类开费曲霉Aspergillus keveioides——曲霉属焦曲霉组一新种

报道分离自中国山东泰山土壤的曲霉属焦曲霉组的一个新种——类开费曲霉Aspergillus keveioides.基于形态学及钙调蛋白、β-微管蛋白基因部分序列和核糖体DNAITSl-5.8S-ITS2序列分析的证据支持新种的建立.     

一株产赭曲霉毒素A黑曲霉的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选出可产生赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)的霉菌菌株。【方法】利用CYA和YES培养基从实验室32个霉菌样品中筛选目的菌株。利用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法对OTA产生菌进行初筛,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用对OTA初筛菌株进行复筛。通过菌落形态、菌丝及分生孢子形态、ITS DNA序列、β-Tubulin基因序列及Calmodulin基因序列分析等鉴定目的菌株。【结果】得到一株OTA产生菌株1062,该菌株能在25 °C条件下,在CYA、YES和CA培养基中很好生长。结合形态学、对培养基的要求以及上述3个基因序列的进化树分析,该菌株属于黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。【结论】菌株1062具有OTA产生能力,是一株黑曲霉。     

赭曲霉G蛋白偶联受体的鉴定及生物信息学分析

【目的】预测并分析赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)中存在的G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein- coupled receptors,GPCRs)的结构特征和理化性质,探究赭曲霉GPCR超家族蛋白的结构及所接收配体的聚类情况以及与其他同源蛋白的进化关系,为深入开展赭曲霉中GPCRs的定位、功能研究提供理论基础,也有望从G蛋白信号途径角度抑制赭曲霉毒素的产生,进一步控制粮食的真菌毒素污染。【方法】基于已经报道的曲霉属典型GPCRs序列,在赭曲霉全基因组中进行BLASTp比对以获取候选GPCRs蛋白。通过SMART及多种软件进行保守结构域,特别是跨膜结构的分析,进一步分析候选序列的理化性质、信号肽、二级结构及亚细胞定位等特征。最后,利用MEGA构建赭曲霉中GPCRs与同源蛋白的系统发育树进行遗传关系的比较。【结果】明确赭曲霉存在 15个具有典型7次跨膜结构的GPCRs蛋白,不存在信号肽及转运肽,均含有较高比例的α螺旋结构,15个蛋白质中有7个定位在细胞膜。赭曲霉中的GPCRs与黄曲霉等曲霉属中相应的同源序列具有较近的亲缘关系。【结论】本研究首次对赭曲霉的GPCR超蛋白家族进行了预测,分析其结构及理化性质,探讨了其与同源蛋白的聚类情况,为深入开展赭曲霉GPCRs的功能研究提供理论基础。     

黄曲霉和米曲霉的多相鉴定方法

【背景】黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)形态特征相近,基因组高度相似,较难区分。【目的】旨在总结一套准确鉴别二者的分类方法。【方法】利用22株标准菌株对传统形态学、产毒培养基、酶联免疫毒素检测、系统发育分析、产毒基因检测等5种鉴别方法分别进行验证。【结果】各鉴定方法的结果存在异同,单一的鉴定方法容易出现假阴性或假阳性结果。【结论】利用单一方法区分黄曲霉和米曲霉具有潜在风险,多相鉴定方法可以准确鉴别二者。     

曲霉科五个中国新记录种

对分离自海南和辽宁滩涂沉积物中的曲霉属和青霉属菌株进行系统分类研究,报道5个中国新记录种：假溜曲霉Aspergillus pseudotamarii、乌尔米曲霉A.urmiensis、南极青霉Penicillium antarcticum、荒漠青霉P. desertorum和拉布拉多青霉P. labradorum,并提供了上述物种的形态特征描述及图示。同时,联合BenA和CaM基因序列进行系统发育分析,为形态学鉴定提供了佐证。研究结果丰富了我国该类真菌的物种多样性。     

氧脂素对赭曲霉在大豆培养基质中合成赭曲霉毒素A的影响

【背景】赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A,OTA)是曲霉属和青霉属等真菌的次级代谢产物,严重威胁农产品及食品安全,氧脂素羟基十八碳二烯酸(hydroxyoctadecaenoic acids,HODEs)被认为可能是曲霉属的群体感应信号分子,调节曲霉的生长发育和次级代谢物生成。【目的】主要研究HODEs对赭曲霉(Aspergillusochraceus)菌株AS3.4412产生OTA的影响,检测孢子密度、培养基类别以及内、外源HODEs作用下OTA产量的不同变化。【方法】分别在PDB、黄豆和黑豆培养基中进行赭曲霉的培养,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定OTA含量,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定氧脂素含量,根据变化规律寻找赭曲霉群体密度、氧脂素、OTA三者间的关系。【结果】低密度赭曲霉培养物(103 spores/mL)中9(S)-HODE/13(S)-HODE及OTA产量高于高密度赭曲霉(106 spores/mL);外源添加9(S)-HODE能促进OTA合成,13(S)-HODE可以抑制OTA合成;赭曲霉侵染抗氧化能力更高的黑豆产生更多的OTA。【结论】OTA的合成受到赭曲霉群体密度和氧脂素的影响,推测9(S)-HODE和13(S)-HODE是赭曲霉群体感应信号分子,并且二者在调节OTA合成中具有相反的作用。     

