大气CO2浓度升高对农产品品质影响的研究进展

大气中不断升高的CO₂浓度以及人类饮食的营养质量是目前我们面临的两个重大问题.目前,大气中CO₂浓度已达到380 μmol·mol^-1,预测到2050年大气CO₂浓度将达到550 μmol·mol^-1.农产品的品质不仅取决于遗传基因,而且受生长环境条件的影响.大量研究表明,农作物的生长发育和产量形成都对CO₂浓度升高做出了响应,而且这种变化对农产品的品质也产生了重要影响.本文对目前国内外模拟CO₂浓度升高对农产品品质影响研究中采用的常见方法进行了比较,并综述了近年来在CO₂浓度升高对水稻、小麦、大豆和其他一些蔬菜类农产品品质影响方面的研究进展.大量试验结果表明,CO₂浓度升高条件下,大宗作物籽粒中蛋白质含量下降,微量元素总体上有下降趋势,而蔬菜类农产品的品质有一定程度改善.最后,本文根据目前研究现状对一些问题进行了讨论并提出了今后的研究方向.     

CO2浓度升高对凤梨叶片生长和光合特性的影响

研究了CO2浓度升高对开顶式气室中凤梨叶片的生长与光合生理的影响。结果表明:高CO2浓度(1000±100μmolmol-1)下生长的凤梨植株的株高、叶面积、鲜重和干重均高于对照(360±30μmolmol-1),处理90d时分别为对照的120.19%、119.22%、177.91%和161.04%;凤梨叶片的净光合速率也增加了136%-259%,且促进了叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉的积累,但叶绿素含量则下降了33.91%。高CO2浓度处理的凤梨叶片中RuBP羧化酶活性没有明显变化,乙醇酸氧化酶活性则明显下降。     

大气CO2和O3浓度升高对水稻根际土壤胞外酶活性的影响

大气二氧化碳(CO₂)和臭氧(O₃)浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要特征之一。土壤胞外酶作为维持土壤生态系统服务功能的重要参与者,其活性对于大气CO₂和O₃浓度升高的响应特征及驱动机制研究,以及应对并缓解未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。本研究采用开顶式气室(OTCs)分别模拟大气CO₂浓度升高(环境大气+200μmol·mol^-1,eCO₂)、大气O₃浓度升高(环境大气+0.04μmol·mol^-1,eO₃)及其交互处理(环境大气+200μmol·mol^-1 CO₂+0.04μmol·mol^-1 O₃,eCO₂+eO₃),探究水稻根际土壤胞外酶活性对大气CO₂和O₃浓度升高的响应。结果表明：与对照(环境...     

气温、CO2浓度和降水交互作用对作物生长和产量的影响

气温、大气CO₂浓度和降水等气候因子是影响作物生长发育的关键因子,而不同的气候因子对作物的影响并非独立的,多气候因子交互作用对作物的影响目前已成为研究的焦点问题.研究不同气候因子交互作用的影响,其结果更接近作物生长的实际情况,有助于了解作物甚至作物生态系统对气候变化的真实响应.国内外关于不同气候因子对作物影响的报道较多,要全面总结不同气候因子交互作用对作物的影响是非常困难的.因此,本文只对近年来有关气温升高、大气CO₂浓度增加和降水变化交互作用对作物生长发育、光合生理及产量影响的研究进展做一简要评述,并提出目前研究的不足和需要解决的关键问题,以期为气候变化对作物生长发育及产量影响的研究提供参考.     

覆膜对绿洲棉田土壤CO2通量和CO2浓度的影响

基于静态箱法和气井法分别测定新疆棉田覆膜位置的土壤CO2通量和CO2浓度.结果表明:土壤CO2通量和CO2浓度时间变化特征与土壤温度变化趋势一致,均表现为7月较高,10月最低.观测期内,棉田土壤CO2累积排放量非覆膜处理为2032.81 kg C·hm-2,覆膜处理为1871.95 kg C·hm-2;而1 m深度内土壤CO2浓度非覆膜处理为2165~23986μL·L-1,覆膜处理为5137~25945μL·L-1,即覆膜减少了棉田土壤排放CO2的同时增加了土壤CO2积累量.覆膜和非覆膜处理下不同深度土壤CO2浓度和CO2通量的相关系数分别为0.60~0.73和0.57~0.75,表明地表释放的CO2强烈依赖于土壤剖面储存的CO2.覆膜和非覆膜处理下Q10值分别为2.77和2.48,表明覆膜处理下的土壤CO2通量对土壤温度变化的响应更敏感.     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮肥增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的.CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低.因而CO₂浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力.     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO₂浓度升高\[CO₂浓度平均为（550±60) μmol·mol^-1\]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明： 与对照\[CO₂浓度平均为（389±40）μmol·mol^-1左右\]相比,大气CO₂浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(P_n)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)分别升高11.7%和9.8%,气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别下降32.0%和24.6%, 水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5%;在蕾期,CO₂浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光（F_m）、可变荧光（F_v）、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO₂浓度升高使绿豆叶片F_o增加19.1%,F_m和F_v分别下降9.0%和14.3%,F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m分别下降25.8%和6.2%.表明大气CO₂浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

