双载体转重链Tyr664Cys和轻链Thr1286Cys突变体BDD-FⅧ基因

用双载体转运凝血Ⅷ因子基因在甲型血友病基因治疗研究中可克服AAV毒载体容量限制,但存在重链分泌低效和链不均衡性问题。为探索重、轻链间二硫键形成对重链分泌的促进作用,该文用双载体转B结构域大部缺失型FⅧ(BDD-FVⅢ)的重链和轻链基因,将重链的Tyr664和轻链Thr1826突变为Cys,研究了HEK293细胞共转基因后的基因表达、分泌至培养上清的重链量和凝血生物活性。用Western blot检测细胞裂解液结果显示,非还原条件下有明显的二硫键交联的重、轻链蛋白;链特异性ELISA定量检测细胞分泌的重链为(125±29)ng/mL,明显高于共转野生型重链和轻链基因细胞的(75±23)ng/mL;Coatest法显示细胞分泌的凝血活性为(0.78±0.29)U/mL,也明显高于共转野生型重链和轻链基因细胞(0.34±0.12)U/mL。结果表明,重、轻链间的二硫键形成可提高双载体转FⅧ基因的功效,为进一步在动物体内转基因提供了实验依据。     

BiP表达下调改善双载体转断裂FVIII基因的功效

双载体转凝血Ⅷ因子（FⅧ）基因可作为一种转基因策略克服腺相关病毒(AAV)载体容量限制,但重链分泌的低效性影响转基因功效. 为提高重链分泌,本文用RNA干扰技术下调内质网内蛋白伴侣分子免疫球蛋白重链结合蛋白(BiP)的表达,观察对HEK293细胞双载体共转FⅧ基因分泌重链和生物活性的影响. 结果显示,RNA干扰可明显下调BiP表达,但不影响细胞生长; ELISA检测BiP下调细胞单独转重链基因时的重链分泌量为98±38 ng/mL,与轻链共转基因时显著升高到157±32 ng/mL,明显高于对照细胞单独转重链基因和共转重链和轻链基因的重链分泌量(分别为29±8 ng/mL和79±19 ng/mL);Cotest法检测显示,BiP下调细胞共转重链和轻链基因细胞分泌的凝血生物活性为0.73±0.23 IU/mL,明显高于对照细胞共转重链和轻链基因(0.39±0.07 IU/mL). 结果表明, BiP表达下调通过促进重链分泌,可提高双载体共转FⅧ基因的功效,为进一步动物体内双AAV载体转FⅧ基因的甲型血友病基因治疗研究提供了实验依据.     

BiP表达下调改善双载体转断裂FⅧ基因的功效

双载体转凝血Ⅷ因子(FⅧ)基因可作为一种转基因策略克服腺相关病毒(AAV)载体容量限制,但重链分泌的低效性影响转基因功效.为提高重链分泌,本文用RNA干扰技术下调内质网内蛋白伴侣分子免疫球蛋白重链结合蛋白(BiP)的表达,观察对HEK293细胞双载体共转FⅧ基因分泌重链和生物活性的影响.结果显示,RNA干扰可明显下调BiP表达,但不影响细胞生长;ELISA检测BiP下调细胞单独转重链基因时的重链分泌量为98±38 ng/mL,与轻链共转基因时显著升高到157±32 ng/mL,明显高于对照细胞单独转重链基因和共转重链和轻链基因的重链分泌量(分别为29±8 ng/mL和79±19 ng/mL);Cotest法检测显示,BiP下调细胞共转重链和轻链基因细胞分泌的凝血生物活性为0.73±0.23 IU/mL,明显高于对照细胞共转重链和轻链基因(0.39±0.07 IU/mL).结果表明,BiP表达下调通过促进重链分泌,可提高双载体共转FⅧ基因的功效,为进一步动物体内双AAV载体转FⅧ基因的甲型血友病基因治疗研究提供了实验依据.     

