油松飞播林土壤有机碳密度的影响因素

森林土壤碳库是森林生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,对于调节陆地生态系统碳循环和大气CO₂浓度变化起着非常重要的作用。以往的研究主要探究了各种因素(如地形、植被、土壤理化性质等)与森林土壤碳之间的单因子或多因子关系。然而,对于多因子中的关键因子识别及其相互作用机制尚不清楚。本研究利用陕西省商洛市丹凤县50块油松(Pinus tabuliformis)飞播林标准地调查数据,采用结构方程模型探究土壤有机碳密度的影响因素。选取了林分结构、物种多样性、生物量、土壤理化性质等方面的23个指标作为观测指标,形成乔木特征,林下灌、草及凋落物特征,其他土壤理化性质和土壤有机碳密度4个潜变量,构建偏最小二乘法的结构方程模型。结果表明：(1)最终的结构方程模型筛选出12个观测变量,其他土壤理化性质中筛选出3个观测变量,分别为土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤含水量;林下灌、草及凋落物特征潜变量中筛选出5个观测变量,分别为灌木Simpson指数、草本Simpson指数、草本Margalef指数、草本生物量、凋落物层厚度;乔木特征潜变量中筛选出3个观测变量,分别为乔木Simpson指数、林分大小比数、乔...     

基于GWR模型的伊河流域土壤有机碳空间分布特征及影响因素分析

土壤有机碳作为陆地碳库主体,其分布特征及与驱动因素的空间关系对土壤碳周转过程有重大影响。通过野外调查、采样和室内分析,基于地理加权回归（GWR）模型结合9个环境和土壤变量,建模分析伊河流域土壤有机碳空间分布状况,以及影响其分布的主要因素。研究发现,流域表层土壤有机碳在3.37-38.34 g/kg之间,上、中、下游有机碳分布存在空间差异,其中上游差异最大,下游差异最小。相关分析表明,有机碳与土壤理化性质相关性显著,与年平均气温以外的环境因子相关性不显著。GWR模型较好地预测了伊河流域土壤有机碳空间分布,局部决定系数在0.49-0.64之间,自下游到上游,决定系数逐步升高,对上游的预测精度最高。分析发现,在海拔较高的中上游区域,土壤有机碳含量主要受立地环境、成土母质和地表覆盖的影响;在中上游低山丘陵区,人类活动和环境因素共同影响了土壤有机碳含量;在中下游平原区农业活动和化肥投入是造成土壤有机碳含量较高的主要因素。研究揭示了各因素对有机碳影响的空间分异特征,可为伊河流域土壤生态系统的合理发展和管理提供依据。     

气候和林分类型对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

该研究选择我国分布于亚热带、暖温带和寒温带的三个样点8种林分(包括阔叶林、混交林和针叶林)下表层0~20 cm的土壤为研究对象,利用干筛法进行大团聚体和微团聚体分级,测定了各团聚体组分的有机碳量和有机碳百分比,并分析他们与气候、植被和土壤环境变量之间的关系。结果表明:土壤大团聚体和微团聚体有机碳量都受到气候的显著影响,表现为土壤大团聚体和微团聚体有机碳量随年均温的增高而降低,经分析这与低温抑制土壤微生物分解活动有关。土壤团聚体有机碳百分比受到林分类型的影响显著,表现为阔叶林土壤团聚体有机碳百分比高于针叶林,这与林分凋落物的质量有关。此外,土壤pH值和土壤质地也影响土壤团聚体有机碳百分比。这表明气温上升和人为干扰导致的林分类型改变都可能引起土壤团聚体有机碳的下降,加剧气候变化。该研究结果有助于了解土壤团聚体有机碳的变异规律,为预测全球变化下土壤有机碳响应提供数据支持。     

西南喀斯特石漠化生态系统土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区社会经济可持续发展最严重的生态地质环境问题,其恢复重建已成为我国社会经济建设中一项重要内容。土壤有机碳作为土壤质量评价的重要指标,可以综合反映土地生产力、环境健康功能,另一方面土壤有机碳也间接影响了陆地生物碳库,是陆地生态系统碳平衡的主要因子,它的转化和积累变化直接影响全球碳循环动态,已成为生态科学领域研究的热点之一。系统的总结了西南喀斯特石漠化地区不同土地覆被/土地利用、不同等级石漠化环境土壤有机碳的空间和季节分布特征。结合前人研究成果,进一步分析了影响喀斯特石漠化地区土壤有机碳分布的自然(气候、地形与土壤性质、植被等)和人为(土地覆被/土地利用变化、农业管理措施等)各因素,并提出增加喀斯特石漠化地区土壤有机碳含量的对策。研究结果为喀斯特石漠化退化生态系统恢复重建、石漠化地区土壤综合利用、增加碳截存应对全球碳循环减源增汇等提供了重要的科学参考。     

