脂肪酸脱饱和的应用进展

脂肪酸脱饱和是由脂肪酸脱饱和酶所催化的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的关键步骤。脂肪酸脱饱和酶分为脂酰CoA脱饱和酶、脂酰ACP脱饱和酶和脂酰脂脱饱和酶等三类。近年来脂肪酸脱饱和遗传操作在植物抗寒育种、植物油基因工程、食品工程、微生物发酵工程和植物抗害育种等方面的应用研究均取得了相当进展。     

脂肪酸脱饱和的应用进展

脂肪酸脱饱和是由脂肪酸脱饱和酶所催化的不饱和脂肪酸合成途径的关键步骤。脂肪酸脱饱和酶分为脂酰CoA脱饱和酶、脂酰ACP脱饱和酶和脂酰脂脱饱和酶等三类。近年来脂肪酸脱饱和遗传操作在植物抗寒育种、植物油基因工程、食品工程、微生物发酵工程和植物抗害育种等方面的应用研究均取得了相当进展。     

△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2的基本特性及其在胁迫中的功能

脂肪酸去饱和酶(fatty acid desaturase,FAD)催化与载体结合的饱和脂肪酸或不饱和脂肪酸在脂酰链上形成双键.脂肪酸去饱和酶可以分为脂酰ACP去饱和酶、脂酰CoA去饱和酶和脂酰脂去饱和酶三类.而脂酰脂去饱和酶中的△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶(△12 fatty acid desaturase,FAD2)是催化脂肪酸链第12位碳原子形成双键的去饱和酶类,控制着油酸、亚油酸和其他多种不饱和脂肪酸的合成和含量.主要从△12-脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2的基本特性和在胁迫中的功能进行了综述,并对相关研究领域的未来研究方向进行了展望.     

细菌中酶蛋白硫辛酰化途径研究进展

硫辛酸为含有两个硫原子的八碳脂肪酸,具有很强的抗氧化性,在保健食品、化妆品和药物等领域都具有良好的应用前景。细胞中硫辛酸是重要的辅因子,影响多种α-酮酸脱氢酶活性,参与能量代谢和物质代谢。模式生物大肠杆菌中酶蛋白硫辛酰化途径研究得较为清楚,包括依赖于LipB-LipA的硫辛酸从头合成途径和依赖于LplA的硫辛酸补救合成途径。但随着研究的深入,发现不同细菌中酶蛋白硫辛酰化途径具有较高的多样性,部分细菌中GcvH蛋白也参与硫辛酰化修饰过程,相关催化酶类也不尽相同。本文系统总结了硫辛酸依赖的多酶复合体、硫辛酰修饰的结构域和GcvH蛋白,以及不同细菌中酶蛋白硫辛酰化途径多样性的研究进展,旨在为进一步了解细菌酶蛋白硫辛酰化机制、开发针对性的抗菌药物以及利用生物法高效生产硫辛酸等方面提供理论支撑。     

细菌3-酮脂酰ACP还原酶研究进展

3-酮脂酰ACP还原酶(FabG)在细菌中广泛存在并且十分保守,已经发现的所有FabG及其同系物都具有类似的催化活性中心序列,隶属于短链醇脱氢酶/还原酶(SDRs)超家族成员。它是Ⅱ型脂肪酸合成反应中的关键酶,将3-酮脂酰ACP还原为3-羟脂酰ACP多以NADPH作为辅酶。从搜集的文献来看,国内外针对不同细菌中3-酮脂酰ACP还原酶同系物的研究报道体现了其多样性的特点。但是,近年来,该方面的专题综述十分少见。本文主要对3-酮脂酰ACP还原酶的结构特征、在脂肪酸合成和其他方面的生物学功能,以及以该酶为作用靶点的抑菌剂等方面进行概述,以期为将来3-酮脂酰ACP还原酶的深入研究提供理论参考。     

