤等的有效靶点、开发新型药物、促进人类健康具有重大的现实意义．同时更重要的是,可以这些小分子物质为切入点,对衰老、肿瘤等生命现象的具体分子机制进行深入研究,这对于分子生物学等相关生命科学研究的发展具有重要的推动作用．总结了近一二十年来发现的一些具有代表性的可延缓衰老的小分子物质,并重点论述了其作用的分子机制．     

益生菌抗衰老作用机制研究进展

衰老会引起机体诸多不良的生理变化并增加对疾病的易感性,明确引发衰老的机制对于寻找其干预措施至关重要。研究发现,自由基氧化应激、炎症性衰老、免疫衰老、肠道菌群失调是引发衰老的相关机制。益生菌被报道具有潜在的延缓衰老作用,比较分析了常用益生菌抗衰老评价模型,并从衰老引发机制出发,重点综述了益生菌对肠道菌群的调节机制和抗衰老相关信号通路的影响,旨为进一步研究益生菌抗衰老作用提供新思路。     

前景可观的senolytics延缓衰老的研究进展

细胞衰老呈现不可逆的永久性细胞周期停滞的状态,它可以促进组织在发育过程中和损伤后的重塑,但也会导致老年生物体组织再生潜力和功能的下降,以及炎症和肿瘤的发生。研究发现,清除衰老细胞可以延缓衰老相关疾病的发生。因此,探究衰老细胞的分子特征与探索清除衰老细胞的新药成为衰老研究领域的热点。近年来,人们发现一类称为senolytics的小分子化合物能特异性靶向衰老细胞并帮助清除衰老细胞,从而延长哺乳动物的寿命及健康寿命。该文对衰老细胞的分子特征、作为衰老相关疾病的治疗靶点及具有senolytics活性的化合物作用机制和潜在应用进行了综述。     

生物衰老的主要分子机制概述

衰老是一种包括生理性衰老和病理性衰老的正常自然规律,与其他生物过程一样,受一些信号通路和分子机制的调控。研究发现调控生物衰老机制的信号通路之间存在相互作用。综述了胰岛素通路、雷帕霉素通路及Sirtuins家族这3种与自噬相关的延缓衰老的经典信号通路,总结了氧化应激、细胞衰老、免疫衰老等影响机体衰老的主要原因及方式,希望在此基础上发现新的互作通路,探索出更多新颖的分子机制和方法以预防、延缓或减轻多种与衰老相关的疾病。     

热量限制对延缓衰老的作用

热量限制（caloric restriction,CR）在很多物种中能够改善健康和延缓衰老,近年来的许多研究发现,热量限制可以减少多种与年龄相关性疾病的发生,但至今热量限制延缓衰老的机制尚未十分清楚.最近有研究表明,热量限制延缓衰老的机制可能与营养调控、生殖滞育等过程有密切的关系,SIRT1、PGC-1α、AMPK、TOR等信号因子也因其在热量限制和营养调控延缓衰老的机制研究中的重要作用而受到极大的关注.     

血管内皮细胞衰老与血管疾病

细胞衰老是指细胞在各种应激条件下出现周期阻滞,不可逆地丧失增殖能力,其形态、基因表达和功能都发生特定变化的过程。研究表明,血管内皮细胞衰老可以通过削弱血管功能,促进衰老相关血管疾病的发生发展。然而,有关内皮细胞衰老的发生机制以及内皮细胞衰老影响血管功能及衰老相关血管疾病的潜在机制尚待挖掘。本文从血管内皮细胞衰老相关的信号通路,以及血管内皮细胞衰老与血管功能和血管相关疾病（动脉粥样硬化、高血压和糖尿病血管并发症）的最新研究进展进行综述,为进一步认识血管疾病的发病机制,延缓血管衰老提供新的思路。     