二硫键形成促进双载体转断裂B区缺失型凝血因子Ⅷ基因

双载体共转B区缺失型凝血因子Ⅷ(BDD-FⅧ)重链和轻链基因是克服腺相关病毒载体(AAV)容量限制的一种策略, 但重链分泌的低效性产生链不均衡性,影响转基因的功效．假设重、轻链链间二硫键形成可提高双载体转BDD-FⅧ基因的功效,本文将BDD-FⅧ的重链A2区的Met662和轻链A3区的Asp1828突变为Cys．双载体培养的COS-7细胞共转染突变重链和轻链基因,Western blot显示细胞内二硫键交联的重、轻链蛋白形成,ELISA和Coatest分析细胞培养上清的BDD-FⅧ重链分泌量和生物活性,分别为(109 ± 13) μg/L和(0.65 ± 0.12) U/ml,明显高于共转野生型重链和轻链基因细胞((71 ± 11) μg/L和(0.35 ± 0.05) U/ml)．结果表明,链间二硫键形成可提高双载体转BDD-FⅧ基因的功效,为进一步动物体内运用双AAV载体转BDD-FⅧ基因提供了实验依据．     

基于蛋白质反式剪接的双载体凝血Ⅷ因子基因转移

以intein的蛋白反式剪接为工具,研究了运用双载体的真核细胞凝血Ⅷ因子（FⅧ）基因转移,通过翻译后剪接得到完整的功能性FⅧ蛋白.将B结构域大部分缺失（Δ761~1639）的人功能性FⅧ（BDD-FⅧ）cDNA于剪接所需保守残基Ser1657前断裂为重链和轻链,分别与106和48个氨基酸的mini Ssp DnaB intein的N端（IntN）和C端（IntC）编码序列融合,构建一对在质粒pcDNA3.1的强启动子CMV驱动下的真核表达载体.用脂质体共转染至293细胞和COS-7细胞,培养48h后,收集细胞上清,用ELISA检测培养上清中剪接形成的BDD-FⅧ蛋白水平,用Coatest法检测上清的功能性FⅧ生物活性,并用Western blot观察细胞内的BDD-FⅧ蛋白质剪接.结果显示,两种细胞培养上清中有较高水平的剪接BDD-FⅧ蛋白形成,分别达到（137±23）和（109±22）ng/mL,由细胞内和细胞外（培养上清）的剪接共同组成 并检测到培养上清中较高水平的FⅧ生物活性,分别为（1.05±0.16）和（0.79±0.23）IU/mL,包括细胞内、外剪接产物BDD-FⅧ共同形成 细胞总蛋白的Western blot进一步显示共转染后细胞内高效剪接形成的BDD-FⅧ蛋白.表明intein可用于双载体系统真核细胞FⅧ基因转移,并不完全依赖细胞内的剪接产生具有高FⅧ生物活性的BDD-FⅧ蛋白,为进一步在甲型血友病基因治疗研究中应用双腺相关病毒载体（AAV）转运FⅧ基因,克服AAV载体的容量限制提供了依据.     

前肽缺失体vWF改善FⅧ基因断裂转移细胞的重链和活性分泌

通过转von Willebrand因子(vWF)的前肽缺失突变体(vWF-△Pro)基因,探讨了vWF-△Pro对双载体转凝血Ⅷ因子(FⅧ)基因的影响.将vWF-△Pro基因和B-区缺失型FⅧ( BDD-FⅧ)的重、轻链基因共转染HEK293细胞48 h后,ELISA检测重链的分泌量为(142±29) ng/ml,明显高于未转vWF-△Pro基因细胞(87±15) ng/ml;未转vWF-△Pro基因时单独转重链基因的重链分泌水平很低,vWF-△Pro存在时重链分泌量明显提高,但不如共转基因时的重链分泌,提示轻链可反式促进重链分泌;单独转轻链或与重链共转基因时轻链分泌水平均较高,且不受vWF-△Pro影响;Coatest法检测分泌的凝血活性显示,转vWF-△Pro基因可使细胞分泌的凝血活性明显高于未转vWF-△Pro基因细胞(0.80±0.15 IU/ml vs 0.41±0.08 IU/ml).另外,转vWF-△Pro基因条件下,合并培养转重链和转轻链基因细胞的培养上清中,也检测到FⅧ凝血活性(0.23±0.09IU/ml),提示vWF-△Pro有助于分泌的重、轻链形成功能性异源二聚体.表明转vWF-△Pro基因可促进双链转FⅧ基因,为进一步动物体内实验奠定了基础.     