脂肪酸去饱和途径在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

肿瘤的发生发展与肿瘤代谢异常密切相关。近几年,脂肪酸代谢在肿瘤代谢研究中越来越受到关注,脂肪酸的合成代谢在肿瘤细胞的生长、转移和化疗效果提升中发挥关键性的作用。脂肪酸除了作为细胞膜基质结构成分外,还是重要的二级信使,同时可以作为机体能量的来源。不饱和脂肪酸由饱和脂肪酸通过去饱和途径作用转化而来。由硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)所催化的单不饱和脂肪酸是生物体细胞膜必需的组分之一。肿瘤细胞脂肪酸代谢中的去饱和途径由于新的替代方式的出现近年来备受关注,即由脂肪酸去饱和酶2 (FADS2)介导生成sapienate的去饱和途径。该文综述归纳总结了脂肪酸去饱和途径中关键酶(SCD和FADS2)及甾醇调节元件结合蛋白1 (SREBP1)在肿瘤的发生发展中的作用及最新研究,旨在对基于肿瘤脂肪酸代谢的治疗及调控靶点进行进一步的挖掘和探索。     

茄科雷尔氏菌脂酰CoA脱饱和酶和环丙烷脂肪酸合成酶的鉴定

茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)是一种危害严重的土传植物致病菌,其宿主范围广泛,在世界各地严重影响重要经济作物的生产.研究茄科雷尔氏菌的生理特性,探索其致病机理,有利于研发防治青枯病的技术与方法.脂肪酸是细菌细胞重要的组成物质,但是茄科雷尔氏菌脂肪酸合成的机制尚不清晰.本文以茄科雷尔氏菌GMI1000为材料,鉴定了该菌的脂酰Co A脱饱和酶和环丙烷脂肪酸合成酶,并分析了这两种酶在不饱和脂肪酸和环丙烷脂肪酸合成中的作用.结果显示,茄科雷尔氏菌RSc2450编码脂酰Co A脱饱和酶,参与其不饱和脂肪酸合成,但是该菌还存在其他不饱和脂肪酸合成途径.同时发现在茄科雷尔氏菌编码两个可能的环丙烷脂肪酸合成酶蛋白质中,仅有Cfa1(RSc0776)参与了该菌环丙烷脂肪酸的合成,并在低p H和高渗透压的耐受中起作用.该研究结果为深入研究茄科雷尔氏菌脂肪酸合成代谢特点及致病机理奠定了基础.     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌fabA和fabB基因功能的鉴定

在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)脂肪酸合成酶体系中,fabA基因编码有双功能的3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶,其异构产物能被fabB基因编码的3-酮基脂酰ACP合成酶Ⅰ延伸,合成不饱和脂肪酸,该FabA-FabB途径被认为是缺氧条件下不饱和脂肪酸合成的经典途径．生物信息学分析发现,苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)的SmFabA与EcFabA相似性达到60.6%,具有相同的保守活性位点和两个保守的α螺旋结构;SmFabB与EcFabB相似性达到61.1%,具有相同的Cys-His-His活性中心．用携带SmfabA和SmfabB的质粒载体遗传互补大肠杆菌温度敏感突变株CY57和CY242,在添加三氯森(TCL)抑制烯脂酰ACP还原酶活性的条件下,转化子能在42℃恢复生长,且放射性薄层层析能检测到转化子中不饱和脂肪酸棕榈油酸(Δ9C16:1)和十八碳烯酸(Δ11C18:1)的合成．体外重建脂肪酸合成反应表明,SmFabA能催化羟脂酰ACP的脱水反应且能够使反-2-癸烯酰ACP异构化,SmFabB能催化不同链长的脂酰ACP和丙二酸单酰ACP的聚合反应．另外,未得到SmFabA和SmFabB的突变株,表明SmFabA和SmFabB可能是苜蓿中华根瘤菌脂肪酸合成酶系中必不可少的关键蛋白．上述结果证实了苜蓿中华根瘤菌fabA和fabB两个基因在不饱和脂肪酸合成中的功能．     

磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移酶在真菌和细菌的研究进展

磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移酶(phosphopantetheinyl transferases,PPTase)可催化脂肪酸合酶(fatty acid synthases,FAS)、聚酮合成酶(polyketide synthases,PKS)以及非核糖体肽合成酶(non-ribosomal peptide syntethases,NRPS)的酰基载体蛋白(acyl carrier protein,ACP)及肽酰载体蛋白(peptidyl carrier protein,PCP)等的翻译后修饰反应,将辅酶A(coenzyme A,CoA)上的磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移到ACP及PCP的保守丝氨酸残基上,从而激发ACP及PCP的活性,由此脂肪酸、聚酮、非核糖体肽得以合成。在大部分真菌及细菌中都存在着PPTase,且其在生物代谢中起到重要的作用。现对其研究进展进行阐述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜磷脂合成的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌引起的危害是目前我国微生物安全的重要问题之一。金黄色葡萄球菌通过脂肪酸生物合成磷脂酸(磷脂合成必需中间体)合成细胞膜磷脂以完成自身繁殖。因此,抑制菌体磷脂酸合成可有效防控金黄色葡萄球菌对环境及生物体造成危害。然而,金黄色葡萄球菌可经II型脂肪酸合成(type II fatty acid synthesis, FASII)通路和旁路两条途径合成磷脂酸,常规抑菌剂仅靶向抑制FASII通路,可能导致菌体在富含外源脂肪酸条件下出现“旁路逃逸”,形成防控漏洞。为此,本文系统总结金黄色葡萄球菌基于FASII通路和旁路合成细胞磷脂酸及磷脂酸向其他磷脂类物质转化的信号传导过程,讨论抑菌物质靶向抑制上述信号传导过程中可能的关键靶点,为新型抑菌剂开发提供理论指导。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis> aerobic fatty acid desaturase DesB is important for virulence factor production

Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) play a pivotal role in maintaining a functional cellular membrane in response to changes in environmental factors. Unlike in other gram-negative bacteria, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, UFA synthesis is governed by 2 pathways: (1) the anaerobic FabAB-mediated pathway and (2) the aerobic inducible DesA/DesB desaturase pathway. Although fatty acids are functional constituents of several known virulence factors, the roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa fatty acid synthesis enzymes in virulence factor production and pathogenesis have not yet been examined. Previous studies have shown that the mycobacterial DesA1 and DesA3 proteins are required for full virulence. Therefore, we assessed the effect, if any, of mutations affecting the various UFA synthesis enzymes on virulence factor production. Testing of individual mutations or combinations of mutations revealed that desB mutants were severely deficient in the production of proteolytic enzymes, pyocyanin, and rhamnolipid. In addition, the desB mutants showed impaired swarming and twitching motilities and reduced virulence in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DesB is not only a fatty acid desaturase but also a factor required for full virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DesB may thus constitute a novel drug target.     

Oxygen Consumption by Anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae under Enological Conditions: Effect on Fermentation Kinetics

The anaerobic growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally requires the addition of molecular oxygen, which is used to synthesize sterols and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). A single oxygen pulse can stimulate enological fermentation, but the biochemical pathways involved in this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. We showed that the addition of oxygen (0.3 to 1.5 mg/g [dry mass] of yeast) to a lipid-depleted medium mainly resulted in the synthesis of the sterols and UFAs required for cell growth. However, the addition of oxygen during the stationary phase in a medium containing excess ergosterol and oleic acid increased the specific fermentation rate, increased cell viability, and shortened the fermentation period. Neither the respiratory chain nor de novo protein synthesis was required for these medium- and long-term effects. As de novo lipid synthesis may be involved in ethanol tolerance, we studied the effect of oxygen addition on sterol and UFA auxotrophs (erg1 and ole1 mutants, respectively). Both mutants exhibited normal anaerobic fermentation kinetics. However, only the ole1 mutant strain responded to the oxygen pulse during the stationary phase, suggesting that de novo sterol synthesis is required for the oxygen-induced increase of the specific fermentation rate. In conclusion, the sterol pathway appears to contribute significantly to the oxygen consumption capacities of cells under anaerobic conditions. Nevertheless, we demonstrated the existence of alternative oxygen consumption pathways that are neither linked to the respiratory chain nor linked to heme, sterol, or UFA synthesis. These pathways dissipate the oxygen added during the stationary phase, without affecting the fermentation kinetics.     

