An outline of a revised classification of Saxifraga L.

GORNALL, R. J., 1987. An outline of a revised classification of Saxifraga. A revised classification of Saxifraga is presented in which 15 sections, 19 subsections and 34 series are recognized. A total of 394 names are accounted for, including the following new taxa, combinations and names: series Hirculoideae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Lychnitidae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Nulanles (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Cinctae (H. Sm.) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Gemmiparae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Spinulosae (C. B. Clarke) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Rosulares Gornall, nom. nov.; subsection Serpyllifoliae Gornall, subscct. nov.; subsection Hemisphaericae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; section Merkianae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Stellares (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Birostres Gornall, ser. nov.; series Melanocentrae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Astasianlhes (Sternberg) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Micranthes (Haworth) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Aulaxis (Haworth) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Dermasea (Haworth) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Micranthes (Haworth) Gornall, stat. nov.; scries Aretioideae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Juniperifoliae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Lilacinae Gornall, ser. nov.; series Marginatae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Squarrosae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Rigidae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Engleria (Siindermann) Gornall, stat. nov; series Subsessiliflorae Gornall, ser. nov.; series Oppositiofoliae (Hayek) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Tetrameridium (Engler) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Mutatae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Florulentae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; section Odontophyllae Gornall, sect, nov.; series Biternatae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Triplinervium (Gaudin) Gornall, stat. nov.; series Arachnoideae (Engler & Irmscher) Gornall, stat. nov.; subsection Tridactylites (Haworth) Gornall, stat. nov.     

Induction of heart failure: haemodynamic comparison of three different canine models

We compared three methods: arteriovenous anastomosis, doxorubicin administration, and combination of anastomosis and doxorubicin, with the intention of designing a simple, stable model of chronic heart failure. Twelve dogs were divided into three groups of four. One group received carotid-jugular anastomosis (Ana series), another group received anastomosis and doxorubicin injection (A/D series), and the last group received only doxorubicin (Dox series). Animals were followed for eight weeks. Fifteen different haemodynamic parameters were tracked and compared to baseline values. After eight weeks, diastolic pressure in the right atrium increased from 3.8+/-2.0 mmHg at baseline to 5.3+/-5.9 mmHg in the Ana series, to 6.3+/-3.3 mmHg in the Dox series and to 8.0+/-2.0 mmHg in the A/D series (P<0.05 A/D vs. baseline). Systolic pulmonary wedge pressure increased from 11.6+/-2.0 mmHg at baseline to 15.5+/-3.4 mmHg in the Ana series, 14.0+/-3.7 mmHg in the Dox series and 17.3+/-4.2 mmHg in the A/D series (P = NS vs. baseline). Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 53.9+/-10% at baseline to 36.1+/-5.6% in the Ana series (P<0.05 vs. baseline), 31.5+/-5.4% in the Dox series (P<0.05 vs. baseline) and 25.8+/-5.8% in the A/D series (P<0.001 vs. baseline, P<0.05 vs. Ana series and Dox series). In conclusion, eight weeks are not enough to produce stable heart failure using arteriovenous anastomosis alone. Doxorubicin administration alone produces a left ventricular failure. However, a combination of both of these interventions provides a more stable model of right-and left-sided heart failure.     

The role of signal and motivational links of a conditioned reflex in the initiation of instrumental movements in dogs

Alimentary instrumental conditioned reflex (CR) was elaborated in dogs to light flashes (I series), electrostimulation (ES) of the hippocampus (II series) and the hypothalamus (III series). Nonreinforced ES of the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and septum reproduced pressings on the pedal to the least extent in the I series (17-40% of trials), increasing in the II-nd one up to 40-87% during stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, medial amygdala and contralateral hippocampus. In the III-rd series the number of pressings increased statistically significantly in comparison with the I-st series for most structures. Probably, besides the artificial increase of motivation during ES of the limbic structures which took place in all series, in the II-nd and III-rd series significance for movement reproduction was acquired by CR generalization appearing due to close interconnection of the structures. In this phenomenon connections (evaluated by the EPs) from the tested structures to the initially signal one are important.     

