1961—2008年华南地区极端气温的非对称变化

选取华南110个测站1961—2008年逐日最高、最低气温资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了华南年和季极端最高、最低气温的时空变化特征。结果表明:近48年华南年极端最高、最低气温均呈明显增温趋势,年极端最高、最低气温分别在2003年、1978年发生突变,极端最高、最低气温存在非对称性变化;年极端最低气温的线性增温速率(0.48℃.10a-1)明显高于极端最高气温(0.20℃.10a-1)的线性增温速率;华南极端最高、最低气温的四季变化存在明显差异,极端最高气温在春季增温明显,而极端最低气温在夏季、冬季增温明显;华南极端气温变化存在明显的地区差异,珠江三角洲、粤东南沿海和海南部分地区增温最明显,而在冬季,极端最高气温在广西西北部地区降温明显。     

西藏羊卓雍湖流域气候干湿状况分析

应用Penman-Monteith模型分析了西藏羊卓雍湖流域潜在蒸散、干湿指数的年际变化趋势、年代际变化特征,并讨论了影响干湿指数变化的气象因子.结果表明:近46年(1961-2006年)羊卓雍湖流域年潜在蒸散以13.1mm·10a-1的速率显著减小,各季潜在蒸散均表现为减少趋势,减幅冬季最大,夏季最小;46年来羊卓雍湖流域季和年干湿指数的变化趋势均不明显,但近26年(1981-2006年)由于降水增加明显、潜在蒸散显著减小,除冬季外其他季节和年干湿指数都呈现明显的增大趋势,以夏季增幅最大;年平均干湿指数除20世纪80年代偏小外,其他年代均偏大,特别是90年代较为明显;干湿指数增大,暖湿化的气候变化趋势明显;降水量和相对湿度的明显增加,以及平均气温13较差的显著减小是干湿指数显著增加的主要原因,日照时数减少在干湿指数增加趋势中也起着重要作用.近年来,羊卓雍湖水位显现上升趋势,这可能与降水量增多和气温升高、冰雪融水增加有密切关系.     

1961-2014年中国沿海极端气温事件变化及区域差异分析

基于1961-2014年156个地面气象站日尺度的气温数据集,利用趋势分析、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平、Pettitt检验、主成分分析等方法分析了中国沿海地区极端气温事件的时空变化特征。结果表明：中国沿海及各子区域极端气温暖指数呈上升趋势,冷指数和气温日较差呈下降趋势,夜指数的年际倾向率明显大于昼指数的年际倾向率;除相对指数、极高值指数和冷（暖）持续日数的多年均值在各子区域之间相差不大以外,霜冻日数、冰冻日数以及气温日较差的多年均值从北至南依次递减,与之相反,夏季日数、热夜日数、极端气温极低值指数以及生长季长度的多年均值则从北至南依次增加。各子区域极端气温指数年际间的主周期介于2-8 a,均无显著的年代际震荡周期;各子区域极端气温指数的突变主要发生在1980s和1990s期间,冷指数和极低值指数的突变时间稍早于暖指数和极高值指数的突变时间,突变后,极端暖事件和气温的极值事件进入多发阶段,极端冷事件进入相对少发的阶段;主成分分析中第一主成分高载荷的极端气温指数对日均气温和日最高（低）气温均有较好的指示性,这类极端指数两两之间的相关性也较强,低载荷的极端气温指数对日均气温和日最高（低）气温的指示性相对较弱,与其他极端气温指数之间的相关性也均较弱。     

