植物中的“多肽激素”

植物激素是指在植物体的某一组织内合成后、转运到作用部位并对生长发育起调节作用的一类微量有机物质。目前公认的植物激素有５大类,即生长素类、细胞分裂素类、赤霉素类、脱落酸和乙烯。此外,油菜素内酯类、多胺类也被认为是新型的植物激素。在化学结构上,上述几类植物激素都不是蛋白质或多肽。但近年来,在植物体内相继发现了一些具有调节植物生理过程和传递细胞信号功能的活性多肽,称其为“多肽激素”,本文简要介绍以下４种。１　系统素系统素（ｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎ）是从受伤的番茄叶片中分离的一种由１８个氨基酸组成的多肽,它是植…     

植物多肽信号分子的特点和功能

近几年研究表明,植物体内存在类似动物和酵母的多肽信号分子,调控植物生长发育以及对环境的响应.介绍了植物中的系统素、迅速碱化因子(RALF)、早期结瘤蛋白40(ENOD40)、植物磺化激动素(PSK)、S位点富含半胱胺酸蛋白(SCR)、CLV3以及相应受体的特点和功能研究进展,并且对多肽信号在植物中的作用及其应用前景进行了探讨.     

植物多肽激素研究概况

目前发现的植物多肽多达9 种。基于配基- 受体的胞间互作模式, 目前公认的植物多肽激素包括4种: 系统素(Systemin) 、植物硫肽激素(Phytosulfokine) 、SCR􊄯SP11 和CLV3 , 分别参与了植食性昆虫防御反应、细胞增殖、自交不亲和的识别, 以及茎分生组织干细胞分裂与分化平衡的维持。本文对四种植物多肽激素基因家族的研究进展做了较为详尽的综述, 并结合本试验室的研究进展做了展望。     

植物多肽激素研究概况

目前发现的植物多肽多达9种.基于配基-受体的胞间互作模式,目前公认的植物多肽激素包括4种:系统素(Systemin)、植物硫肽激素(Phytosulfokine)、SCR/SP11和CLV3,分别参与了植食性昆虫防御反应、细胞增殖、自交不亲和的识别,以及茎分生组织干细胞分裂与分化平衡的维持.本文对四种植物多肽激素基因家族的研究进展做了较为详尽的综述,并结合本试验室的研究进展做了展望.     

植物多肽信号分子RALF的研究进展

多肽信号分子调控生物体的生长发育过程,在动物、细菌、真菌中广泛存在,而植物多肽成分的信号分子直到1991年才首次报道,但随后即从植物中陆续分离出多种多肽类生长调节因子.快速碱化因子(rapid alkalinization factor,RALF)就是其中的一种,它广泛存在于植物中.被证明在植物多个器官的不同发育时期都表达,具有使植物组织生长的培养基碱化、抑制根生长等多种作用.现对RALF同源基因的特征以及表达情况、RALF多肽的结构及生理功能等进行介绍,为RALF的进一步研究提供参考.     

高等植物中的多肽激素

高等植物的第一个多肽激素（系统素）发现已经有10多年的历史。到目前为止,被普遍认可的植物多肽激素有4种：系统素、PSK、CLV3和SCR,分别参与了植物的防御反应、细胞的分裂、茎端生长点干细胞数目维持和花粉．柱头的识别过程。这些小分子多肽化合物以配基的形式与细胞膜表面的受体激酶相互作用,从而实现细胞之间的信号交流。本文对这4种多肽激素及其相应受体的研究进展做了简要评述,并着重介绍当前研究比较热门的CLV3多肽,最后对相关领域的发展前景进行探讨。     

高等植物中的多肽激素

高等植物的第一个多肽激素(系统素)发现已经有10多年的历史。到目前为止, 被普遍认可的植物多肽激素有4种: 系统素、PSK、CLV3和SCR, 分别参与了植物的防御反应、细胞的分裂、茎端生长点干细胞数目维持和花粉-柱头的识别过程。这些小分子多肽化合物以配基的形式与细胞膜表面的受体激酶相互作用, 从而实现细胞之间的信号交流。本文对这4种多肽激素及其相应受体的研究进展做了简要评述, 并着重介绍当前研究比较热门的CLV3多肽, 最后对相关领域的发展前景进行探讨。     

植物肽类信号分子

近年来研究表明植物中也存在着肽类信号分子,类似于动物的肽激素。目前可分成三类：即EN-OD40、植物硫动蛋白（phytosulfokine）和系统素。ENOD40影响着细胞分裂,可能是参与控制了细胞对生长素的反应所致。植物硫动蛋白最初从芦笋叶肉细胞培养中分离,是一种减数分裂诱导因子,为细胞增殖必需,但具体机制还不清楚。系统素的研究较为深入,巳提出了它所激发的植物伤诱信号传导过程和模型。     