Inhibition of brain nitric oxide synthesis enhances and prolongs the hypertensive effect of centrally administered interleukin-1beta in rats

The present study was designed to find out whether brain nitric oxide (NO) influences hemodynamic response to intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in seven series of experiments performed on conscious Sprague-Dawley rats receiving during 60 min ICV infusion of: 0.9% NaCl (5 microl/h; series 1), IL-1beta (100 ng/h; series 2), NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 1mg/h; series 3), IL-1beta together with L-NAME (series 4), IL-1beta together with inactive isomer of NO synthase inhibitor (D-NAME, 1mg/h; series 5), NO donor (SNAP, 40 microg/h; series 6) and IL-1beta together with SNAP (series 7). ICV infusion of saline did not influence MAP while administration of IL-1beta as well as IL-1beta together with D-NAME elicited a significant, though transient, increase in MAP. In series 4, combined infusion of IL-1beta and L-NAME exerted an increase in MAP, which persisted until the end of the experiment and was significantly higher than in series 2 and 5. In series 7, infusion of SNAP together with IL-1beta abolished the pressor effect of IL-1beta. HR was not significantly altered in any of the experimental series. These results demonstrate that inhibition of NO synthesis in the brain enhances and prolongs the pressor response to IL-1beta, whereas concomitant administration of NO donor abolishes the hemodynamic effect of IL-1beta. Therefore, we conclude that NO generated in the brain is involved in buffering the pressor response to IL-1beta.     

Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of asperphenamate derivatives as autophagy inducer

In an effort to improve the aqueous solubility and the antitumor activity of natural product asperphenamate, we have designed and synthesized three series of asperphenamate derivatives, including series I (simplifying molecular skeleton series), series II (introducing a hydroxyl group to A-phenyl ring series) and series III (disrupting molecular planarity series). All derivatives have displayed a significantly increased solubility compared with asperphenamate. Their growth inhibitory activities in vitro were screened by the standard MTT method in MCF-7, HeLa, and BEL-7402 cell lines. With the exception of the derivatives in series I, most of derivatives in series II and series III showed growth inhibitory activity. Among all derivatives, IM23b in series III showed the greatest potency in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The cellular potency of IM23b was approximately 1.5-fold more potent than that of cisplatin. The mechanism of cell death induced by IM23b in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells was further investigated. We concluded that the cell death was induced by autophagy instead of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest.     

Sex-diagnosis of isolated Os coxae by discriminant functions

After methodical preparatory work on the selection of the metric characters and their technical definition, 16 variables were measured on every right hip bone in our standard series (Weisbach series). The discriminant functions performed on our standard series proved to be very sharply discriminant. The methodical foundation gained from the Weisbach series was applied to a control series (Tyrol series), whose sex had not been determined. The application of the discriminant analyses enabled a complete and plausible sex diagnosis to be made.     

Ovulation and implantation in montane voles (Microtus montanus) as a function of varying amounts of copulatory stimulation

Estrous female voles (Microtus montanus) received (a) no copulation, (b) one ejaculatory series, (c) two ejaculatory series, or (d) more than two series. Copulation was shown to be essential for ovulation, and increasing amounts of copulatory stimulation were demonstrated to increase the probability of ovulation. Only 25% of females receiving one ejaculatory series ovulated, whereas 100% of those receiving more than two series ovulated. Thus, multiple ejaculations play an important role in successful reproduction in this species.     

A QSAR study on some series of anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents

A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study has been made on some series of anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents, namely, a series of novel bis(L-amino acid) ester prodrugs of 9-[2--(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine, a similar series of compounds comprising of 2- amino-6-arylthio-9-[2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl] purine bis(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl) esters, and a series of 1-isopropylsulfonyl-2-amine benzimidazoles. In each case significant correlations are found between the anti-HBV potencies and some physicochemical and steric properties of the compounds, indicating that for the first two series the activity is controlled by the hydrophobic and the bulk properties of the molecules and, for the third series, the steric and hydrogen bonding properties of compounds are crucial for their anti-HBV potency.     