1961-2005年东北地区气温和降水变化趋势

利用东北地区96个气象站1961-2005年的日平均气温和日降水量资料,采用线性倾向率法,累积距平法,Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对东北地区近45年来的气候变化和突变现象进行了研究.结果表明:近45年来,东北地区年平均气温变化在2.45-5.72℃之间,年均温呈现显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.38 ℃/10 a(P＜0.01),1988-1989年间发生了由低温到高温的突变;东北地区四季平均气温均呈现增高的趋势,其中冬季气温增幅最大,气候倾向率达到0.53℃/10 a,夏季气温增幅最小,0.24 ℃/10 a.东北地区年均温和季节均温年代际变化亦呈现明显的增暖趋势,年均温,春季均温和冬季均温均在1981-1990年开始变暖,夏季均温和秋季均温在1991-2000年开始变暖.东北地区气温增暖幅度随纬度的升高而增大,大兴安岭北部和小兴安岭地区是增温最明显的地区,增暖幅度较小的地区为辽河平原,辽东半岛和长白山南部地区.东北地区年降水量变化在430.40-678.72 mm之间,降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-5.71 mm/10 a(P＞0.05),1981-1990年为降水最多的年代,1982-1983年间发生了降水量由少到多的突变.四季降水量变化呈现不同的趋势,其中春季和冬季降水量呈现增多的趋势,夏季和秋季降水量呈现减少的趋势.降水量减少较明显的地区为辽东半岛和长白山南段,降水量增多较明显的地区为大兴安岭北部和松嫩平原.Morlet小波分析结果表明,东北地区年平均气温存在11a的强显著周期,此外还有24 a和6a尺度的变化周期;东北地区年降水量存在16a的强显著周期和6 a的小尺度变化周期.通过以上分析,近45 a东北地区总体气候呈现明显暖干化趋势.     

长江三角洲地区极端气温事件变化特征及其与ENSO的关系

基于1960—2014年65个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温和平均气温资料,分析了长江三角洲地区极端气温事件的变化规律和ENSO事件强度对极端气温指数变化趋势的影响。结果表明:近55年长江三角洲地区夏季日数(SU)、热夜日数(TR)、暖昼日数(TX90)、暖夜日数(TN90)、异常暖昼持续指数(WSDI)、生长期(GSL)均呈增加趋势,其中暖夜日数(TN90)增加幅度最大,增幅为8.55d/10a;极值指数也呈上升趋势,其中月最低气温极小值(TNn)上升幅度最大为(0.53℃/10a);冰冻日数(ID)、霜冻日数(FD)、冷昼日数(TX10)、冷夜日数(TN10)、异常冷昼持续指数(CSDI)均呈减少趋势,其中冷夜日数(TN10)减少幅度最大(-6.06d/10a);月平均日较差(DTR)以0.11℃/10a的速率呈下降趋势。空间上,所有站点SU、TXn、TNx呈增加趋势;TR、TX90、TN90、TNn、TXx、WSDI、GSL分别有97%、85%、98%、95%、78%、92%、94%的站点呈增加趋势;所有站点ID、FD、TX10、TN10呈减少趋势;CSDI、DTR分别有87%、77%的站点呈减少趋势。多数极端气温指数与纬度、经度、海拔显著相关。气候变暖突变后,极端暖指数明显增加,极端冷指数明显减少。总体上,厄尔尼诺对极端气温指数的影响大于拉尼娜的影响。     

华南地区1961—2008年夏季极端降水频次的时空变化

根据华南地区110个气象站1961—2008年逐日降水资料,以百分位方法定义极端降水事件的阈值,采用旋转经验正交函数、趋势系数计算、线性倾向计算、M-K检测、方差分析等方法,对华南地区夏季极端降水频次的时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:整体上,华南地区极端降水频次呈显著的阶段性变化特征,20世纪70年代末—90年代初偏少,90年代中期至今偏多;从区域变化特征上可以分为6个主要空间区域,对各空间区域代表站的资料分析发现,桂东北区、桂东南到粤西区和海南南部夏季极端降水频次呈显著上升趋势,粤东区、桂西区和雷州区呈显著的阶段性变化特征,3个区域的共同特点是80年代偏少,90年代和21世纪初偏多;6个主要空间区域夏季极端降水频次周期变化特征显著,长周期是23a、21a,次之是17a、16a和12a,短周期是5a、4a,6个空间区域中的5个都在90年代发生了显著增多的突变现象。     

