高效合成葡萄糖二酸酿酒酵母工程菌的构建

葡萄糖二酸是天然存在的一种重要二元酸,其在医疗保健和化工工业等领域具有很高的实际应用价值,因此被称为"最具价值的生物炼制产品之一".以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为底盘微生物,文中考察了过量表达肌醇转运蛋白Itr1、融合表达肌醇加氧酶和葡萄糖醛酸脱氢酶以及弱化表达葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶基因...     

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母合成葡萄糖二酸

葡萄糖二酸是一种高附加值的有机酸,广泛用于食品、医药和化工领域。为获得生产葡萄糖二酸的微生物细胞工厂,通过共表达小鼠来源的肌醇加氧酶(MIOX)及恶臭假单胞菌来源的醛酸脱氢酶(Udh),在酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C中构建了葡萄糖二酸合成途径,产量为(28.28±3.15)mg/L。在此基础上,通过调控前体肌醇的合成途径,发现肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶(INO1)是葡萄糖二酸合成途径的限速酶,过量表达INO1,葡萄糖二酸产量达到(107.51±10.87)mg/L,提高了2.8倍。进一步弱化竞争支路中磷酸果糖激酶(PFK1)的表达,最终葡萄糖二酸的产量达到(230.22±10.75)mg/L,为进一步获得高产葡萄糖二酸细胞工厂提供基础。     

代谢工程改造黑曲霉生产葡萄糖二酸

葡萄糖二酸是葡萄糖的一种二元羧酸衍生物,是重要的平台化合物,被应用于医药、化工等领域。本研究以黑曲霉为底盘细胞,通过表达来自恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440的糖醛酸脱氢酶基因ppudh,成功在黑曲霉中实现了葡萄糖二酸的合成,产量为18.74 mg/L;在此基础上通过共过表达黑曲霉自身来源的肌醇加氧酶(anmioxA)和肌醇-1-磷酸合酶(aninoA)、酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C来源的羧酸转运蛋白(scJEN1),强化了合成通路和外泌途径,将产量提高至102.10 mg/L;通过表达来自乳酸乳球菌Lactococcus lactis subsp.cremoris MG1363的NADH氧化酶(llnox),建立NAD⁺辅因子循环系统,使产量进一步提高至115.65 mg/L;利用RNA干扰技术对竞争支路中的关键酶磷酸果糖激酶(pfkA)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(zwf)进行弱化表达,葡萄糖二酸最终的产量达到313.65 mg/L。本研究为微生物高效生产葡萄糖二酸和下游相关产品生产奠定基础。     

微生物发酵法生产灵菌红素研究进展

灵菌红素是一种微生物次级代谢产生的重要天然红色素,在医药开发、环境治理和染料制备等领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。文中从3个方面归纳了国内外关于灵菌红素的研究进展:产灵菌红素微生物的发现与改造;灵菌红素发酵与提取过程的控制与优化;灵菌红素生物合成途径及其转录调控机制的解析。最后,讨论了微生物发酵法生产灵菌红素今后的研究方向。     

奎尼酸的生物合成与应用

奎尼酸是一种具有极高价值的精细化工产品和医药中间体,在医药、食品、化工等行业均有广泛的应用价值。奎尼酸广泛存在于多种植物中,其咖啡酰类衍生物在抗病毒、治疗心血管疾病等研究中得到越来越多的关注和应用。目前获得奎尼酸的方法主要有4种,即植物提取法、化学合成法、酶工程法和微生物发酵法。随着分子生物学的不断发展,结合现代生物技术,应用基因工程方法,必将成为获得奎尼酸的重要途径。本文综述奎尼酸的分布、生物合成及其应用。     

微生物发酵生产莽草酸及其树脂分离性能的探讨

莽草酸是一种具有较高药用价值的化合物,在医药、食品、工业等领域具有重要作用。莽草酸的生产方法很多,包括植物提取法、化学合成法、微生物发酵法等,从植物中提取时使用中草药植物八角茴香,化学合成时以环戊二烯和苯醌为原料,微生物发酵生产时以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等微生物为工程菌。本文就莽草酸的微生物发酵生产方法做简单介绍,阐述了莽草酸树脂分离性能等的研究,并对莽草酸未来发展应用做出展望。     

微生物来源褐藻胶(alginate)生物合成及应用前景

褐藻胶及其制品在医药、食品及化工等领域具有重要价值。除褐藻以外,微生物是褐藻胶的另一重要来源。虽然微生物来源的褐藻胶未能够实现规模化生产,但是由于微生物合成褐藻胶具有发酵条件可控、产物单一、结构稳定并且易于纯化等优势,引起广泛的关注。并且利用生物工程技术已经实现了对微生物来源褐藻胶结构的调控和改造,促进了褐藻胶的高值化利用。此文综述了微生物褐藻胶生物合成的概况,并对利用基因工程改造褐藻胶的发展趋势和应用前景进行了论述。     

塔拉没食子酸的研究进展

塔拉为珍贵经济林木,豆荚富含单宁,其水解没食子酸可制取焦性没食子酸、没食子酸甲脂等系列产品。本文简单分析了塔拉市场现状,简述了没食子酸的四种制备方法,主要包括酸法、碱法、发酵法及酶法,并简单分析了四种制备工艺存在的主要问题,介绍了其在食品、化工、医药等领域的应用,并对没食子酸的制备与应用研究进行了展望。     

微生物发酵生产C_4二元羧酸研究进展

C4二元羧酸(苹果酸、延胡索酸和琥珀酸等)是TCA循环中重要的中间代谢产物,广泛用于食品、医药和化工等行业。由于市场潜在需求量巨大,微生物发酵法生产C4二元羧酸备受关注。从自然界筛选的微生物可以大量积累C4二元羧酸,但存在诸多问题。而利用模式微生物生产C4二元羧酸具有很多优势,已成为国内外的研究热点。从三个方面综述了C4二元羧酸的研究进展:利用自然筛选及改造的微生物生产C4二元羧酸,代谢工程改造模式微生物生产C4二元羧酸,C4二元羧酸的发酵生产的代谢调控。最后,提出了微生物发酵法生产C4二元羧酸今后要解决的问题和发展方向。     

果胶d-半乳糖醛酸生物转化制备黏酸研究进展

黏酸属于己糖二酸,可以由果胶的主要成分D-半乳糖醛酸氧化制备.黏酸结构、性质与葡萄糖二酸类似,可应用于重要平台化合物、聚合物、高分子材料的制备.与目前受到广泛关注的葡萄糖二酸合成相比,黏酸合成的研究工作尚处于起步阶段.果胶是一种廉价、丰富的可再生生物质资源,以果胶为原料生物转化制备黏酸具有重要的经济价值和环保意义.文中...     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.