冬小麦幼苗生长和化感物质对CO2和O3浓度升高的响应

利用开顶式气室(OTC), 采用盆栽试验研究了CO₂浓度为550 μL·L^-1、O₃浓度为60 μL·L^-1及CO₂浓度为550 μL·L^-1+O₃浓度为60 μL·L^-1对7个冬小麦品种幼苗生物量和化感物质丁布(DIMBOA)的影响.结果表明：在高CO₂浓度下,冬小麦幼苗地上生物量与丁布含量在品种间存在显著差异,品种碧蚂1号幼苗和根干质量比对照（CO₂浓度为370 μL·L^-1,O₃浓度为40 μL·L^-1）增加了36.8%和24.7%;丁布含量增幅为5.7%~184.6%.除碧蚂1号和陕139外,高浓度O₃导致冬小麦生物量降低,但使所有品种丁布含量显著增加,变幅为0.5~3倍.交互作用下所有品种根干质量降低,长武134地上部质量、根质量和丁布含量降幅最大,分别为82%、27.9%和35.5%;与长武134、远丰175和兰考217丁布含量降低相反,陕139丁布含量增加84.6%.聚类分析显示,不同处理和不同品种均显著影响丁布含量,陕139、兰考217和长武134在高CO₂和O₃浓度处理下聚为一类,而陕139在所有处理中丁布含量均表现为增加.表明化感物质丁布可以作为气候变化条件下,尤其是CO₂和O₃变化下抗性育种的特定指标.     

CO2浓度升高对木荷幼苗光合特征的影响

IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)报告预测,到2100年CO₂浓度会出现430～480、580～720、720～1000和>1000μmol·mol^-1 4种不同情景,而目前同时探究所有CO₂情景下植物响应情况的研究很少。本试验利用开顶式气室分别探究自然大气浓度(约400μmol·mol^-1)、550、750和1000μmol·mol^-1 4个CO₂水平在生长季内对一年生木荷(Schima superba)幼苗气体交换参数、光合色素含量及生物量的影响。结果表明：熏气期间,550、750和1000μmol·mol^-1浓度下木荷幼苗净光合速率分别平均提升32.7%、66.7%、82.7%,胞间CO₂浓度分别平均增加60.3%、126.2%、223.9%,而高浓度CO₂对净光合速率的提升作用随着熏气时间延长,可能受叶片氮含量减少等非...     

温度和CO2浓度升高对甜椒光合生理和虫害发生的影响

全球温度和CO₂浓度持续性升高对农业活动产生了显著影响。研究甜椒光合生理对气候变化的响应,可为甜椒等茄科蔬菜在应对未来气候变化的栽培管理措施及果实加工提供科学依据。本研究利用控制气室,采用盆栽试验研究模拟温度升高(常温+2℃)和CO₂浓度升高(600μmol·mol^-1)下甜椒品种‘甜椒115’光合生理及虫害发生的响应。结果表明:温度和CO₂浓度升高均可使甜椒净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用率(WUE)极显著增加,温度升高后胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)降低;升温可显著增加叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量,而CO₂浓度升高导致甜椒光合色素含量降低,温度和CO₂浓度对甜椒果实Vc含量交互作用显著;温度与CO₂浓度升高对甜椒产量(鲜重)无显著影响,但会影响其产量构成因素;温度和CO₂浓度升高后甜椒蚜虫及其他虫害加重;温度和CO     

Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the leaf-miner Dialectica scalariella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Paterson's Curse, Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae)

