Effects of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on soil properties in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau, China

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) has been widely planted in the Loess Plateau for soil and water conservation. The effects of black locust on soil properties has significant role in land use and ecosystem management. However, this beneficial effect has been little studied in the Loess Plateau. The soil properties below black locust and native grass growing in Nanxiaohe and Wangdonggou watersheds, located in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau, were studied for changes in soil properties after establishment of black locust. The black locust significantly increased soil cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate, and carbon:nitrogen and carbon:phosphorus (P) ratios, as well as some enzymes like alkaline phosphatase and invertase in 0–20 cm or 0–80 cm depths of soil compared to the native grassland in Nanxiaohe and Wangdonggou watersheds. However, the effects on ammonium, total P, and extractable P and potassium were not consistent in both watersheds. There were more obvious differences in soil properties between black locust land and grassland for Nanxiaohe watershed than for Wangdonggou watershed, suggesting that the effects of black locust on most soil properties increase with black locust age. The results indicate that black locust has potential to improve soil properties in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau and the improvements were greater in long-term than middle-term black locust stands.     

黄土丘陵区三种典型退耕还林地土壤固碳效应差异

探讨了黄土丘陵区退耕种植10—40a的柠条、沙棘及刺槐林地土壤总有机碳库及其活性组分密度随退耕时间、土层分布及相对比例的变化差异。结果表明:100 cm深土壤碳库在退耕10a时仅柠条林地碳库未比坡耕地显著增加,但退耕20—40a3种林地比退耕10a时都已有显著增加,且增幅均为刺槐>沙棘>柠条,其中总有机碳的最大增幅分别达到90.92、27.87、14.89Mg/hm2,活性有机碳的分别达到30.28、10.51、9.67 Mg/hm2。各还林地碳库增加在退耕10a时主要来自0—40 cm浅层土,而40—100 cm深层土碳库到退耕20a起才开始显著增加。对比退耕10a时,到退耕40a时柠条、沙棘及刺槐林地0—20 cm表层土分别平均累积了35.4%、27.9%、27.1%的总有机碳,20.2%、45.1%、23.1%的活性有机碳,而20—100 cm各土层间对碳库累积比例大小变化无一致规律,平均每20 cm厚土层累积了17.4%的总有机碳和17.6%活性有机碳。并且相比坡耕地,各林地均使100 cm深土壤活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例提高,改良了碳库质量。综上分析,长期退耕下3种林地固碳效应有明显差异,以刺槐林地碳累积效应较强。     

黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响

选择黄土丘陵区延河流域4种典型植被类型下的土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷和相关基本理化性质。结果表明,在此流域的典型天然草地、人工灌木林、人工乔木林和农地中土壤微生物量碳(MBC)的含量范围分别为315.15-400.89、246.56-321.25、267.76-347.05和118.96-245.14 mg/kg,土壤微生物量氮(MBN)的含量范围分别为35.87-47.63、27.63-42.89、24.66-36.20和15.64-22.56 mg/kg,土壤微生物量磷(MBP)的含量范围分别为14.14-22.96、12.89-19.75、11.54-14.40和7.23-11.59 mg/kg;土壤微生物量总体呈现出天然草地最高、人工乔、灌木林次之,且均显著高于农地的趋势,表明退耕还林还草对土壤微生物生物量有明显的促进作用。不同植被类型下,土壤微生物量碳氮比和碳磷比的变化范围分别为7.49-10.87和16.27-24.11,土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)百分比的范围分别为2.70%-4.85%、2.56%-4.45%、2.08%-5.34%。其中天然草地、人工灌木林和农地土壤的微生物量碳氮比、碳磷比均显著小于人工乔木林(P < 0.05); MBC/SOC在不同植被类型下的差异不显著,MBN/TN和MBP/TP均呈现出天然草地>人工灌木林>人工乔木林和农地的趋势,且差异显著(P < 0.05)。微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤含水率呈现极显著或显著相关性,与土壤pH值呈现出不同程度的负相关性,表明植被类型对这些与土壤微生物量紧密相关的理化性质也有显著影响。     