1961-2010年桂林气温和地温的变化特征

关于气温变化特征已有大量研究,但是关于地温变化及其与气温的关系研究还较少.以亚热带湿润地区的广西桂林气象站为研究对象,分析了1961-2010年桂林气温和0-80 cm各层地温的年代和季节变化趋势、地气温差变化、气候突变和异常年份以及气温和地温关系.结果表明:气温与各层地温有很好的相关性.各年、季平均气温和各层平均地温大部分呈显著的升高趋势,但气温和地温的增温速率不一致,即升温存在非对称性;年均气温低于各层地温1.3-2.1℃,气温的增温速率和增温幅度分别为0.184℃/10 a和0.8℃,高于除0 cm外其它各层地温的变化;气温、5-40 cm地温在冬季的增温最多,0 em和80cm地温分别在秋季和夏季的增温最多;春、夏季,随着土壤深度的增加,地温呈减小趋势,春季气温小于0-15 em而大于20-80 cm地温,夏季气温小于0-40 cm而大于80 em地温;秋、冬季,随着土壤深度的增加,地温呈增加趋势,秋、冬季气温小于各层地温;气候变暖背景下,年平均、四季气温比除0 em外其它各层地温的响应更快.近50年来,各层地温和气温的温差减小了0.1-0.4℃(0 em地温和气温温差除外),这主要是因为气温的增加幅度要大于地温,且随着土壤深度的增加,地气温差的减小幅度加大.桂林年均地温和四季气温、地温大多无气候突变现象,仅有年均气温和夏季80 em地温分别在1997和1977年出现气候突变.春季气温和5-80 cm各层地温的异常偏低年较一致;秋季气温和40、80 cm地温的异常偏低年相同;夏、冬季气温和地温的异常年份对应性较差;而年均气温和各层地温的异常偏高年较一致.     

黄土高原极端气温变化特征及其与平均气温的相关性

近几十年来,黄土高原极端气候频发,研究和预测极端气候的发生显得尤为重要。目前,关于极端气候的研究多关注事件本身的变化特征,而忽略了平均气温与其变化趋势的相关分析。本研究基于1986—2019年黄土高原79个气象站的逐日最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验以及Pearson相关分析方法,对黄土高原地区极端气温的变化趋势及其与平均气温的相关性进行研究。结果表明: 研究期间,黄土高原地区极端气温暖指数呈显著上升趋势,冷指数呈显著下降趋势,极端高温事件发生频率增加;大多极端气温指数在20世纪90年代中后期和2012年发生突变,且极端气温在1998—2012年整体呈现下降趋势,较好地响应了全球变暖停滞现象;平均气温在西部黄土高塬沟壑区、土石山区及河谷平原区的上升趋势较其他区域明显,且极端气温指数大幅变化趋势的站点几乎都发生在平均气温大幅上升的区域;平均气温的小幅上升显著增加了极端高温事件发生的频率,其中,极端低温的变化幅度和速率大于极端高温,气候变暖对极端气温指数产生了不同影响,平均气温的微小变化使得黄土高原整体气候分布向着更易发生热浪的方向转移。     

1961—2020年松花江流域极端气候指数的时空变化特征

研究气候变化和极端气候对保障松花江流域的粮食安全和社会经济发展具有重要意义。基于松花江流域及其附近69个气象站点的1961—2020年逐日降水量、最高气温和最低气温数据,采用世界气象组织推荐的27个极端气候指数,利用一元线性回归模型和Mann-Kendall趋势检验以及普通克里金插值分析松花江流域极端温度和降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：1961—2020年,研究区极端冷指数中除了冷日持续时间外,其余均呈下降趋势,而极端暖指数、极值指数及其他温度指数呈上升趋势,且最低气温的上升趋势大于最高气温。结冰日数和冷日持续时间及暖日持续时间呈现出自南向北递增的趋势,而日最高气温极低值和日最低气温极低值则呈现相反的空间特征。夏日日数和热夜日数的高值区主要分布在西南部,而冷昼日数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数的空间变化不明显。整体上,除了冷日持续时间外,其他的极端冷指数在松花江流域北部和西部下降趋势较快;而暖指数中的夏日日数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数、暖日持续时间在北部和西部的上升速度较快,热夜日数在西南部上升速度最快;极值指数中,温度的极大值在西北部上升最快,而极小值在东北部上升最快。除了持续干燥日外,其余的降水指...     

1961-2010年中国春玉米潜在种植分布的年代际动态变化

基于构建的中国春玉米种植分布-气候关系模型,对1961-2010年春玉米潜在种植分布年代际变化进行了分析.结果表明:春玉米潜在可种植面积呈增加趋势;气候最适宜种植面积波动式增加,近10年达5.3×105 km2;适宜种植面积明显扩大,近50年增加约8.2×105 km2,且呈东扩趋势;潜在种植北界呈波动式北移,最大北抬达1.4个纬度.表明,气候变化有利于中国扩大春玉米种植,但一些地区可能受水分条件的限制.     