城市不同地表覆盖类型下土壤有机碳矿化的差异

土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要过程。因受到强烈的人为干扰,城市土壤生态服务功能严重退化,进而对城市土壤地球化学循环尤其是碳循环产生深刻的影响。以北京市奥林匹克森林公园的5种典型地表覆盖类型(草坪、灌木、行道树、植草砖、硬化地表)下土壤为研究对象,研究了城市不同地表覆盖类型下土壤有机碳矿化过程及固碳能力的差异。结果表明,城市5种地表覆盖类型下的土壤有机碳矿化趋势与自然生态系统中的土壤基本一致,都表现为前期矿化较为快速,后期明显减慢并且趋于平稳;不同地表覆盖类型下土壤的有机碳矿化作用有显著差异,灌木、行道树、植草砖覆盖下土壤有机碳矿化能力较强,硬化地表和草坪较弱,与土壤有机碳含量特征类似;一级动力学方程对各土样有机碳矿化过程的模拟结果较好,结果显示草坪覆盖下土壤固碳能力较强,灌木覆盖下次之,行道树、植草砖和硬化地表覆盖下较弱;土壤固碳能力的高低并不对应着土壤有机碳含量的高低,城市人为干扰和外源有机碳的输入对土壤有机碳储量影响较大;硬化地表下不同土层有机碳矿化作用无明显差异,而其他地表覆盖类型下的土壤有机碳矿化作用随土层加深显著减弱,特别是植草砖和行道树特征最为明显;各地表覆盖类型下土壤固碳能力随土层深度变化的规律不显著。城市土壤有机碳矿化的最主要限制因子是土壤有机碳的含量,土壤p H值、养分含量、粘粒含量等性质也通过影响土壤有机碳含量及微生物活动等对土壤有机碳矿化过程产生影响。     

土壤有机碳分组方法及其在农田生态系统研究中的应用

农田土壤有机碳成分复杂,活性有机碳对管理措施具有敏感性,而惰性有机碳具有固碳作用.碳分组技术主要包括物理技术、化学技术和生物学技术.物理分组的依据是密度、粒径大小和空间分布,可分离出有机碳的活性组分和惰性组分.化学分组基于土壤有机碳在各种提取剂中的溶解性、水解性和化学反应性从而分离出各种组分:溶解性有机碳是生物可代谢有机碳,包括有机酸、酚类和糖类等;酸水解方法可将有机碳分成活性和惰性成分;利用KMnO4模拟酶氧化可分离出活性碳和非活性碳.利用生物技术可测定出微生物生物量碳和潜在可矿化碳.在不同农田管理措施下,有机碳组分的化学组成和库容会发生不同变化,对土壤有机碳沉积速率产生不同影响.为了探明土壤有机碳组分与碳沉积之间的定性或定量关系,今后应该加强对各种分组方法的标准化研究,探索不同分组方法的整合应用,针对不同农田管理措施,总结出适合的有机碳分组方法或联合分组方法.     

农田土壤有机碳固定潜力研究进展

土壤有机碳的贮存和损失的研究是目前国际上前沿研究领域之一。研究农田土壤有机碳固定过程 ,对于了解农业生产过程和生态过程的关系具有十分重要的意义。在农田土壤中 ,发生变化的有机碳主要是年轻或轻组有机碳 ,而且土壤有机碳的损失或固定都是在土壤表层和有限的时间内发生 ,且数量巨大。传统的耕作体系是造成土壤有机碳损失的主要原因。为了增加农田土壤有机碳的保有量 ,农业管理措施应该从增加有机碳的输入量 (如草田轮作、保留残茬以及施用肥料等 )和减少土壤有机碳的矿化 (少、免耕等 )两方面入手     

内蒙古自治区土壤有机碳、氮蓄积量的空间特征

采用全国策二次土壤普查中内蒙古自治区的典型土种剖面资料,在剖面深度的基础上,用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS)方法,分别按土壤类型和土地覆被类型计算了土壤有机碳、氮密度,分析了内蒙古自治区土壤有机碳、氮蓄积量的空间分布特征,探讨了土壤有机碳、氮蓄积量与主要气候要素的关系．结果表明,内蒙古自治区土壤有机碳密度处于3．24-43．24kg·m^-3之间,土壤有机氮密度处于269．56-3085．60g·m^-3之间,土壤碳、氮比(C／N)大致在4．46-17．13之间．土壤有机碳、氮密度与温度呈负相关,相关系数分别为0．557和0．460(n＝245);与年均降水量呈正相关,但相关性不是很强,相关系数分别为0．285和0．203．从内蒙古自治区东北地区到西南地区,土壤有机碳、氮蓄积量随着温度递升和降水量递减呈现降低的趋势。     