半干旱区沙质退化草地造林对土壤质量的影响

采用野外调查与室内培养相结合的方法,研究了我国北方半干旱区科尔沁沙地退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后0～10 cm表层土壤理化性状、土壤碳氮矿化量、土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性等的变化. 结果表明32年生樟子松人工林土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷等养分含量分别下降了21%、42%和45%;5月和11月樟子松人工林土壤NH4 -N显著高于草地(P=0.001;P=0.019),而5、8和11月草地土壤NO3--N含量显著高于樟子松人工林(P＜0.001;P=0.048;P=0.031);5、8和11月樟子松人工林土壤有机碳日矿化释放的CO2-C量均大于草地,而二者土壤氮矿化率差异不显著(P＞0.05);5和8月樟子松人工林土壤微生物量碳含量与草地相比差异不显著,11月则显著高于草地;土壤养分和水分含量是影响土壤微生物量碳含量的重要因素;与草地相比,樟子松人工林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性降低,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性升高. 上述结果说明半干旱区沙质退化草地营造樟子松人工林32年后土壤质量出现一定程度的下降;由于植被的改变,樟子松人工林土壤理化性状和生物学性状等表现出与草地不同的季节动态特征.造林作为我国北方半干旱区沙地退化生态系统的一种恢复手段具有一定的局限性.     

Effects of afforestation on phosphorus dynamics and biological properties in a New Zealand grassland soil

Selected chemical, biochemical and biological properties of mineral soil (0–30 cm) were measured under a 19 year old forest stand (mixture of Pinus ponderosa and Pinus nigra) and adjacent unimproved grassland at a site in South Island, New Zealand. The effects of afforestation on soil properties were confined to the 0–10 cm layer, which reflected the distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm) in the soil profile. Concentrations of organic C, total N and P and all organic forms of P were lower under the forest stand, while concentrations of inorganic P were higher under forest compared with grassland, supporting the previously described suggestion that afforestation may promote mineralisation of soil organic matter and organic P. On the other hand, microbial biomass C and P, soil respiration and phosphatase enzyme activity were currently all lower and the metabolic quotient was higher in soil under forest compared with grassland, which is inconsistent with increased mineralisation in the forest soil. Reduced biological fertility by afforestation may be mainly attributed to changes in the quantity, quality and distribution of organic matter, and reduction in pH of the forest soil compared with the grassland soil. We hypothesize that the lower levels of C, N and organic P found in soil under forest are due to enhanced microbial and phosphatase activity during the earlier stages of forest development. Forest floor material (L and F layer) contained large amounts of C, N and P, together with high levels of microbial and phosphatase enzyme activity. Thus, the forest floor may be an important source of nutrients for plant growth and balance the apparent reduction in C, N and P in mineral soil through mineralisation and plant uptake. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄土高原北部草地的恢复与重建对土壤有机碳的影响

草地的恢复与重建是黄土高原生态建设的重要内容,探讨草地恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）的变化规律对于合理评价北方水蚀风蚀交错带地区生态恢复的环境效应及其对土壤碳固存潜力的影响具有重要的理论价值。以黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带地区不同生长年限的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）人工草地及其退化后形成的次生草地为主要研究对象,探讨了SOCD的动态变化特征。结果表明,研究区0-100cm土体的SOCD普遍较低,变化范围为1.18-2.81kgCm^-2,略高于地球上荒漠带的水平（1.4kgCm^-2）,显著低于黄土高原中部（4.46-9.95kgCm^-2）与全国（11.52-12.04kgCm^-2）的平均水平。但是当土地利用方式由农田转变为人工草地以后,以及随着人工草地向长芒草（Stipabungeana）次生天然草地的自然演替,SOCD均有不同程度的增加,增加幅度最大可达72%,土壤表现为明显的碳汇。不同土地利用方式0-100cmSOCD的变化顺序为：灌木林地（2.11kgCm^-2）〉次生天然草地（1.95kgCm^-2）〉人工草地（1.91kgCm^-2）〉弃耕地（1.69kgCm^-2）〉农田（1.68kgCm^-2）,但统计差异不显著,意味着植被恢复对土壤碳固存的影响相对较小,该地区土壤固存CO2的潜力并不大,发育较好的次生天然草地0-100cm土体SOCD平均仅为2.20kgCm^-2。对SOCD垂直变化的分析结果表明表层SOC主要固存于表层0-20cm土壤,而且与0-100cm土体的SOCD具有显著的线性相关性,由表层观测值可以有效估计0-100cm土体的SOCD,估计误差为9.9%（0.18kgCm^-2）。     