Synthesis,DNA Binding,and Oxidative Cleavage Studies of Fe(II) and Co(III) Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands

The two complexes containing bioactive ligands of the type and [Fe(L)] (PF₆)₂ (1) (where L = [1-{[2-{[2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylidine]amino}phenyl)imino] methyl}naphthalene-2-ol]) and [Co(L₁L₂)] (PF₆)₃ (2) (where L₁L₂ = mixed ligand of 2-seleno-4-methylquinoline and 1,10-phenanthroline in the ratio 1:2, respectively) were synthesized and structurally characterized. The DNA binding property of the complexes with calf thymus DNA has been investigated using absorption spectra, viscosity measurements, and thermal denaturation experiments. Intrinsic binding constant K_b has been estimated at room temperature. The absorption spectral studies indicate that the complexes intercalate between the base pairs of the CT-DNA tightly with intrinsic DNA binding constant of 2.8 × 10⁵ M^?1 for (1) and 4.8 × 10⁵ M^?1 for (2) in 5 mM Tris-HCl/50 mM NaCl buffer at pH 7.2, respectively. The oxidative cleavage activity of (1) and (2) were studied by using gel electrophoresis and the results show that complexes have potent nuclease activity.     

Synthesis, structure, and properties of monomeric Fe(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes of neutral N-(aryl)-2-pyridinecarboxamides

We have prepared and structurally characterized six-coordinate Fe(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes of types [M^II(HL¹)₂(H₂O)₂][ClO₄]₂ (M = Fe, 1; Co, 3; and Ni, 5) and [M^II(HL²)₃][ClO₄]₂ · MeCN (M = Fe, 2 and Co, 4) of bidentate pyridine amide ligands, N-(phenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide (HL¹) and N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide (HL²). The metal centers in bis(ligand)-diaqua complexes 1, 3 and 5 are coordinated by two pyridyl N and two amide O atoms from two HL¹ ligands and six-coordination is completed by coordination of two water molecules. The complexes are isomorphous and possess trans-octahedral geometry. The metal centers in isomorphous tris(ligand) complexes 2 and 4 are coordinated by three pyridyl N and three amide O atoms from three HL² ligands. The relative dispositions of the pyridine N and amide O atoms reveal that the pseudo-octahedral geometry have the meridional stereochemistry. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides the first examples of structurally characterized six-coordinate iron(II) complexes in which the coordination is solely by neutral pyridine amide ligands providing pyridine N and amide O donor atoms, with or without water coordination. Careful analyses of structural parameters of 1-5 along with that reported in the literature [M^II(HL¹)₂(H₂O)₂][ClO₄]₂ (M = Cu and Zn) and [Co^III(L²)₃] have allowed us to arrive at a number of structural correlations/generalizations. The complexes are uniformly high-spin. Spectroscopic (IR and UV/Vis) and redox properties of the complexes have also been investigated.     

Interactions of temperature and nutrient changes: effects on phytoplankton in the Piburger See (Tyrol,Austria)

1. Contemporary limnological and palaeolimnological data from Piburger See (Eastern Alps, Austria) allowed the reconstruction of its trophic state since the late 19th century and the assessment of changes in phytoplankton biomass and species composition in relation to selected environmental parameters. 2. A radiometrically dated sediment core from Piburger See was analysed for geochemical parameters, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), bacterial and algal pigments, and diatoms. The low SCP sediment inventory assigns Piburger See to the ‘cleaner’ sites in Europe with respect to fossil‐fuel related air pollution. The sedimentary pigment and diatom record reveals moderate eutrophication during the 20th century, followed by a slow re‐oligotrophication since the mid‐1980s because of lake restoration starting in 1970. 3. Epilimnetic temperature for Piburger See was reconstructed using air temperature records. A pronounced temperature increase has been recorded during the mid‐1940s and since the late‐20th century, both promoting algal growth and changes in species composition (e.g. increase in centric diatoms and recent bloom of Asterionella formosa). 4. Climate scenarios project additional substantial warming for this mountain lake by the end of the 21st century which will be most pronounced during the growing season. The predicted change in lake water temperature and thermal dynamics represents a key driver for the trophic and ecological status of Piburger See in the future.     

pH - Specific synthesis, spectroscopic, and structural characterization of an assembly of species between Co(II) and N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine. Gaining insight into metal-ion phosphonate interactions in aqueous Co(II)-organophosphonate systems