Doubling of the current atmospheric CO₂ concentration, and an increase in global mean annual temperatures of 1.5–6 °C, have been predicted to occur by the end of this century. Whilst the separate effects of CO₂ and temperature on plant–insect interactions have been examined in a number of studies, few have investigated their combined impact. We carried out a factorial experiment to explore the effect of a doubling of CO₂ concentration and a 3 °C temperature increase on the development of a complete generation of the leaf‐miner, Dialectica scalariella, in the host plant Paterson's Curse, Echium plantagineum. Elevated CO₂ increased biomass, reduced leaf N and increased C:N ratios in the host plants. Leaf thickness also increased under elevated CO₂, but only in the high‐temperature treatment. Female D. scalariella did not discriminate between plants grown at the different CO₂ levels when ovipositing, despite the reduction in foliage quality under elevated CO₂. Overall, the negative response of D. scalariella to elevated CO₂ was greater than for many species of free‐living insects, presumably because of the limited mobility imposed by the leaf‐mining habit. Development was accelerated at the high temperature and slowed under elevated CO₂. The net result was a reduction in development time of ～14 days in the elevated CO₂/high temperature treatment, compared to the ambient CO₂/low temperature treatment. Larval survivorship and adult moth weight were both affected by a significant interaction between CO₂ and temperature. At the low temperature, CO₂ had little effect on survivorship, but at the high temperature, survivorship was significantly reduced under elevated CO₂. Similarly, elevated CO₂ had a stronger negative effect on adult moth weight when combined with the high‐temperature treatment. A possible explanation for these results is that the high temperature accelerated insect development to such an extent that the larvae did not have sufficient feeding time to compensate for the poorer quality of the foliage. The frequency with which interactions between CO₂ and temperature affected both plant and insect performance in this study highlights the need for caution when predicting the effects of future climate change on plant–insect interactions from single‐factor experiments.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on the chrysanthemum leaf-miner, Chromatomyia syngenesiae: a greenhouse study

Although feeding behaviour of Chromatomyia syngenesiae on plants grown in elevated CO₂ (ambient + 200ppm) was unaffected, leaf-miner development was slower in elevated compared to ambient CO₂ atmospheres. Pupal weight was lower at high CO₂ and correlated with the area of leaf mined; no such correlation existed in ambient CO₂. There appears to be no compensatory feeding by the leaf-miner for the reduced food quality of plants growing in elevated CO₂. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下春小麦生产和水分利用效率(WUE)的响应特征,在典型半干旱区定西,利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验.试验设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)、480 μmol·mol^-1和570 μmol·mol^-1 3个CO₂浓度.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使春小麦冠层空气温度小幅上升,10 cm深处的土壤环境温度下降;CO₂浓度增加对春小麦各器官生物量和总生物量都有明显促进作用,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,地上干物质量平均增长20.6%和41.5%,总干物质量平均增长19.3%和39.6%.生物量增加主要是由茎叶干物质量增加所致,与生育中期物质生产能力明显增强有关;在两种CO₂浓度处理下,植株根冠比分别降低7.3%和11.8%,CO₂浓度增加对春小麦地上部分干物质积累的贡献大于地下部分;CO₂浓度升高主要通过影响穗粒数来影响最终产量,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,小麦产量分别增加了8.9%和19.9%;大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用影响的长期效应不明显,随CO₂浓度升高,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,蒸发蒸腾量减小.随CO₂浓度升高,叶片、群体和产量3个水平的WUE都增加,其中群体水平的WUE增幅最大,产量水平的WUE增幅最小.     

Poa annua shows inter-generational differences in response to elevated CO2

Inter-generational effects on the growth of Poa annua (L.) in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO₂ conditions (350 and 550 μl l^–1, respectively) were studied in two different experiments. Both experiments showed similar results. In a greenhouse experiment growth, measured as the numbers of tillers produced per week, was compared for plants grown from first and second generation seeds. Second generation seeds were obtained from plants grown for one whole generation in either ambient or elevated atmospheric CO₂ (‘ambient’ and ‘elevated’ seeds, respectively). First generation plants and second generation ‘ambient’ plants did not respond to elevated CO₂. Second generation ‘elevated’ plants produced significantly more tillers in elevated CO₂. In the second experiment model terrestrial ecosystems growing in the Ecotron and which included Poa annua were used. Above-ground biomass after one and two generations of growth were compared. At the end of Generation 1 no difference was found in biomass production while at the end of Generation 2 biomass increased in elevated CO₂ by 50%. The implications for climate change research are discussed.     

高浓度CO2对树木生理生态的影响研究进展

大气CO2浓度升高已成为世界范围内的重要环境问题。CO2浓度升高势必会对植物的生理生态变化产生重要影响。综述了国内外有关高浓度CO2对树木生理生态影响研究的最新进展,具体包括高浓度CO2对树木生长发育、光合和呼吸作用、抗氧化系统、树木代谢物质、挥发性有机化合物以及树木凋落物等方面的影响。高浓度CO2一般会促进树木地上植株的生长和发育,但也因树种差异而有所不同。最新研究表明,高浓度CO2促进了树木细根周转,树木根系生长在大气CO2浓度升高条件下表现为促进作用,这种作用加快了全球森林生态系统的C循环。高浓度CO2虽然在一定程度上促进树木光合速率的增加,但长期熏蒸也往往会发生光合驯化,这种现象产生的生理学机制目前仍无定论。高浓度CO2对树木呼吸作用尤其是根系呼吸的影响将是未来研究的重点和难点。高浓度CO2一般会提高树木抗氧化酶活性与抗氧化剂含量,但不同树种响应高浓度CO2的过程和机理也有所差异。研究表明,高浓度CO2一般对树木凋落物的分解产生不利影响,但也因树种而异。需要强调的是,目前关于树木地下部分、树木对高浓度CO2的适应机理和重要过程(碳氮水耦合及基因调控等)以及多个树种包括不同类型树种及不同品种之间比较研究较少;关于某一重要生理生态机制(如根系生理代谢)尤其是多个生态因子复合条件下缺乏长期深入的研究。在此基础上给出了大气CO2浓度升高下树木生理生态学研究的未来发展方向,包括高CO2浓度条件下树木根系生理代谢及机制、树木碳氮水耦合的生理过程及机制、不同生态因子复合作用对树木生理影响机制以及树木分子作用机理等方面的研究。这些研究不仅将丰富森林树木应对未来气候变化的有关科学理论,也为全球气候变化背景下实现森林树种生态功能的优化选择及森林生态系统的可持续发展与经营提供重要的生理生态学理论依据和参考。     

Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature-grown red and sugar maple on gypsy moth performance

Few studies have investigated how tree species grown under elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature alter the performance of leaf‐feeding insects. The indirect effects of an elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature on leaf phytochemistry, along with potential direct effects on insect growth and consumption, may independently or interactively affect insects. To investigate this, we bagged larvae of the gypsy moth on leaves of red and sugar maple growing in open‐top chambers in four CO₂/temperature treatment combinations: (i) ambient temperature, ambient CO₂; (ii) ambient temperature, elevated CO₂ (+ 300 μL L^?1 CO₂); (iii) elevated temperature (+ 3.5°C), ambient CO₂; and (iv) elevated temperature, elevated CO₂. For both tree species, leaves grown at elevated CO₂ concentration were significantly reduced in leaf nitrogen concentration and increased in C: N ratio, while neither temperature nor its interaction with CO₂ concentration had any effect. Depending on the tree species, leaf water content declined (red maple) and carbon‐based phenolics increased (sugar maple) on plants grown in an enriched CO₂ atmosphere. The only observed effect of elevated temperature on leaf phytochemistry was a reduction in leaf water content of sugar maple leaves. Gypsy moth larval responses were dependent on tree species. Larvae feeding on elevated CO₂‐grown red maple leaves had reduced growth, while temperature had no effect on the growth or consumption of larvae. No significant effects of either temperature or CO₂ concentration were observed for larvae feeding on sugar maple leaves. Our data demonstrate strong effects of CO₂ enrichment on leaf phytochemical constituents important to folivorous insects, while an elevated temperature largely has little effect. We conclude that alterations in leaf chemistry due to an elevated CO₂ atmosphere are more important in this plant–folivorous insect system than either the direct short‐term effects of temperature on insect performance or its indirect effects on leaf chemistry.     

氮素对高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片光合作用的影响

通过测定小麦拔节期叶片的光合气体交换参数和光强-光合速率（P_n）响应曲线,研究了氮素对长期高大气CO₂浓度（760 μmol·mol^-1）下小麦叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明：在长期高大气CO₂浓度下,增施氮肥能提高小麦叶片P_n、蒸腾速率（T_r）和瞬时水分利用效率（WUE_i）;与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片的P_n和WUE_i增加,气孔导度（G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i）降低.随光合有效辐射的增强,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片的P_n和WUE_i均高于正常大气CO₂浓度处理,G_s则较低,而C_i和T_r无显著变化.高氮水平下小麦叶片G_s与P_n、T_r、WUE_i呈线性正相关,G_s与C_i在正常大气CO₂浓度下呈线性负相关,但高大气CO₂浓度下二者无相关性;低氮水平下小麦叶片的G_s与P_n、WUE_i无相关性,而与C_i和T_r呈线性正相关,表明高大气CO₂浓度下低氮水平的小麦叶片P_n由非气孔因素限制.     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻田根际土壤甲烷氧化细菌丰度的影响

甲烷氧化细菌是目前已知的稻田甲烷氧化唯一生物,在减少稻田甲烷排放、降低大气甲烷浓度方面发挥着重要作用.利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE(Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment)试验平台,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了大气CO2浓度升高下,典型水稻生长期根际土壤甲烷氧化细菌数量的变化规律,及其对不同施肥处理(高氮HN和常氮LN)的响应.2009和2010连续2a的观测结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高促进了2009年秧苗期和分蘖期,2010年秧苗期、拔节期和灌浆期甲烷氧化细菌的生长;并可能对2010年常氮条件下成熟期甲烷氧化细菌产生了较显著(P＜0.1)抑制;进一步针对甲烷氧化细菌主要类群的分析表明,高氮条件下大气CO2浓度升高提高了稻田根际土壤中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化细菌的丰度.