Soil C,N, P and Its Stratification Ratio Affected by Artificial Vegetation in Subsoil,Loess Plateau China

Artificial vegetation restoration can induce variations in accumulation and distribution of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, little is known about variations in soil C, N and P nutrient fraction stratification following artificial vegetation in Loess Plateau China. Based on the hypothesis that re-vegetated can improve soil quality and stratification ratios (SR) can be used as an indicator to evaluate soil quality. This study measured contents and storages of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their SRs in topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–60 cm) in three 30-year re-vegetated lands that had been converted from arable land (Robinia pseudoacacia L., Caragana Korshinskii Kom. and abandoned cropland with low interferences and few management measures) and one slope cropland (SC) as a control for three soil profiles(0–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm) from June 2009 to June 2013. The results showed that the contents and storages of SOC, TN and TP in re-vegetated land were significantly higher than those in the SC in both topsoil and subsoil. The storages of SOC, TN and TP in the topsoil (0–20 cm) of the re-vegetated lands increased by 16.2%-26.4%, 12.7%-28.4% and 16.5%-20.9%, respectively, and increased by smaller but significant amounts in subsoil from 2009 to 2013. The SRs for SOC, TN and TP in the re-vegetated lands were mostly >2 (either for 0–20:20–40 cm or 0–20:40–60 cm) and greater than that in the SC. The SRs showed an increasing trend with increasing restoration age. The results also showed that the land use type and soil depth were the most influential factors for the SRs and storages, and the SRs of SOC and TN had significantly positive correlations with their storages. The SRs were concluded to be a good indicator for evaluating the soil quality, which can be significantly enhanced through vegetation restoration. Moreover, vegetation restoration can significantly enhance SOC, TN and TP accumulation in both topsoil and subsoil.     

Soil organic matter dynamics after afforestation of mountain grasslands in both a Mediterranean and a temperate climate

We studied the effect of mountain grassland afforestation with conifer trees (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Pinus cembra) on soil organic matter (SOM) cycling and carbon (C) isotopic composition in two contrasting climate areas using a regional approach. Seventeen paired sites (each containing at least 40 years prior afforested and grassland plots) were investigated in the mountains of Central Spain and Western Austria. Topsoil CO₂ effluxes were monitored under standardized conditions for six months as a proxy for soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralisation. The bulk C and nitrogen (N) concentrations and their isotopic composition in the soil and in the plants were assessed. The soil C:N ratio was consistently greater after afforestation in both regions, which in Spain was caused by a significant decrease in N concentration. No consistent effect was found on mineralisation rates due to vegetation change. Afforestation produced a more consistent soil ¹³C enrichment in the Spanish than in the Austrian sites. Our work strongly suggests that increasing altitude in Mediterranean mountain grasslands alleviates water limitation, favouring both plant growth and SOM decomposition, and ultimately accelerating C cycling. In contrast, temperate grassland areas at high altitudes were associated with severe temperature limitations, which constrained SOM transformation processes. In spite of the impact of afforestation on soil biogeochemical processes, C concentrations were marginally affected. We therefore conclude that grassland conversion to coniferous forests does not enhanced C sequestration in the mineral soil, for at least 40 years after land-use change.     