Structure-affinity relationships of the affinity of 2-pyrazolyl adenosine analogues for the adenosine A2A receptor

The structure-affinity relationships of two novel 2-substituted adenosine series containing a substituted pyrazole attached at the N-1 or C-4 position for the adenosine (ADO) A2A receptor are described. Compounds in the 2-(N-1-pyrazolyl) adenosine series IV provided the highest affinity for the ADO A2A receptor as compared to the 2-(C-4-pyrazolyl) series V. The main structural differences between the two series point to the N-1 nitrogen of series IV imparting more favorable binding interactions with the receptor than those of series V.     

Cariporide enables hemodynamically more effective chest compression by leftward shift of its flow-depth relationship

When given during closed-chest resuscitation, cariporide (4-isopropyl-methylsulfonylbenzoyl-guanidine methanesulfonate; a selective inhibitor of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform-1) enables generation of viable perfusion pressures with less depth of compression. We hypothesized that this effect results from greater blood flows generated for a given depth of compression. Two series of 14 rats each underwent 10 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation followed by 8 min of chest compression before defibrillation was attempted. Compression depth was adjusted to maintain an aortic diastolic pressure (ADP) between 26 and 28 mmHg in the first series and between 36 and 38 mmHg in the second series. Within each series, rats were randomized to receive cariporide (3 mg/kg) or NaCl (0.9%; control) before chest compression was started. Blood flow was measured using 15-mum fluorescent microspheres. Less depth of compression was required to maintain the target ADP when cariporide was present in both series 1 (13.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 16.6 +/- 1.2 mm; P < 0.001) and series 2 (15.3 +/- 1.0 vs. 18.9 +/- 1.5 mm; P < 0.001). Despite less compression depth, the cardiac index in cariporide-treated rats was comparable to control rats in series 1 (11.1 +/- 0.7 vs. 11.3 +/- 1.4 ml.min(-1).kg(-1); P = not significant) but higher in series 2 (15.5 +/- 2.3 vs. 9.9 +/- 1.4 ml.min(-1).kg(-1); P < 0.05). Increases in compression depth (from series 1 to series 2) increased myocardial, cerebral, and adrenal blood flow in cariporide-treated rats. We conclude that cariporide enhances the efficacy of closed-chest resuscitation by leftward shift of the flow-depth relationship.     

Alterative and repair processes in lymph nodes under the direct and mediated effects of radiation]

Under study were the popliteal lymph nodes of rats at different times after total irradiation of animals (the 1st series), total irradiation with screening the left node (the 2nd series) and local screening of other parts of the body (the 3rd series). X-ray irradiation in all experiments was performed under standard conditions in dosage of 800 r. The amount of mitoses (MC 0/00) in light centers and cortical substance was counted in addition to histological alterations. In shielded lymph nodes (2nd series) mediate effects of irradiation were observed characterized by a decrease of the MK amount and massive death of lymphocytes in later terms than after direct effects (1st series). In irradiated nodes (3rd series) the reparative process was more rapid than in the first series due to migration of lymphocytes from non-irradiated parts of the body. The mediate effect of radiation results also in increased amount of plasma cells in lymphatic nodes of animals subjected to total irradiation (1st and 2nd series). It is suggested by the absence of such increase of amount of plasma cells in locally irradiated lymphatic nodes when screening other parts of the body (3rd series). availability of individual distinctions in the character of the lymphoid tissue response to effects of ionizing radiation puts a question of division of experimental animals at least into 2 subgroups which have different indices of proliferative processes.     