Cobalt involvement in chemical and metallobiological processes entails largely unknown reactivity pathways with a variety of ligands. Such ligands include phosphonate and carboxylate-containing metal ion binders. In an attempt to investigate the nature and properties of species arising from aqueous interactions between Co(II) and N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (H₅NTA2P), reactions between the two led to an assembly of species in (NH₄)₄[Co(H₂O)₆][(H₂O)₂Co(HNTA2P)Co(NH₃)₂(H₂O)₃]₂[Co(NTA2P)(H₂O)₂]₂ · 10H₂O · 1.36CH₃CH₂OH (1) at pH ∼ 5.5. The analytical, spectroscopic and X-ray data on 1 reveal mononuclear and dinuclear complexes of Co(II) surrounded by oxygens, belonging to terminal carboxylates, phosphonates and bound water molecules, and nitrogen atoms from coordinated ammonia and H_xNTA2P^q− (x = 1, q = 4; x = 0, q = 5) ligands. Worth noting is the variable protonation state of the bound diphosphonate ligand and its ability to bridge two Co(II) centers with ostensibly differing coordination spheres. The assembly of three Co(II) species of variable nuclearity and composition attests to the importance of pH-specific conditions, under which “capturing” of more than one species can be achieved for a given Co(II):H₅NTA2P stoichiometry in the presence of ammonia. Collectively, 1 provides a rare glimpse of a “slice” of the aqueous speciation of the binary Co(II)-H₅NTA2P system, while its lattice composition projects key structural features in Co(II)-carboxyphosphonate materials.     

Coordinative versatility of 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoxaline (L) to different metal ions: syntheses, crystal structures and properties of [Cu(I)L]2 and [ML] (M=Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Co(II))

The complexes of Cu(I), Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Co(II) with a new polypyridyl ligand, 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-5,8-dimethoxyquinoxaline (L), have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of these complexes have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction analyses and three types of coordination modes for L were found to exist in them. In the dinuclear complex [Cu(I)L(CH₃CN)]₂·(ClO₄)₂ (1), L acts as a tridentate ligand with two Cu(I) centers bridged by two L ligands to form a box-like dimeric structure, in which each Cu(I) ion is penta-coordinated with three nitrogen atoms and a methoxyl oxygen atom of two L ligands, and an acetonitrile. In [Cu(II)L(NO₃)₂]·CH₃CN 2, the Cu(II) center is coordinated to the two nitrogen atoms of the two pyridine rings of L which acts as a bidentate ligand. The structures of [Ni(II)L(NO₃)(H₂O)₂]·2CH₃CN·NO₃ (3), [Zn(II)L(NO₃)₂ (H₂O)]·2CH₃CN (4) and [Co(II)LCl₂(H₂O)] (5) are similar to each other in which L acts as a tridentate ligand by using its half side, and the metal centers are coordinated to a methoxyl oxygen atom and two bipyridine nitrogen atoms of L in the same side. The formation of infinite quasi-one-dimensional chains (1, 4 and 5) or a quasi-two-dimensional sheet (2) assisted by the intra- or intermolecular face-to-face aryl stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds may have stabilized the crystals of these complexes. Luminescence studies showed that 1 exhibits broad, structureless emissions at 420 nm in the solid state and at 450 nm in frozen alcohol frozen glasses at 77 K. Cyclic voltammetric studies of 1 show the presence of an irreversible metal-centered reduction wave at approximately −0.973 V versus Fc^+/0 and a quasi-reversible ligand-centered reduction couple at approximately −1.996 V versus Fc^+/0. The solution behaviors of these complexes have been further studied by UV-Vis and ESR techniques.     

Conformational flexibility of 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (L) in [(L)Co(H2O)3]Cl2 and [(L)Ni(H2O)2Cl]Cl·H2O. Molecular structures and non-covalent interactions

Using a non-planar tridentate ligand 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)pyridine (L⁵) two new coordination complexes [(L⁵)Co^II(H₂O)₃]Cl₂ (1) and [(L⁵)Ni^II(H₂O)₂Cl]Cl·H₂O (2) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Complex 1 has N₃O₃ distorted octahedral environment around Co^II with coordination by L⁵ (two pyrazole and a pyridine nitrogen in a facial mode) and three water molecules. Complex 2 has N₃O₂Cl distorted octahedral geometry around Ni^II with meridional L⁵ coordination, two water molecules, and a Cl⁻ ion. Analysis of the crystal packing diagram reveals the involvement of solvent (water as metal-coordinated and as solvent of crystallization) and counteranion (Cl⁻) to play significant roles in generating 1D chains, involving O-H···Cl, and O-H···O interactions.     