Land cover change effects on soil chemical and biological properties after planting Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in sandy lands in Keerqin, northeastern China

We compared soil moisture content, pH, total organic carbon (C _org), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and inorganic N (NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃ ^?–N) concentrations, soil potential C and N mineralization rates, soil microbial biomass C (C _mic), soil metabolic quotient (qCO₂), soil microbial quotient (C _mic/C _org) and soil enzyme (urease and invertase) activities in semiarid sandy soils under three types of land cover: grassland, Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantation, and elm (Ulmus punila)–grass savanna in southeastern Keerqin, in northeast China. Soil C _org, TN and TP concentrations (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) were lower while soil C/N and C/P ratios were higher in the plantation than in grassland and savanna. The effects of land cover change on NH₄ ⁺–N and NO₃ ^?–N concentrations, soil potential nitrification and C mineralization rates in the surface soil (0–10 cm) were dependent on sampling season; but soil potential N mineralization rates were not affected by land cover type and sampling season. The effects of land cover change on C _mic and qCO₂ of surface soil were not significant; but C _mic/C _org were significantly affected by land cover change and sampling season. We also found that land cover change, sampling season and land cover type?×?sampling season interaction significantly influenced soil enzyme (urease and invertase) activities. Usually soil enzyme activities were lower in the pine plantations than in grassland and savanna. Our results suggest that land cover change markedly influenced soil chemical and biological properties in sandy soils in the semiarid region, and these effects vary with sampling season.     

黄土高原刺槐人工林幼林生态系统碳吸存

为了解黄土高原生态林的固碳作用,以刺槐人工林幼林（8年生）和对照荒地为研究对象,比较了两种土地利用方式下,土壤、凋落物和植物各部分的有机碳密度(OCD)和生态系统碳吸存的变化.结果表明:刺槐人工林林地土壤OCD比荒地减少0.26 kg·m^-2,其中0～10 cm层土壤OCD显著提高,10～30 cm土层降低,而在30～80 cm层土壤中则变化不明显.与荒地相比,刺槐人工林林地凋落物、植物根系和植物地上部分的OCD分别增加了121.1%、202.0%和656.7%,每年总有机碳吸存率增加3.3%,说明黄土高原营造刺槐人工林具有明显的碳吸存效应.     

黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳固存对退耕还林草的时空响应

研究了黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳固存对退耕还林草的时空响应特征,分析了退耕还林草对土壤有机碳的近期影响和长期效应。结果表明,1)从黄土丘陵区退耕还林草的土壤固碳效应整体而言,相对于坡耕地,退耕还林和退耕撂荒具有显著的土壤碳增汇效应,而退耕还草、退耕还果没有明显土壤碳增汇效应。以天然草地土壤有机碳密度为目标,撂荒地表层土壤有机碳增汇潜力可达8.3 t/hm2。2)以10a为界,退耕还林草的近期土壤碳增汇效应不明显,而10a后土壤碳增汇效应逐渐明显,退耕还林、还灌、撂荒和坡耕地的固碳效应差异显著。3)在评估黄土丘陵区退耕还林草的土壤固碳效应时应当注重长期固碳效应。4)退耕还林草的土壤固碳效应主要受还林草方式及年限的影响,二者分别可解释55.6%和24.1%的有机碳变异性;地形因子可解释8.5%的有机碳变异性。在评估该区退耕还林的土壤固碳效应时应当充分考虑退耕年限和地形因子的影响。5)人工刺槐林地、人工柠条林地以及撂荒地深层土壤(100—200 cm)有机碳密度占2 m土体有机碳密度的35%—40%,而且随着植被恢复深层土壤有机碳密度显著增加。6)在估算黄土丘陵区退耕还林土壤固碳效应时应该考虑深层碳累积。如果按1 m土层的土壤有机碳密度计算,会严重低估退耕还林草的土壤固碳量。     