植物群落向土壤有机碳输入及其对气候变暖的响应研究进展

植物群落作为陆地生态系统土壤有机碳的主要来源,可通过地表凋落物分解、细根周转和根系分泌物等方式将光合作用同化的碳输入到土壤中。全球气候变暖正深刻地影响植物群落的分布、结构与功能,改变森林地上和地下凋落物产量与分解速率和根系分泌过程,从而改变植物群落向土壤输入有机碳数量。本文综述了植物群落向土壤有机碳输入过程及其对气候变暖的响应研究进展。研究表明,气候变暖可通过影响植物群落生产直接影响凋落物产量和根系分泌过程,还可通过改变凋落物分解环境条件、凋落物基质质量和分解者群落结构与活性等非生物与生物因子而间接作用于凋落物向土壤有机碳输入过程。气候变暖还可通过影响植物根系性状、根系分泌物化学组成等间接影响植物根系向土壤输入的碳量,但其具体机制还需深入探讨。未来的研究应该关注气候变暖导致植物群落结构改变进而影响土壤有机碳输入的具体机制以及粗木质残体对土壤有机碳输入的贡献,同时还应注重植物凋落物与根系分泌过程的整合研究,以期更全面地认识气候变暖背景下植物群落对土壤碳库及碳循环过程的贡献。     

城市绿地年龄对土壤有机碳积累的影响

为了了解城市土壤有机碳积累的空间变化规律,从杭州市采集了48个点的绿地土样,采用化学和生物学分析方法研究了城市绿地土壤有机碳全量、颗粒状有机碳、黑碳、微生物生物量碳含量和代谢熵等随城市绿地年龄的变化。结果表明:与其他陆地生态系统相似,城市环境下人为的强烈干扰一旦停止和成土条件相对稳定后,绿地土壤将向一定方向发展;随着城市绿地年龄(即保持相对稳定的绿地景观的持续时间)的增加,土壤容重下降,有机碳全量和黑碳逐渐积累,并趋向稳定,土壤微生物生物量碳及其占有机总碳的比例逐渐增加,而代谢熵(qCO2)明显降低;表明作为成土因素之一的时间因素在城市绿地土壤演变和性质空间变异上起着重要的作用;随着人为干扰停止及城市绿地景观形成时间的增加,土壤受人为干扰的影响也逐渐减弱。     

Controlling factors of temporal variation of soil respiration in a natural beech forest as revealed by natural incubation experiments

Microorganisms decompose organic substrates to obtain energy. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) and is the main cause of soil carbon release in terrestrial ecosystems. Fluctuations in microbial composition significantly affect net CO₂ emissions in forests. Because factors are cross-correlated, addressing how they affect soil respiration (Rs), both directly and indirectly, is challenging. In this study, Rs-impacting soil properties, including soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), microbial diversity (Dsim, indicated by Simpson’s diversity index), and total microbial DNA concentration in natural beech forests were examined by structure equation modeling (SEM), which can explicitly evaluate the causal relationships among interacting variables. The results showed that decreasing Dsim, soil temperature, SOC, and SON clearly had direct and indirect effects on Rs under natural conditions. Increasing temperature was a primary factor and promoted a decrease in Rs during the growth season. Dsim was the only parameter with a direct positive effect on Rs, indicating that microbial diversity could accurately predict Rs. Soil nutrient factors indirectly affected Rs through Dsim, which was also affected by soil physical and chemical properties. Significant covariance between SON and Rs (0.42, p < 0.001) indicated multiple interacting variables affecting soil activity. Although the current study suggests that SEM can clarify complex functional processes related to Rs, future studies should consider additional impacting variables such as vegetation properties and enzyme dynamics.     

Networking our science to characterize the state,vulnerabilities, and management opportunities of soil organic matter

Soil organic matter (SOM) supports the Earth's ability to sustain terrestrial ecosystems, provide food and fiber, and retains the largest pool of actively cycling carbon. Over 75% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top meter of soil is directly affected by human land use. Large land areas have lost SOC as a result of land use practices, yet there are compensatory opportunities to enhance productivity and SOC storage in degraded lands through improved management practices. Large areas with and without intentional management are also being subjected to rapid changes in climate, making many SOC stocks vulnerable to losses by decomposition or disturbance. In order to quantify potential SOC losses or sequestration at field, regional, and global scales, measurements for detecting changes in SOC are needed. Such measurements and soil‐management best practices should be based on well established and emerging scientific understanding of processes of C stabilization and destabilization over various timescales, soil types, and spatial scales. As newly engaged members of the International Soil Carbon Network, we have identified gaps in data, modeling, and communication that underscore the need for an open, shared network to frame and guide the study of SOM and SOC and their management for sustained production and climate regulation.     