棘孢曲霉转化甜菊糖为甜菊醇及纯化莱鲍迪苷A

【目的】本工作对棘孢曲霉固体发酵抽提酶液转化甜菊糖进行了研究,并对转化产物进行鉴定及纯化分析。【方法】用高效液相色谱、液质联用及红外光谱等方法对转化新产物进行鉴定,对上清液中莱鲍迪苷A(RA)成分进行纯化。【结果】棘孢曲霉酶液在10 h内对甜菊糖中的甜菊苷(SS)、莱鲍迪苷C(RC)进行高效特异性转化,以沉淀的形式析出的转化产物经鉴定为甜菊醇,转化率高达98.0%,分离提纯后纯度为95.2%,回收率达84.0%.由于甜菊醇的沉淀分离,留在溶液中的RA更易被纯化。RA通过树脂吸附分离的回收率为80.5%.【结论】棘孢曲霉酶液对甜菊糖的一次转化可以同时得到甜菊醇和莱鲍迪苷A两种产品,是一种经济高效的工艺。     

评价ITS、BenA和CaM序列分析在曲霉菌种鉴定方面的应用

目的评价内转录间隔区(ITS)、β-微管蛋白基因(BenA)和钙调蛋白基因(CaM)序列分析技术对曲霉的鉴定能力。方法对169株曲霉临床分离株分别进行ITS、BenA和CaM序列测定,并在Genbank数据库中进行比对分析以获得其菌种鉴定信息。结果 169株曲霉经ITS、BenA和CaM序列分析分别有52.7%、66.3%、97.6%菌株鉴定至种水平,47.3%、33.7%、2.4%菌株鉴定至属水平,3个序列对曲霉均不存在无法鉴定情况。结论 ITS、BenA和CaM均可用于曲霉菌种鉴定,其中以CaM的鉴定能力最强。     

分离自贵州腊肉表面霉菌的三个中国新记录种

从贵州黔南布依族苗族自治州和黔西六盘水市农家自制腊肉表面分离得到的霉菌经形态学和基于钙调蛋白基因(calmodulin gene,Ca M)、RNA多聚酶Ⅱ第二大亚基基因(DNA-dependent RNA polymeraseⅡsecond largest subunit gene,Rpb2)和rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS)序列的分析,鉴定出曲霉Aspergillus 8种和青霉Penicillium 1种,即堆积曲霉A. cumulatus、黄曲霉A. flavus、灰绿曲霉A.glaucus、詹森曲霉A. jensenii、多育曲霉A. proliferans、伪灰绿曲霉A. pseudoglaucus、田纳西曲霉A. tennesseensis、产毒曲霉A. venenatus和橘紫青霉P. aurantioviolaceum。其中A. cumulatus、A. venenatus和P.aurantioviolaceum为中国3个新记录种。     

应用双分子荧光互补技术分析米曲霉Fus3与Ste12之间的蛋白互作

【背景】双分子荧光互补(Bimolecularfluorescencecomplementation,BiFC)在水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium fujikuroi)等微生物蛋白互作中的应用已有报道,但在工业菌株米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)中还未见应用。【目的】探究米曲霉中Fus3和Ste12蛋白在生长发育中可能存在的相互作用关系,建立在米曲霉活细胞中检测蛋白互作的方法,即BiFC体系。该系统可用于特异性、可视化米曲霉目标蛋白在活细胞中的定位,并且可以更加直观地探究蛋白之间是否存在相互作用。【方法】利用MultisiteGateway复杂载体构建技术,使用切开的绿色荧光蛋白,将荧光蛋白分子的两个片段N端和C端分别与米曲霉Fus3和Ste12蛋白融合,对获得的转化株进行荧光观察。通过BiFC系统检测蛋白之间的相互作用。【结果】成功转化的米曲霉菌丝中观察到荧光,Fus3和Ste12在米曲霉中存在相互作用。【结论】通过BiFC技术证实蛋白质Fus3和Ste12在无性繁殖菌株米曲霉体内发生互作,暗示它们通过互作可能参与除了有性生殖之外的其他细胞功能,并为米曲霉蛋白互作功能研究提供一种新的检测技术和方法。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.