MicroRNAs与脂类代谢

本文综述了miRNAs在脂类代谢调控以及脂肪酸对miRNAs影响的研究进展.miRNA能够在转录后水平参与脂类代谢的多个层面,其中miR-122、miR-370、miR33等能够通过与靶基因(Cpt1α、ABCA1等)结合,直接或间接调节细胞内脂肪酸生成、脂肪酸氧化、甘油三酯合成、胆固醇流动及脂蛋白合成等多个路径.而饮食中的脂类,尤其是必需脂肪酸,能够通过对miRNAs表达的调节参与到包括癌症抵抗、炎症缓解等多个生物学进程中.     

Die Gefriertrocknung von Rinderkot

Fatty acids in fish can arise from two sources: synthesis de novo from non‐lipid carbon sources within the animal, or directly from dietary lipid. Acetyl‐CoA derived mainly from protein can be converted to saturated fatty acids via the combined action of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. The actual rate of fatty acid synthesis de novo is inversely related to the level of lipid in the diet. Freshwater fish can de‐saturate endogenously‐synthesized fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids via a A9 desaturase but lack the necessary enzymes for complete de novo synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids which must therefore be obtained preformed from the diet. Most freshwater fish species can desaturate and elongate 18:2(n‐6) and 18:3(n‐3) to their C20 and C22 homologues but the pathways involved remain ill‐defined. Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes can convert C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids to a variety of eicosanoid products. The dietary ratio of (n‐3) to (n‐6) polyunsaturated fatty acids influences the pattern of eicosanoids formed. The ß‐oxidation of fatty acids can occur in both mitochondria and peroxisomes but mi‐tochondrial ß‐oxidation is quantitatively more important and can utilise a wide range of fatty acid substrates.     

Adaptation of anaerobically grown Thauera aromatica,Geobacter sulfurreducens and Desulfococcus multivorans to organic solvents on the level of membrane fatty acid composition

The effect of different solvents and pollutants on the cellular fatty acid composition of three bacterial strains: Thauera aromatica, Geobacter sulfurreducens and Desulfococcus multivorans, representatives of diverse predominant anaerobic metabolisms was investigated. As the prevailing adaptive mechanism in cells of T. aromatica and G. sulfurreducens whose cellular fatty acids patterns were dominated by palmitic acid (C16:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1cis), the cells reacted by an increase in the degree of saturation of their membrane fatty acids when grown in the presence of sublethal concentrations of the chemicals. Next to palmitic acid C16:0, the fatty acid pattern of D. multivorans was dominated by anteiso-branched fatty acids which are characteristic for several sulfate-reducing bacteria. The cells responded to the solvents with an increase in the ratio of straight-chain saturated (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0) to anteiso-branched fatty acids (C15:0anteiso, C17:0anteiso, C17:1anteisoΔ9cis). The results show that anaerobic bacteria react with similar mechanisms like aerobic bacteria in order to adapt their membrane to toxic organic solvents. The observed adaptive modifications on the level of membrane fatty acid composition can only be carried out with de novo synthesis of the fatty acids which is strictly related to cell growth. As the growth rates of anaerobic bacteria are generally much lower than in the so far investigated aerobic bacteria, this adaptive response needs more time in anaerobic bacteria. This might be one explanation for the previously observed higher sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria when compared with aerobic ones.     