清除衰老细胞在衰老与老龄化相关疾病中的研究进展

衰老是一个新兴的重要研究领域,随着该领域相关知识的积累和技术的进步,人们逐渐意识到衰老本身可以被针对性地干预,实现延长寿命并且延缓衰老相关疾病的发生发展,具有重要的科学和现实意义.引起个体衰老的众多因素中,衰老细胞的积累被认为是导致器官衰老发生退行性变,最终引起衰老相关疾病的重要原因.近年来,多项研究表明,清除体内衰老细胞可以延缓多种衰老相关疾病的发生,直接证明了衰老细胞是导致衰老相关疾病的重要原因之一,为治疗衰老相关疾病提供了新靶点.细胞衰老是由于损伤积累诱发了细胞周期抑制通路的激活,细胞永久地退出细胞增殖周期.衰老细胞会发生细胞形态、转录谱、蛋白质稳态、表观遗传以及代谢等系列特征的改变,同时衰老细胞对凋亡发生抵抗从而在体内多器官组织积累.衰老细胞会激活炎症因子分泌通路,导致组织局部非感染性炎症微环境,进而导致器官退行性变及多种衰老相关疾病的发生发展.因此针对衰老细胞对凋亡抵抗的特性,多个研究小组通过筛选小分子化合物库,发现某些化合物能够选择性清除衰老细胞,这些小分子化合物被称为"senolytics",意为"衰老细胞杀伤性化合物".衰老细胞杀伤性化合物在多种衰老相关疾病动物模型中能够延缓疾病的发展并延长哺乳动物寿命.因此,靶向杀伤衰老细胞对多种衰老相关疾病的治疗从而提高健康寿命具有重要的临床应用前景.除靶向杀伤衰老细胞策略以外,干细胞移植、基因编辑、异体共生等策略在抗衰老研究发展中也具有重要意义,具有启发性.本文通过汇总近期衰老细胞清除领域的重要进展和多种抗衰老策略,将细胞衰老研究发展史做简要梳理,就细胞衰老与衰老相关疾病的关系作一综述,重点讨论衰老细胞在多种衰老相关疾病中作为治疗靶点的应用潜力,并就其局限性和进一步的研究方向进行探讨.     

调控细胞衰老的胞外环境和胞内因子

衰老是一个多因素调控的不可逆的复杂生命过程,受多种胞外环境和胞内因子影响,表现为胞内组分损伤的积累和生物学功能的逐步退化。随着近年来对衰老研究的不断深入,一些衰老调控分子机制逐渐被揭开。研究显示,许多衰老调控相关的信号通路从单细胞真核生物酵母到哺乳动物是高度保守的。事实上,从简单真核生物酵母中获得的衰老调控机制,可为包括人类在内的高等生物的衰老研究提供极具价值的参考。本综述主要以单细胞真核生物酵母为对象,从胞外环境和胞内因子两方面,阐述调控衰老的相关因素及其调控机制,最后结合衰老研究现状展望了衰老研究的前景,为延缓高等生物衰老和衰老相关疾病的发生发展提供参考。     

细胞衰老与老龄化疾病

随着人口老龄化加剧,细胞衰老的生物学基础及其相关分子机制的研究已成为一个重要的研究方向。细胞衰老是多种因素引起的细胞周期永久性阻滞,与老化疾病如糖尿病、骨质疏松、动脉粥样硬化、神经退行性疾病等有关。现介绍细胞衰老及细胞衰老与年龄相关疾病的分子生物学机制,重点介绍衰老领域的最新研究进展:清除衰老细胞能改善或延缓老龄化疾病,延长机体寿命。     

Longevity and lineages: toward the integrative biology of degenerative diseases in heart, muscle, and bone

Human aging is characterized by debilitating diseases, including heart failure, cardiac pacemaker defects, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis, in heart, skeletal muscle, and bone. Recent studies are identifying pathways for these aging-related diseases by examining how the process of aging influences tissue-specific progenitors and differentiated cell lineages in these organ systems. These advances form a foundation for new therapeutic strategies to delay the onset of aging-related disorders.     

Deciphering RNA m6A regulation in aging: Perspectives on current advances and future directions

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is a dynamic and reversible RNA modification that has emerged as a crucial player in the life cycle of RNA, thus playing a pivotal role in various biological processes. In recent years, the potential involvement of RNA m⁶A modification in aging and age-related diseases has gained increasing attention, making it a promising target for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying aging and developing new therapeutic strategies. This Perspective article will summarize the current advances in aging-related m⁶A regulation, highlighting the most significant findings and their implications for our understanding of cellular senescence and aging, and the potential for targeting RNA m⁶A regulation as a therapeutic strategy. We will also discuss the limitations and challenges in this field and provide insights into future research directions. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field, this Perspective article aims to facilitate further advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying aging and to identify new therapeutic targets for aging-related diseases.     

Regulation of the lysosome by sphingolipids: Potential role in aging

Sphingolipids are a class of bioactive complex lipids that have been closely associated with aging and aging-related diseases. However, the mechanism through which sphingolipids control aging has long been a mystery. Emerging studies reveal that sphingolipids exert tight control over lysosomal homeostasis and function, as evidenced by sphingolipid-related diseases, including but not limited to lysosomal storage disorders. These diseases are defined by primary lysosomal defects and a few secondary defects such as mitochondrial dysfunction. Intriguingly, recent research indicates that the majority of these defects are also associated with aging, implying that sphingolipid-related diseases and aging may share common mechanisms. We propose that the lysosome is a pivotal hub for sphingolipid-mediated aging regulation. This review discusses the critical roles of sphingolipid metabolism in regulating various lysosomal functions, with an emphasis on how such regulation may contribute to aging and aging-related diseases.     