前肽缺失体vWF改善FVIII基因断裂转移 细胞的重链和活性分泌

通过转von Willebrand因子(vWF)的前肽缺失突变体(vWF-ΔPro)基因,探讨了vWF-ΔPro对双载体转凝血VⅢ因子(FVⅢ)基因的影响。将vWF-ΔPro基因和B-区缺失型FVⅢ(BDD-FVⅢ)的重、轻链基因共转染HEK293细胞48 h后,ELISA检测重链的分泌量为(142±29)ng/ml,明显高于未转vWF-ΔPro基因细胞(87±15)ng/ml;未转vWF-ΔPro基因时单独转重链基因的重链分泌水平很低,vWF-ΔPro存在时重链分泌量明显提高,但不如共转基因时的重链分泌,提示轻链可反式促进重链分泌;单独转轻链或与重链共转基因时轻链分泌水平均较高,且不受vWF-ΔPro影响;Coatest法检测分泌的凝血活性显示,转vWF-ΔPro基因可使细胞分泌的凝血活性明显高于未转vWF-ΔPro基因细胞(0.80±0.15 IU/ml vs 0.41±0.08 IU/ml)。另外,转vWF-ΔPro基因条件下,合并培养转重链和转轻链基因细胞的培养上清中,也检测到FVIII凝血活性(0.23±0.09IU/ml),提示vWF-ΔPro有助于分泌的重、轻链形成功能性异源二聚体。表明转vWF-ΔPro基因可促进双链转FVⅢ基因,为进一步动物体内实验奠定了基础。     

Spectroscopic, immunochemical, and thermodynamic properties of carboxymethyl(Cys6, Cys127)-hen egg white lysozyme

A three-disulfide form of hen egg white lysozyme with Cys⁶ and Cys¹²⁷ blocked by carboxymethyl groups was prepared, purified, and characterized for eventual use in protein folding experiments. Trypsin digestion followed by proline-specific endopeptidase digestion facilitated the unambiguous assignment of the disulfide bond pairings and the modified residues in this derivative. 3SS-lysozyme demonstrated nearly full enzymatic activity at itspH optimum,pH 5.5. The 3SS-lysozyme derivative and unmodified lysozyme were shown to be identical by CD spectroscopy atpH 3.6. Immunochemical binding assays demonstrated that the conformation of lysozyme was perturbed predominantly only locally by breaking and blocking the disulfide bond between Cys⁶ and Cys¹²⁷. Both 3SS-lysozyme and unmodified lysozyme exhibited reversible thermally induced transitions atpH 2.0 but theT _m of 3SS-lysozyme, 18.9°C, was found to be 34° lower than that of native lysozyme under the same conditions. The conformational chemical potential of the denatured form of unmodified lysozyme was determined from the transition curves to be approximately 6.7 kcal/mol higher than that of the denatured form of 3SS-lysozyme, atpH 2.0 and 35°C, if the conformational chemical potential for the folded forms ofboth 3SS-lysozyme and unmodified lysozyme is arbitrarily assumed to be 0.0 kcal/mol. A calculation of the increase in the theoretical loop entropy of denatured 3SS-lysozyme resulting from the cleavage of the Cys⁶-Cys¹²⁷ disulfide bond, however, yielded a value of only 5.4 kcal/mol for the difference in conformational chemical potential. This suggests that, in addition to the entropic component, there is also an enthalpic contribution to the difference in the conformational chemical potential corresponding to approximately 1.3 kcal/mol. Thus, it is concluded that the reduction and blocking of the disulfide bond between Cys⁶ and Cys¹²⁷ destabilizes 3SS-lysozyme relative to unmodified lysozyme predominantly by stabilizing the denatured conformation by increasing its chain entropy.Cornell Biotechnology Army Research Office Predoctoral Fellow, 1986–1989.     

Relative stabilities of IgG1 and IgG4 Fab domains: Influence of the light-heavy interchain disulfide bond architecture

The stability of therapeutic antibodies is a prime pharmaceutical concern. In this work we examined thermal stability differences between human IgG1 and IgG4 Fab domains containing the same variable regions using the thermofluor assay. It was found that the IgG1 Fab domain is up to 11°C more stable than the IgG4 Fab domain containing the same variable region. We investigated the cause of this difference with the aim of developing a molecule with the enhanced stability of the IgG1 Fab and the biological properties of an IgG4 Fc. We found that replacing the seven residues, which differ between IgG1 C(H) 1 and IgG4 C(H) 1 domains, while retaining the native IgG1 light-heavy interchain disulfide (L-H) bond, did not affect thermal stability. Introducing the IgG1 type L-H interchain disulfide bond (DSB) into the IgG4 Fab resulted in an increase in thermal stability to levels observed in the IgG1 Fab with the same variable region. Conversely, replacement of the IgG1 L-H interchain DSB with the IgG4 type L-H interchain DSB reduced the thermal stability. We utilized the increased stability of the IgG1 Fab and designed a hybrid antibody with an IgG1 C(H) 1 linked to an IgG4 Fc via an IgG1 hinge. This construct has the expected biophysical properties of both the IgG4 Fc and IgG1 Fab domains and may therefore be a pharmaceutically relevant format.     