Effects of Revegetation on Soil Microbial Biomass,Enzyme Activities,and Nutrient Cycling on the Loess Plateau in China

Revegetation is a traditional practice widely used for soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau in China. However, there has been a lack of reports on soil microbial–biochemical indices required for a comprehensive evaluation of the success of revegetation systems. In this study, we examined the effects of revegetation on major soil nutrients and microbial–biochemical properties in an artificial alfalfa grassland, an enclosed natural grassland, and an artificial shrubland (Caragana korshinskii), with an abandoned cropland as control. Results showed that at 0–5, 5–20, and 20–40 cm depths, soil organic carbon, alkaline extractable nitrogen and available potassium were higher in natural grassland and artificial shrubland compared with artificial grassland and abandoned cropland. Soil microbial biomass C (Cmic) and phosphorous (Pmic) substantially decreased with depth at all sites, and in abandoned cropland was significantly lower than those of natural grassland, artificial grassland, and artificial shrubland at the depth of 0–5 cm. Soil microbial biomass N (Nmic) was higher in artificial shrubland and abandoned cropland compared with that in natural and artificial grasslands. Both Cmic and Pmic were significantly different between the 23‐year‐old and the 13‐year‐old artificial shrublands at the 0–5 cm depth. The activities of soil invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase in natural grassland and artificial shrubland were higher than those in artificial grassland and abandoned cropland. This study demonstrated that the regeneration of both natural grassland and artificial shrubland effectively preserved and enhanced soil microbial biomass and major nutrient cycling, thus is an ecologically beneficial practice for recovery of degraded soils on the Loess Plateau.     

Establishment of Elymus natans improves soil quality of a heavily degraded alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Elymus natans is a dominant native species widely planted to restore the heavily degraded alpine meadows in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The objective of this study was to determine how E. natans establishment affected the quality and fertility of a heavily degraded soil. Soil samples (at depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) were collected from the 3- and 7-year-old E. natans re-vegetated grasslands, and in the heavily degraded alpine meadow (control). The establishment of E. natans promoted plant cover and aboveground biomass. Compared to the non-reseeded meadow, the concentration of total organic C increased by 13% in the soil under 3-year-old reseeded E. natans grassland at 0–10 cm, and by 7–33% in the soil under 7-year-old reseeded E. natans grassland at 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths. Rapid increases in total and available N were also observed in two E. natans re-vegetated grasslands, especially in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Across three sampling depths, total P concentration was increased by 17–35% and 18–54% in 3- and 7-year-old reseeded soil respectively, compared to the soil of control. After 3 years of E. natans growth, microbial biomass C increased by 13–58% at 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers; while it increased by 43–87% in 7-year-old reseeded treatment at 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths relative to control. A similar increasing trend was observed for microbial biomass N and P generally. Significant increase in neutral phosphatase, urease, catalase and dehydrogenase was also found in 3- and 7-year-old re-vegetated grasslands compared with heavily degraded meadow. Our results suggest a significant positive impact of E. natans establishment on soil quality. Thus, E. natans establishment could be an effective and applicable measure in restoring heavily degraded alpine meadow in the region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Changes in Soil Carbon and Nitrogen following Land Abandonment of Farmland on the Loess Plateau,China

The revegetation of abandoned farmland significantly influences soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN). However, the dynamics of both soil OC and N storage following the abandonment of farmland are not well understood. To learn more about soil C and N storages dynamics 30 years after the conversion of farmland to grassland, we measured SOC and TN content in paired grassland and farmland sites in the Zhifanggou watershed on the Loess Plateau, China. The grassland sites were established on farmland abandoned for 1, 7, 13, 20, and 30 years. Top soil OC and TN were higher in older grassland, especially in the 0–5 cm soil depths; deeper soil OC and TN was lower in younger grasslands (<20 yr), and higher in older grasslands (30 yr). Soil OC and N storage (0–100 cm) was significantly lower in the younger grasslands (<20 yr), had increased in the older grasslands (30 yr), and at 30 years SOC had increased to pre-abandonment levels. For a thirty year period following abandonment the soil C/N value remained at 10. Our results indicate that soil C and TN were significantly and positively correlated, indicating that studies on the storage of soil OC and TN needs to focus on deeper soil and not be restricted to the uppermost (0–30 cm) soil levels.     