Synthesis,structural characterization and cell death-inducing effect of novel palladium(II) and platinum(II) saccharinate complexes with 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine and 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine on cancer cells in vitro

Four palladium(II) and platinum(II) saccharinate (sac) complexes with 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine (2-hmpy) and 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine (2-hepy), namely trans-[Pd(2-hmpy)₂(sac)₂]·H₂O (1), trans-[Pt(2-hmpy)₂(sac)₂]·3H₂O (2), trans-[Pd(2-hepy)₂(sac)₂] (3) and trans-[Pt(2-hepy)₂(sac)₂] (4), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV–vis, IR and NMR. Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the metal(II) ions in each complex are coordinated by two sac and two 2-hmpy or 2-hepy ligands with a trans arrangement. Anticancer effects of 1–4 were tested against four different cancer cell lines (A549 and PC3 for lung cancer, C6 for glioblastoma, and Hep3B for liver cancer). Cytotoxicity was first screened by the MTT assay and the results were further confirmed by the ATP assay. The mode of cell death was determined by both histological and biochemical methods. Among the metal complexes, complex 2 resulted in relatively stronger anti-growth effect in a dose-dependent manner (3.13–200 μM), compared to the others, by inducing apoptosis.     

东北刺猬非冬眠期体温和内脏器官重量的季节性变化

异温动物的体温和内脏器官重量与其所处的环境密切相关,具有一定的可塑性。本文以活捕于鲁西南山区的东北刺猬为对象,比较了其体温和内脏器官的性别差异和季节变化,旨在了解其对环境的适应性特征。结果表明:1)东北刺猬的体温以夏季最高,且与环境温度呈正相关关系,但性别间无差异;2)东北刺猬的肥满度指数以春季最高,秋季最低,亦无性别差异;3)东北刺猬的内脏器官重量与体重呈显著的正相关关系,雌雄脾脏重量以春季最大,夏季最小;4)季节与性别间交互作用对肾上腺重量的影响显著,雄体睾丸和附睾秋季最轻,雌体子宫则秋季最轻;5)雌体心率显著高于雄体,无季节性差异;非冬眠期心电图中各个波持续时间无性别差异,QRS 波群和T 波的持续时间在秋季显著长于夏季和春季,S - T 段相反,秋季最短。本文研究结果提示:东北刺猬非冬眠期的心率与体温变化无关,心脏功能受季节变化影响较小。体温、肥满度、脾脏、睾丸和附睾、子宫、心电等生理指标的可塑性对于东北刺猬适应环境具有重要意义。     

Seasonal changes in temperature dependence of photosynthetic rate in rice under a free-air CO(2) enrichment

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Influences of rising global CO(2) concentration and temperature on plant growth and ecosystem function have become major concerns, but how photosynthesis changes with CO(2) and temperature in the field is poorly understood. Therefore, studies were made of the effect of elevated CO(2) on temperature dependence of photosynthetic rates in rice (Oryza sativa) grown in a paddy field, in relation to seasons in two years. METHODS: Photosynthetic rates were determined monthly for rice grown under free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) compared to the normal atmosphere (570 vs 370 micromol mol(-1)). Temperature dependence of the maximum rate of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) carboxylation (V(cmax)) and the maximum rate of electron transport (J(max)) were analysed with the Arrhenius equation. The photosynthesis-temperature response was reconstructed to determine the optimal temperature (T(opt)) that maximizes the photosynthetic rate. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was both an increase in the absolute value of the light-saturated photosynthetic rate at growth CO(2) (P(growth)) and an increase in T(opt) for P(growth) caused by elevated CO(2) in FACE conditions. Seasonal decrease in P(growth) was associated with a decrease in nitrogen content per unit leaf area (N(area)) and thus in the maximum rate of electron transport (J(max)) and the maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation (V(cmax)). At ambient CO(2), T(opt) increased with increasing growth temperature due mainly to increasing activation energy of V(cmax). At elevated CO(2), T(opt) did not show a clear seasonal trend. Temperature dependence of photosynthesis was changed by seasonal climate and plant nitrogen status, which differed between ambient and elevated CO(2).