Oxygen consumption by anaerobic Saccharomyces cerevisiae under enological conditions: effect on fermentation kinetics

The anaerobic growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally requires the addition of molecular oxygen, which is used to synthesize sterols and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). A single oxygen pulse can stimulate enological fermentation, but the biochemical pathways involved in this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. We showed that the addition of oxygen (0.3 to 1.5 mg/g [dry mass] of yeast) to a lipid-depleted medium mainly resulted in the synthesis of the sterols and UFAs required for cell growth. However, the addition of oxygen during the stationary phase in a medium containing excess ergosterol and oleic acid increased the specific fermentation rate, increased cell viability, and shortened the fermentation period. Neither the respiratory chain nor de novo protein synthesis was required for these medium- and long-term effects. As de novo lipid synthesis may be involved in ethanol tolerance, we studied the effect of oxygen addition on sterol and UFA auxotrophs (erg1 and ole1 mutants, respectively). Both mutants exhibited normal anaerobic fermentation kinetics. However, only the ole1 mutant strain responded to the oxygen pulse during the stationary phase, suggesting that de novo sterol synthesis is required for the oxygen-induced increase of the specific fermentation rate. In conclusion, the sterol pathway appears to contribute significantly to the oxygen consumption capacities of cells under anaerobic conditions. Nevertheless, we demonstrated the existence of alternative oxygen consumption pathways that are neither linked to the respiratory chain nor linked to heme, sterol, or UFA synthesis. These pathways dissipate the oxygen added during the stationary phase, without affecting the fermentation kinetics.     

Characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase involved in FASII fatty acid utilization in the malaria parasite apicoplast

Malaria parasites can synthesize fatty acids via a type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway located in their apicoplast. The FASII pathway has been pursued as an anti‐malarial drug target, but surprisingly little is known about its role in lipid metabolism. Here we characterize the apicoplast glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase that acts immediately downstream of FASII in human (Plasmodium falciparum) and rodent (Plasmodium berghei) malaria parasites and investigate how this enzyme contributes to incorporating FASII fatty acids into precursors for membrane lipid synthesis. Apicoplast targeting of the P. falciparum and P. berghei enzymes are confirmed by fusion of the N‐terminal targeting sequence to GFP and 3′ tagging of the full length protein. Activity of the P. falciparum enzyme is demonstrated by complementation in mutant bacteria, and critical residues in the putative active site identified by site‐directed mutagenesis. Genetic disruption of the P. falciparum enzyme demonstrates it is dispensable in blood stage parasites, even in conditions known to induce FASII activity. Disruption of the P. berghei enzyme demonstrates it is dispensable in blood and mosquito stage parasites, and only essential for development in the late liver stage, consistent with the requirement for FASII in rodent malaria models. However, the P. berghei mutant liver stage phenotype is found to only partially phenocopy loss of FASII, suggesting newly made fatty acids can take multiple pathways out of the apicoplast and so giving new insight into the role of FASII and apicoplast glycerol 3‐phosphate acyltransferase in malaria parasites.     

Radiolabelled proteomics to determine differential functioning of Accumulibacter during the anaerobic and aerobic phases of a bioreactor operating for enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Proteins synthesized by the mixed microbial community of two sequencing batch reactors run for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) during aerobic and anaerobic reactor phases were compared, using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics and radiolabelling. Both sludges were dominated by polyphosphate‐accumulating organisms belonging to Candidatis Accumulibacter and the majority of proteins identified matched closest to these bacteria. Enzymes from the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway were identified, suggesting this is the major glycolytic pathway for these Accumulibacter populations. Enhanced aerobic synthesis of glyoxylate cycle enzymes suggests this cycle is important during the aerobic phase of EBPR. In one sludge, several TCA cycle enzymes showed enhanced aerobic synthesis, suggesting this cycle is unimportant anaerobically. The second sludge showed enhanced synthesis of TCA cycle enzymes under anaerobic conditions, suggesting full or partial TCA cycle operation anaerobically. A phylogenetic analysis of Accumulibacter polyphosphate kinase genes from each sludge demonstrated different Accumulibacter populations dominated the two sludges. Thus, TCA cycle activity differences may be due to Accumulibacter strain differences. The major fatty acids present in Accumulibacter‐dominated sludge include palmitic, hexadecenoic and cis‐vaccenic acid and fatty acid content increased by approximately 20% during the anaerobic phase. We hypothesize that this is associated with increased anaerobic phospholipid membrane biosynthesis, to accommodate intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoate granules.