Climate and Land Use Controls on Soil Organic Carbon in the Loess Plateau Region of China

The Loess Plateau of China has the highest soil erosion rate in the world where billion tons of soil is annually washed into Yellow River. In recent decades this region has experienced significant climate change and policy-driven land conversion. However, it has not yet been well investigated how these changes in climate and land use have affected soil organic carbon (SOC) storage on the Loess Plateau. By using the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), we quantified the effects of climate and land use on SOC storage on the Loess Plateau in the context of multiple environmental factors during the period of 1961–2005. Our results show that SOC storage increased by 0.27 Pg C on the Loess Plateau as a result of multiple environmental factors during the study period. About 55% (0.14 Pg C) of the SOC increase was caused by land conversion from cropland to grassland/forest owing to the government efforts to reduce soil erosion and improve the ecological conditions in the region. Historical climate change reduced SOC by 0.05 Pg C (approximately 19% of the total change) primarily due to a significant climate warming and a slight reduction in precipitation. Our results imply that the implementation of “Grain for Green” policy may effectively enhance regional soil carbon storage and hence starve off further soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

黄土高原植被自然恢复和人工造林对土壤碳氮储量的影响

土地利用方式变化能对土壤碳氮储量产生重要影响.为了探讨不同土地利用方式对土壤碳氮的影响,研究了黄土高原子午岭林区自退耕还林(草)工程实施以来(15年)自然恢复草地和人工油松林地0～100 cm土层土壤碳氮储量、碳氮比以及根系生物量的差异.结果表明:自然恢复草地和人工油松林地土壤有机碳均表现出表聚效应,自然恢复草地0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量显著低于人工油松林,而其他土层差异均不显著.人工油松林0～100 cm土层土壤总碳储量为117.94 Mg·hm^-2,比自然恢复草地增加28.4%.两种植被类型土壤全氮储量在各土层间差异均不显著,但自然恢复草地0～100 cm土层土壤全氮总储量为7.69 Mg·hm^-2,比人工油松林高17.7%.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤铵态氮储量在各土层间差异均显著,自然恢复草地铵态氮储量显著高于人工油松林,且随土层增加表现为先增后降的趋势.而自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤硝态氮储量只在0～20 cm土层差异显著,且自然恢复草地高于人工油松林.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮比表现为0～20 cm土层差异不显著,随土层的加深表现为人工油松林碳氮比显著高于自然恢复草地,且差异逐渐增大.自然恢复草地和人工油松林土壤碳氮储量与根系生物量均呈显著正相关.因此,自然恢复草地土壤有利于氮储量的积累,人工油松林土壤有利于土壤碳储量的增加,且根系是影响土壤碳氮储量分布的重要因子.     

黄土高原不同土地利用类型土壤含水量的地带性与影响因素

通过对黄土高原南北样带大面积(北纬34°05'—40°75'、东经107°14'—111°09')土壤含水量(0—500 cm剖面)测定和相应植被类型调查,研究了黄土高原农田、草地、灌木林地和乔木林地4种土地利用类型土壤含水量的空间变化及它们之间的差异性。结果表明:黄土高原4种土地利用类型的土壤含水量皆呈现南北向地带性变化,自南向北土壤含水量有明显递减趋势,与多年平均降雨量、潜在蒸散量、土壤质地等的分布具有一致性;同一地点不同土地利用类型下土壤水分含量具有显著差异(农地草地灌木和乔木林地),不同植被类型根系分布、蒸散耗水量的不同是造成含水量差异性的原因。植被建设应遵循土壤水分分布规律,研究结果对黄土高原植被恢复建设具有一定参考价值。     