Human assessment of time intervals depending on the manner of their representation

On 42 subject three experimental series were carried out: in the first (12 persons) and second (24 persons) series the presented interval was limited by two short clicks, in the third series (6 persons)--by electrocutaneous stimuli. Duration of the stimuli was 1 ms. There were three regimes of work in the first and third series: the intervals successively increased from 100 to 500 ms with a step of 100 ms (1), decreased from 5000 to 100 ms (2) or varied in a random order (3). In the second series only the regime 3 was applied. In all series the method of temporal intervals reproduction was used. The means of the reproduction varied: in the second and third series the interval was reproduced by button pressing according to the presented duration: in the first series the end of the interval was marked by a short button push, and the beginning was the moment of the second stimulus presentation. With the first means a considerable overreproduction was observed of the presented duration at all intervals and all regimes. At the second and third series a phasic character of the reproduction duration was noted: up to 1000 ms the interval mostly was overestimated, over 2000 ms--it was significantly underestimated. It is suggested that as the estimation of the temporal interval implies some motor reaction, the afferent flow of signals from the active muscles can change the value of the reproduced duration. In the first series, the subjects probably do not take into account the time necessary for the realized signal perception.     

膝关节挫伤的磁共振影像表现

目的 :探讨磁共振短时的反转恢复序列 (STIR)在膝关节骨挫伤中的临床应用。方法 :通过 32例膝关节外伤病例在常规SE序列、FSE序列和STIR序列中的影像表现 ,分析STIR序列的优越性。结果 :32例共 45个骨挫伤病灶 ,T1W发现 38个 (占 84% ) ,T2W发现 37个 (占 82 % ) ,STIR序列病灶全部显示( 1 0 0 % )。结论 :STIR序列对骨挫伤的敏感性较高 ,能显示微小的骨髓水肿 ,充血及骨小梁的微骨折及其周围的骨软骨、关节囊的细微变化 ,对膝关节外伤具有较高价值。     

Modelling aerobiological time series. Application to Urticaceae

This paper deals with the characterisation ofaerobiological time series. The seriesdiscussed are annual series of mean dailyconcentration of Urticaceae pollen, obtained bymeans of Hirst traps on six sites of theAerobiological Network of Catalonia (XAC).First, some alternatives for fitting a smoothtrend to one of these series are discussed, andtwo satisfactory methods are presented, aGaussian mixture model (parametric) and theFriedman supersmoother (non-parametric).Dividing daily concentrations by trend values,a series of residuals is obtained. The residualseries can be characterised with simpleconventional time series models, and somecommon patterns emerge from the parameterestimates. The long-term patterns of the pollendynamics can be thus characterised by thetrends, and the short-term behaviour by theresiduals. The Spearman correlation is used inthis paper as a measure of the similarity oftwo series.     

Novel hopanoids from Frankia spp. and related soil bacteria. Squalene cyclization and significance of geological biomarkers revisited.

Three series of hopanoids, differing by their configurations at C-17 and C-21, have been identified in several Frankia spp. and other related soil bacteria. The widespread bacterial hopanoids of the 17beta(H),21beta(H) series were accompanied by their isomers of the 17beta(H),21alpha(H) (moretane) and 17alpha(H), 21beta(H) series. The latter series has not previously been found in living organisms and is considered to be a result of the abiotic isomerization of the thermodynamically less stable 17beta(H),21beta(H) hopanoids. This simultaneous presence of three isomeric hopanoid series highlights intriguing problems in the biogenesis of the bacteriohopane skeleton and partly questions the significance of hopanic biomarkers in sediments.     

Endurance vs. strength training: comparison of cardiac structures using normal predicted values

The importance of metabolic feedback regulation vs. feedforward regulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP) during exercise was investigated in rats by infusing glucose intravenously from the onset of running. Glucose infusion equaled the average exercise-induced increase from basal to steady state in HGP found in saline-infused control rats. Rats were studied at two work loads, running at 21 (series I) or 18 m/min (series II) for 35 min. Glucose turnover was measured by means of an intravenous [3H]glucose infusion. HGP was suppressed by glucose infusion corresponding to the infused amount of glucose in both series, except for late in exercise in series I, where HGP plus infused glucose tended to exceed HGP in saline-infused rats (P less than 0.10). Muscle glycogenolysis and fat metabolism were similar in both groups in the two series. Plasma glucose was never elevated, whereas insulin was, in glucose- vs. saline-infused rats of both series. Plasma catecholamines were lower in glucose- compared with saline-infused rats in series II. In conclusion, HGP is very sensitive to metabolic feedback inhibition at low exercise intensities. Feedforward control of HGP may play a role at higher work loads (series I). Exogenously supplied glucose, in moderate amounts, may replace HGP specifically without concomitant changes in mobilization of other substrates.     