NMR-based metabolomics using earthworms as potential indicators for soil health

Soil health is key for sustainable productivity and adaptation to climate change. Agricultural practice can significantly impact on soil health. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of two land management regimes on organisms (earthworms) that may be used as indicators for soil health via NMR metabolomics. Earthworms are important in the soil decomposition process and viewed as a sentinel species in soil. The presence/absence of earthworm species and their relative abundances provide a gross indication of the health of the soil and it is expected that land use would affect earthworm metabolism as the populations rose or declined in response to changing soil health parameters. In order to test this hypothesis metabolomics approaches were employed to determine if biological indicators of soil change can be detected. Two species of earthworms, an unidentified native species and the European species Aporrectodea caliginosa, were collected from properties in Victoria, Australia where the land was treated with either biological (organic) or conventional (chemical) treatment regimes. Both lipid and aqueous NMR metabolomics for earthworms was employed, demonstrating that class classifications can be achieved with both datasets and provide orthogonal, complementary, chemical information. The study indicates that land-use has a measurable effect on the biochemistry of worm populations. Potential biomarkers of land use and worm stress were found, including elevated levels of glucose, maltose, alanine and triacylglycerides. This study demonstrates the utility of NMR metabolomics approaches in detecting biomarkers related to land treatment regimes and potentially soil health attributes. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Mechanisms linking plant community properties to soil aggregate stability in an experimental grassland plant diversity gradient

Background and aims

Soil aggregate stability depends on plant community properties, such as functional group composition, diversity and biomass production. However, little is known about the relative importance of these drivers and the role of soil organisms in mediating plant community effects.

Methods

We studied soil aggregate stability in an experimental grassland plant diversity gradient and considered several explanatory variables to mechanistically explain effects of plant diversity and plant functional group composition. Three soil aggregate stability measures (slaking, mechanical breakdown and microcracking) were considered in path analyses.

Results

Soil aggregate stability increased significantly from monocultures to plant species mixtures and in the presence of grasses, while it decreased in the presence of legumes, though effects differed somewhat between soil aggregate stability measures. Using path analysis plant community effects could be explained by variations in root biomass, soil microbial biomass, soil organic carbon concentrations (all positive relationships), and earthworm biomass (negative relationship with mechanical breakdown).

Conclusions

The present study identified important drivers of plant community effects on soil aggregate stability. The effects of root biomass, soil microbial biomass, and soil organic carbon concentrations were largely consistent across plant diversity levels suggesting that the mechanisms identified are of general relevance.     

Distinct controls over the temporal dynamics of soil carbon fractions after land use change

Soil organic carbon (SOC), the largest terrestrial carbon pool, plays a significant role in soil‐related ecosystem services such as climate regulation, soil fertility and agricultural production. However, its fate under land use change is difficult to predict. A major issue is that SOC comprised of numerous organic compounds with potentially distinct and poorly understood turnover properties. Here we use spatiotemporal measurements of the particulate (POC), mineral‐associated (MOC) and charred SOC (COC) fractions from 176 trials involving changes in land use to assess their underlying controls. We find that the initial pool sizes of each of the three fractions consistently and dominantly control their temporal dynamics after changes in land use (i.e. the baseline effects). The effects of climate, soil physicochemical properties and plant residues, however, are fraction‐ and time‐dependent. Climate and soil properties show similar importance for controlling the dynamics of MOC and COC, while plant residue inputs (in term of their quantity and quality) are much less important. For POC, plant residues and management practices (e.g. the frequency of pasture in crop‐pasture rotation systems) are substantially more important, overriding the influence of climate. These results demonstrate the pivotal role of measuring SOC composition and considering fraction‐specific stabilization and destabilization processes for effective SOC management and reliable SOC predictions.     