Status of Cys Residues in the Covalent Structure of Botulinum Neurotoxin Types A, B, and E

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (NT) serotypes A, B, and E have 9, 10, and 8 Cys residues, respectively, as deduced from nucleotide sequences [Whelan et al. (1992), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48, 2345–2354]. Each of the 150-kDa NTs has at least one disulfide; but type B, like types A and E, may have two disulfides. Using two different chemical reagents, we studied the status of the Cys residues in these three proteins after (i) the final anion exchange chromatographic step in their purification (fresh NT), (ii) 24 hr storage at 8°C, (iii) precipitation with ammonium sulfate (precipitated NT), and (iv) dissolving the precipitated NT in 6 M guanidine·HCl. In all three NT serotypes the number of Cys residues titrated with 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) as free -SH groups varied, depending upon the absence or presence of EDTA added to the chromatography buffer, storage condition, age, and presence of the denaturant. Titration of 9.5–10 and 5.4–6.0 -SH groups in fresh NTs type B and E, respectively, indicated total and partial absence of disulfide bonds. Fewer titratable -SH groups in the precipitated NT than in the fresh NT suggested formation of disulfide and/or inaccessibility of the -SH groups due to protein's conformational change(s). When the precipitated NTs were dissolved in 6 M guanidine·HCl, in the absence of any added reducing agent, all Cys residues of types B and E, and 6.4–8.3 Cys in type A NT were titratable with DTNB. Iodoacetamide modification of precipitated NT types A, B, and E carboxymethylated 4, 2, and 2 Cys residues, respectively; these numbers rose to 6, 9.4, and 8 when these proteins were carboxymethylated after dissolving in 6 M guanidine·HCl in the absence of any added reducing agent. We propose that -S-S- cleavage mediated by the -SH/-S-S- exchange observed in vitro after unfolding the NTs (also unfolded by 2 M guanidine·HCl or urea) possibly mimicks a similar exchange process inside the endosomes, where the NTs are thought to undergo conformational changes, resulting in the reductive cleavage of the interchain disulfide between the 50-kDa light and 100-kDa heavy chain, which in turn releases the light chain and allows its egress out of the endosomes into the cytosol.     

Covalent Structure of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B; Location of Sulfhydryl Groups and Disulfide Bridge and Identification of C-Termini of Light and Heavy Chains

Botulinum neurotoxin (NT) serotype B, produced by Clostridium botulinum (proteolytic strain), is a 150-kDa single-chain polypeptide of 1291 amino acids, of which 10 are Cys residues [Whelan et al. (1992), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2345–2354] The posttranslational modifications of the gene product were found to consist of excision of only the initiating Met residue, limited proteolysis (nicking) of the 1290-residue-long protein between Lys 440 and Ala 441, and formation of at least one disulflde bridge. The dichain (nicked) protein, in a mixture with the precursor single-chain (unnicked) molecules, was found to have a 50-kDa light chain (Pro 1 through Lys 440) and a 100-kDa heavy chain (Ala 441 through Glu 1290). The limited in vivo nicking of the single-chain NT to the dichain form, by protease endogenous to the bacteria, and the nonfacile in vitro cleavage by trypsin of the Lys 440–Ala 441 bond appear to be due to the adjacent Ala 441–Pro 442 imide bond's probable cis configuration in a mixed population of molecules with cis and trans configurations. The two chains were found connected by an interchain disulfide formed by Cys 436 and Cys 445. Six other Cys residues, at positions 70, 195, 308, 777, 954, and 1277, were found in sulfhydryl form. In addition, a Cys at position 1220 or 1257 appeared to be in sulfhydryl form, hence our experimental results could not unambiguously identify presence of an intrachain disulfide bridge near the C-terminus of the NT. A total of 384 amino acid residues, including the 6 Cys residues at positions 70, 195, 308, 436, 445, and 1277, were identified by direct protein-chemical analysis; thus 29.7% of the protein's entire amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence was confirmed. The 6 amino acids, residues 945–950, did not match with the sequence predicted in 1992, but did match with a later report of 1995. The above determinations were made by a combination of chemical (CNBr and acidic cleavage at Asp–Pro) and enzymatic (trypsin, clostripain, and pepsin) cleavages of the NT, and NT carboxymethylated with iodoacetamide (with or without ¹⁴C label), separation and isolation of the fragments by SDS–PAGE (followed by electroblotting onto PVDF membrane), and/or reversed-phase HPLC, and analyses of the fragments for the N-terminal amino acid sequences by Edman degradation and amino acid compositions.     