青藏高原芨芨草型温性草原不同土地利用方式的理论碳增汇潜力比较

于2009年7~8月对青藏高原芨芨草(Achnatherumsplendens)型温性草原主要分布区的4种土地利用类型──原生草地、退化草地、农田耕种和退耕还草区的土壤容重、土壤有机碳含量和植物地上、地下生物量进行对比研究,以探讨土地利用方式对青藏高原草地生态系统碳储垂向分布的影响.结果表明,土地利用方式显著影响着浅层(0~20 cm)土壤容重和地下生物量(P<0.05);农田耕种和退耕还草对土壤有机碳含量的影响程度可深达60cm;农田耕种区和退耕还草区的地上生物量极显著高于原生草地区和退化草地区(P<0.01);原生草地、退化草地、农田耕种区和退耕还草区的系统(植物+0~40 cm土壤)碳储分别为122.84、108.82、130.68和108.99 t?hm-2;以原生草地区地下系统碳储为参照,退化草地、农田耕种区和退耕还草区的增汇潜力分别为14.05、-6.38和14.88 t?hm-2,但增汇的时间效益和经济效益区别较大.     

A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types in the Loess Plateau, China

Serious soil erosion has resulted in widespread land degradation in the Loess Plateau of China. In the past two decades, great efforts have been made to restore degraded soil such as reconverting croplands into forestlands or grasslands. A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types has important implications in soil reclamation. Our study investigated the effect of different revegetation types on the physicochemical and microbial soil properties in the Loess Plateau, with the aim of determining which revegetation type has the best capacity for soil recovery. The vegetation types included two shrublands (Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides), two grasslands (Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum), and two species from croplands that were abandoned for natural recovery (Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus). Among the plants studied, H. altaicus and A. capillaries had the highest values of soil organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P, moisture content, microbial biomass C (MBC), substrate-induced respiration, saccharase, urease, catalase, and peroxidase. Soil sampled from the A. adsurgens plot had the highest bulk density and microbial biomass N, and soil from the H. rhamnoides plot had the highest metabolic quotient (basal respiration/MBC). The soil quality index, which was obtained based on the available N, metabolic quotient, MBC, urease, polyphenol oxidase, and bulk density, shows that the abandoned cropland for natural recovery had the highest soil quality, followed by grassland, and then shrubland. Vegetation types affect the physicochemical and microbial properties of soils in arid climatic conditions. Abandoned cropland for natural recovery has the best capacity for improving soil quality in the Loess Plateau among all studied revegetation types. Our study suggests that in the Loess Plateau, natural recovery is the best choice for soil revegetation of sloping croplands.     

黄土丘陵区子午岭不同植物群落下土壤氮素及相关酶活性的特征

以黄土丘陵区子午岭林区裸露地为对照,选择撂荒地、白羊草草地、油松、山杨和辽东栎林地五种典型植被群落下0—10cm和10—20 cm土层的土壤为研究对象,对土壤无机氮、有机氮、微生物量氮含量和脲酶、蛋白酶以及硝酸还原酶的活性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤中各种氮素基本表现为乔木林,尤其是辽东栎和油松下含量最高,而有机氮则在白羊草地富集明显。铵态氮为子午岭林区速效氮的主要形式。土壤铵态氮与微生物氮极显著正相关;有机氮和亚硝态氮、矿化氮、微生物氮均显著正相关。脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性在辽东栎群落下最高,蛋白酶在白羊草地下较高,且脲酶活性在土壤上层高于下层,而蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶并没有表现出明显规律。脲酶活性和铵态氮、有机氮含量显著正相关,与微生物量氮极显著正相关;硝酸还原酶活性与铵态氮含量显著正相关;蛋白酶活性和土壤各种氮素含量无相关性。