Fertilization regimes affect the soil biological characteristics of a sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system

The sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) rotation is an intensive and new cropping system in Central China. Nutrient management practices in this rotation system may influence soil fertility, the important aspects of which are soil biological properties and quality. As sensitive soil biological properties and quality indicators, soil microbial community activity, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, soil organic matter (SOM) and total N resulting from different fertilization regimes in this rotation system were studied through a four-year field experiment from April 2005 to May 2009. Treatments included control (CK), fertilizer phosphorus and potassium (PK), fertilizer nitrogen and potassium (NK), fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) and a fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK). Soil microbial community activities in the NK, NP and NPK treatments were significantly lower than those in the CK and PK treatments after the sudangrass and ryegrass trial. The highest microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, SOM, total N, sucrase and urease activities were found in the NPK treatment, and these soil quality indicators were significantly higher in the NK, NP and NPK treatments than in the PK and CK treatments. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were positively associated with SOM in the sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system, indicating that fertilization regimes, especially N application, reduced microbial community activity in the soil. Proper fertilization regimes will increase microbial biomass, enzyme activity and SOM and improve soil fertility.     

Multivariate Relationships between Snowmelt and Plant Distributions in the High Arctic Tundra

We investigated multivariate relationships among snowmelt, soil physicochemical properties and the distribution patterns of Arctic tundra vegetation. Seven dominant species were placed in three groups (Veg-1, 2, 3) based on niche overlap (Pianka’s Index) and ordination method, and a partial least squares path model was applied to estimate complex multivariate relationships of four latent variables on the abundance and richness of plant species. The abundance of Veg-1 (Luzula confusa and Salix polaris) was positively correlated with early snowmelt time, high soil nutrients and dense moss cover, but the abundance of Veg-2 (Saxifraga oppositifolia, Bistorta vivipara and Silene acaulis) was negatively correlated with these three variables. Plant richness was positively associated with early snowmelt and hydrological properties. Our results indicate that the duration of the snowpack can directly influence soil chemical properties and plant distribution. Furthermore, plant species richness was significantly affected by snow melt time in addition to soil moisture and moss cover. We predict that L. confusa and S. polaris may increase in abundance in response to early snowmelt and increased soil moisture-nutrient availability, which may be facilitated by climate change. Other forb species in dry and infertile soil may decrease in abundance in response to climate change, due to increasingly unfavourable environmental conditions and competition with mosses.     

Quantitative assessment of microbial necromass contribution to soil organic matter

Soil carbon transformation and sequestration have received significant interest in recent years due to a growing need for quantitating its role in mitigating climate change. Even though our understanding of the nature of soil organic matter has recently been substantially revised, fundamental uncertainty remains about the quantitative importance of microbial necromass as part of persistent organic matter. Addressing this uncertainty has been hampered by the absence of quantitative assessments whether microbial matter makes up the majority of the persistent carbon in soil. Direct quantitation of microbial necromass in soil is very challenging because of an overlapping molecular signature with nonmicrobial organic carbon. Here, we use a comprehensive analysis of existing biomarker amino sugar data published between 1996 and 2018, combined with novel appropriation using an ecological systems approach, elemental carbon–nitrogen stoichiometry, and biomarker scaling, to demonstrate a suit of strategies for quantitating the contribution of microbe‐derived carbon to the topsoil organic carbon reservoir in global temperate agricultural, grassland, and forest ecosystems. We show that microbial necromass can make up more than half of soil organic carbon. Hence, we suggest that next‐generation field management requires promoting microbial biomass formation and necromass preservation to maintain healthy soils, ecosystems, and climate. Our analyses have important implications for improving current climate and carbon models, and helping develop management practices and policies.     

长期施肥对紫色土农田土壤动物群落的影响

土壤动物在陆地生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用,直接或间接的参与土壤有机质的分解与矿化;长期施肥对土壤理化性质产生影响的同时,改变了土壤动物群落组成.为查明紫色土长期施肥对土壤动物群落的影响及其响应关系,于2008年的5、7、9和11月分别对紫色土农田无肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、常规化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥(OM)、有机肥与化肥氮磷钾混施(OMNPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)和秸秆还田与化肥氮磷钾混施(RSDNPK)等7种长期施肥定位试验地的土壤动物群落进行调查,采用改良的干漏斗和湿漏斗两种方法,共获得土壤动物9454只,隶属7门17纲24目.分析表明,OM和RSDNPK两种施肥方式下土壤动物群落的多样性显著高于CK、N和NPK等3种施肥方式,说明有机物料的长期投入有利于提高土壤动物群落丰富度和多样性.方差分析表明施肥方式对土壤动物主要类群密度的影响差异性极显著(F=42.412,P=0.0001),对土壤动物群落类群影响存在不均衡性.施肥方式主要影响农田土壤动物类群的种群个体数量、线虫动物门个体数量、大蚓类个体数量、甲螨亚目个体数量、密度-类群指数DG及土壤动物群落类群数等六个指标,初步认为这些主要类群因素能够预测长期施肥引起的土壤肥力变化,可能对指示土壤质量的变化具有一定潜力.