Expressed murine and human CDR-H3 intervals of equal length exhibit distinct repertoires that differ in their amino acid composition and predicted range of structures

Immunoglobulin junctional diversity is concentrated in the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3), which often plays a dominant role in antigen binding. The range of CDR-H3 lengths in mouse is shorter than in human, and thus the murine repertoire could be presumed to be a subset of the human one. To test this presumption, we analyzed 4751 human and 2170 murine unique, functional, published CDR-H3 intervals. Although tyrosine, glycine, and serine were found to predominate in both species, the human sequences contained fewer tyrosine residues, more proline residues, and more hydrophobic residues (p<0.001, respectively). While changes in amino acid utilization as a function of CDR-H3 length followed similar trends in both species, murine and human CDR-H3 intervals of identical length were found to differ from each other. These differences reflect both divergence of germline diversity and joining gene sequence and somatic selection. Together, these factors promote the production of a rather uniform repertoire in mice of tyrosine-enriched CDR-H3 loops with stabilized hydrogen bond-ladders versus a much more diverse repertoire in human that contains CDR-H3 loops sculpted by the presence of intra-chain disulfide bonds due to germline-encoded cysteine residues as well as the enhanced presence of somatically generated proline residues that preclude hydrogen bond ladder formation. Thus, despite the presumed need to recognize a similar range of antigen epitopes, the murine CDR-H3 repertoire is clearly distinct from its human counterpart in its amino acid composition and its predicted range of structures. These findings represent a benchmark to which CDR-H3 repertoires can be compared to better characterize and understand the shaping of the CDR-H3 repertoire over evolution and during immune responses. This information may also be useful for the design of species-specific CDR-H3 sequences in synthetic antibody libraries.     

Opsin stability and folding: the role of Cys185 and abnormal disulfide bond formation in the intradiscal domain

The structure in the extracellular, intradiscal domain of rhodopsin surrounding the Cys110–Cys187 disulfide bond has been shown to be important for correct folding of this receptor in vivo. Retinitis pigmentosa misfolding mutants of the apoprotein opsin (such as P23H) misfold, as defined by a deficiency in ability to bind 11-cis retinal and form rhodopsin. These mutants also possess an abnormal Cys185–Cys187 disulfide bond in the intradiscal domain. Here, by mutating Cys185 to alanine, we eliminate the possibility of forming this abnormal disulfide bond and investigate the effect of combining the C185A mutation with the retinitis pigmentosa mutation P23H. Both the P23H and P23H/C185A double mutant suffer from low expression and poor 11-cis retinal binding. Our data suggest that misfolding events occur that do not have an absolute requirement for abnormal Cys185–Cys187 disulfide bond formation. In the detergent-solubilised, purified state, the C185A mutation allows formation of rhodopsin at wild-type (WT) levels, but has interesting effects on protein stability. C185A rhodopsin is less thermally stable than WT, whereas C185A opsin shows the same ability to regenerate rhodopsin in detergent as WT. Purified C185A and WT opsins, however, have contrasting 11-cis retinal binding kinetics. A high proportion of C185A opsin binds 11-cis retinal with a slow rate that reflects a denatured state of opsin reverting to a fast-binding, open-pocket conformation. This slower rate is not observed in a stabilising lipid/detergent system, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/Chaps, in which C185A exhibits WT (fast) retinal binding. We propose that the C185A mutation destabilises the open-pocket conformation of opsin in detergent resulting in an equilibrium between correctly folded and denatured states of the protein. This equilibrium can be driven towards the correctly folded rhodopsin state by the binding of 11-cis retinal.     

抗人小细胞肺癌单克隆抗体的重链变区基因的体外扩增、克隆和序列分析

本文从抗人小细胞肺癌单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞中抽提总RNA,合成第一链cDNA,直接用PCR技术(polymerase chain reaction)扩增出351bp的重链变区基因(V_H),克隆至pUCV_(NP)-PCR载体上,经筛选得一批插入片段为351bp的阳性克隆,经核苷酸序列分析研究,证实已获得了该单克隆抗体的重链可变区基因。     

抗HBsAg二硫键稳定性Fv抗体（dsFv）基因的构建与表达

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