Non-canonical aging model systems and why we need them

Aging is one of the greatest challenges for biomedical research in the developed world. The continuing increase in lifespan without accompanying increases in health span has extreme economic and societal implications for an aging society. The majority of adult-onset diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's are a direct consequence of aging, and with changing demographics, more and more people are afflicted. If we knew how to slow down the negative effects of aging, we could delay or prevent all of these diseases at once. We therefore need to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of aging and longevity so as to develop applications that ultimately improve health span.     

Involvement of extracellular vesicles in aging process and their beneficial effects in alleviating aging-associated symptoms

Aging is a gradual and unavoidable physiological phenomenon that manifests in the natural maturation process and continues to progress from infanthood to adulthood. Many elderly people suffer from aging-associated hematological and nonhematological disorders. Recent advances in regenerative medicine have shown new revolutionary paths of treating such diseases using stem cells; however, aging also affects the quality and competence of stem and progenitor cells themselves and ultimately directs their death or apoptosis and senescence, leading to a decline in their regenerative potential. Recent research works show that extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from different types of stem cells may provide a safe treatment for aging-associated disorders. The cargo of EVs comprises packets of information in the form of various macromolecules that can modify the fate of the target cells. To harness the true potential of EVs in regenerative medicine, it is necessary to understand how this cargo contributes to the rejuvenation of aged stem and progenitor populations and to identify the aging-associated changes in the macromolecular profile of the EVs themselves. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the current knowledge of the involvement of EVs in the aging process and delineate the role of EVs in the reversal of aging-associated phenotypes. We have also analyzed the involvement of the molecular cargo of EVs in the generation of aging-associated disorders. This knowledge could not only help us in understanding the mechanism of the aging process but could also facilitate the development of new cell-free biologics to treat aging-related disorders in the future.     

JAK-STAT信号通路与衰老及衰老相关疾病

老龄化是许多慢性疾病的首要危险因素.如果老年人的疾病预防水平得不到大幅度的提高,不仅会影响老年人及家庭成员的生活质量,还会导致国家的经济以及医疗资源严重的匮乏.因此,如何延缓衰老已成为全世界关注的焦点.近些年,对衰老相关的机制也进行了广泛的研究,其中JAK-STAT信号通路吸引了大量学者的眼球.但是对JAK-STAT信...     

Mitochondrial sirtuins,metabolism, and aging

Maintaining metabolic homeostasis is essential for cellular and organismal health throughout life. Multiple signaling pathways that regulate metabolism also play critical roles in aging, such as PI3K/AKT, mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuins (SIRTs). Among them, sirtuins are known as a protein family with versatile functions, such as metabolic control, epigenetic modification and lifespan extension. Therefore, by understanding how sirtuins regulate metabolic processes, we can start to understand how they slow down or accelerate biological aging from the perspectives of metabolic regulation. Here, we review the biology of SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5, known as the mitochondrial sirtuins due to their localization in the mitochondrial matrix. First, we will discuss canonical pathways that regulate metabolism more broadly and how these are integrated with aging regulation. Then, we will summarize the current knowledge about functional differences between SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 in metabolic control and integration in signaling networks. Finally, we will discuss how mitochondrial sirtuins regulate processes associated with aging and aging-related diseases.     

肠道微生物群在人类健康衰老中的作用机制研究进展北大核心

衰老的特征是组织器官的功能衰退以及衰老相关疾病风险的增加,这给维护和促进健康长寿带来一系列新的挑战。尽管进行了广泛的衰老相关研究,但进展有限。人们越来越意识到肠道微生物群的结构和功能积极参与了衰老过程。肠道微生物群紊乱表现为许多与年龄相关的肠外器官轴的衰老。肠道微生物群可以被调节,这暗示了通过肠道微生物群抗衰老是一个可以实现的重要目标。本综述总结了肠道微生物群在不同年龄段中的动态演替,这种动态的肠道微生物群从胎儿到出生和婴儿期开始迅速发展,从断奶期到幼儿期迅速变化,然后建立稳定的成年人菌群,直到随着年龄增长最后发生衰退;肠道微生物群与肠外器官轴(大脑、心脏、肝脏、胰腺、肌肉、皮肤和骨骼)衰老相关疾病,以及通过饮食、粪菌移植和微生态制剂调节肠道微生物群靶向抗衰老的研究进展,以期为调控肠道微生物群抗衰老研究提供参考。