Cotransfer and phenotypic stabilisation of syntenic and asyntenic mink genes into mouse cells by chromosome-mediated gene transfer

Summary By means of metaphase chromosomes, the genes for mink thymidine kinase (TK) and hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were transferred to mutant mouse cells, LMTK^-, A9 (HPRT^-) and teratocarcinoma cells, PCC4-aza 1 (HPRT^-). Eighteen colonies were isolated from LMTK^- (series A), 9 from A9 (series B) and none from PCC4-aza 1. The transformed clones contained mink TK or HPRT. Analysis of syntenic markers in series B demonstrated that one clone contained mink glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and the other alpha-galactosidase; in series A, nine clones contained mink galactokinase (GALK) and six mink aldolase C (ALDC). Analysis of 12 asyntenic markers located in ten mink chromosomes showed the presence of only aconitase-1 (ACON1) (the marker of mink chromosome 12) in three clones of series A. The clones lost mink ACON1 between the fifth to tenth passages. Cytogenetic analysis established the presence of a fragment of mink chromosome 8 in eight clones of series A, but not in series B. The clones of series A lost mink TK together with mink GALK and ALDC during back-selection; in B, back-selection retained mink G6PD. No stable TK⁺ phenotype was detected in clones with a visible fragment of mink chromosome 8. Stability analysis demonstrated that about half of the clones of series B have stable HPRT⁺ phenotype whereas only three clones of series A have stable TK⁺ phenotype. It is suggested that the recipient cells, LMTK^- and A9, differ in their competence for genetic transformation and integration of foreign genes.     

Duality between time series and networks

Studying the interaction between a system's components and the temporal evolution of the system are two common ways to uncover and characterize its internal workings. Recently, several maps from a time series to a network have been proposed with the intent of using network metrics to characterize time series. Although these maps demonstrate that different time series result in networks with distinct topological properties, it remains unclear how these topological properties relate to the original time series. Here, we propose a map from a time series to a network with an approximate inverse operation, making it possible to use network statistics to characterize time series and time series statistics to characterize networks. As a proof of concept, we generate an ensemble of time series ranging from periodic to random and confirm that application of the proposed map retains much of the information encoded in the original time series (or networks) after application of the map (or its inverse). Our results suggest that network analysis can be used to distinguish different dynamic regimes in time series and, perhaps more importantly, time series analysis can provide a powerful set of tools that augment the traditional network analysis toolkit to quantify networks in new and useful ways.     

A switch in enantiomer preference between mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase chemotypes

The preferred absolute configuration of two series of F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase inhibitors was determined. Although the configuration of the active enantiomer in each series is different, each series presents the same 'triaryl' pharmacophore to the enzyme binding site.     

Polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles as potential thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors: synthesis,biological evaluation,and molecular docking study

New polycyclic heterocycles were synthesised and evaluated as potential inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Inspired by the pharmacophoric pyrimidinedione core of the natural substrate, four series have been designed in order to interact with large empty pockets of the active site: pyrimidoquinoline-2,4-diones (series A), pyrimidinedione linked to a pyrroloquinoline-1,3-diones (series B and C), the polycyclic heterocycle has been replaced by a pyrimidopyridopyrrolidinetetraone (series D). In each series, the tricyclic nitrogen heterocyclic moiety has been synthesised by a one-pot multicomponent reaction. Compared to 7-DX used as control, 2d, 2l, 2p (series A), 28a (series D), and the open intermediate 30 showed modest to good activities. A kinetic study confirmed that the most active compounds 2d, 2p are competitive inhibitors. Molecular docking analysis confirmed the interaction of these new compounds at the active binding site of TP and highlighted a plausible specific interaction in a pocket that had not yet been explored.