新型植物生长调节物质——激素性多肽的研究进展

多肽是生物体内一种非常重要的物质,它以信号的形式调控着生物的生活周期。在动物、细菌、真菌上作为激素、信息素和生长因子已进行了广泛的研究。然而,在植物上1991年才首次报道名叫系统素的伤害信号物质的内生多肽。最近,已从植物中分离出多种肽性植物生长调节因子。本文简要介绍系统素、早期结瘤素、植物硫素、豆胰岛索等四种激素性多肽的发现与分离,以及其结构与生理作用。     

新型植物生长调节物质——激素性多肽的研究进展

多肽是生物体内一种非常重要的物质,它以信号的形式调控着生物的生活周期。在动物、细菌、真菌上作为激素、信息素和生长因子已进行了广泛的研究。然而,在植物上１９９１年才首次报道名叫系统素的伤害信号物质的内生多肽。最近,已从植物中分离出多种肽性植物生长调节因子。本文简要介绍系统素、早期结瘤素、植物硫素、豆胰岛素等四种激素性多肽的发现与分离,以及其结构与生理作用。     

Plant signalling peptides

Biochemical and genetic studies have identified peptides that play crucial roles in plant growth and development, including defence mechanisms in response to wounding by pests, the control of cell division and expansion, and pollen self-incompatibility. The first two signalling peptides to be described in plants were tomato systemin and phytosulfokine (PSK). There is also biochemical evidence that natriuretic peptide-like molecules, immunologically-related to those found in animals, may exist in plants. Another example of signalling peptide is ENOD40, a product of a gene, which became active early in the root nodulation process following Rhizobium infection of legumes. Other predicted bioactive peptides or oligopeptides have been identified by means of genetic, rather then biochemical methods. The Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 protein is required for the correct organization of the shoot apical meristem and the pollen S determinant S-locus cysteine-rich protein (SCR) also called S-locus protein 11, SP11). The plant signalling peptides discovered so far are involved in various processes and play an important role in communication between cells or organs, respectively. This review will focus on these peptides and their role in intercellular signalling.     

The soybean ENOD40(2) promoter is active in Arabidopsis thaliana and is temporally and spatially regulated

The ENOD40 gene is induced early during Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and has probably a primary role in the nodule organogenesis. In this paper we show that the 1.7 kb 5-flanking region of the GmENOD40(2) is able to drive the expression of a gusA-int marker in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The promoter activity is developmentally regulated and the major activity is detected in the root and in the stigma.     

Medicago truncatula ENOD40-1 and ENOD40-2 are both involved in nodule initiation and bacteroid development

The establishment of a nitrogen-fixing root nodule on legumes requires the induction of mitotic activity of cortical cells leading to the formation of the nodule primordium and the infection process by which the bacteria enter this primordium. Several genes are up-regulated during these processes, among them ENOD40. Here it is shown, by using gene-specific knock-down of the two Medicago truncatula ENOD40 genes, that both genes are involved in nodule initiation. Further, during nodule development, both genes are essential for bacteroid development.     

植物类LORELEI糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白研究进展

类LORELEI糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白(LLG)定位于细胞质膜外表面, 作为CrRLK1L家族类受体激酶的分子伴侣, 参与其转运和胞外信号转导, 从而调控植物生殖发育以及免疫与逆境应答等过程。LLG2/3与ANX和BUPS互作, 调控花粉管顶端生长与爆裂。LLG1与FER (FERONIA)互作, 调控下游的NADPH氧化酶产生活性氧(ROS), 促进根部细胞伸长和根毛生长。此外, LLG1作为FER的共受体, 与快速碱化因子(RALFs)互作, 调节G蛋白β亚基(AGB1)和质膜H ⁺-ATPase功能、胞内ROS稳态以及Ca ²⁺瞬变, 引起根部和气孔的盐应答反应。LLG1与FLS2和EFR互作激活下游RbohD, 调节ROS产生, 调控植物免疫应答。该文综述了植物LLG的相关研究进展, 可为深入理解LLG的生物学功能提供重要信息。     

The Roles of Auxins and Cytokinins in Mycorrhizal Symbioses

Abstract Most land plant species that have been examined exist naturally with a higher fungus living in and around their roots in a symbiotic partnership called a mycorrhiza. Several types of mycorrhizal symbiosis exist, defined by the host/partner combination and the morphology of the symbiotic structures. The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is ancient and may have co-evolved with land plants. Emerging results from gene expression studies have suggested that subsets of AM genes were co-opted during the evolution of other biotrophic symbioses. Here we compare the roles of phytohormones in AM symbiosis and ectomycorrhizas (EC), a more recent symbiosis. To date, there is little evidence of physiologic overlap between the two symbioses with respect to phytohormone involvement. Research on AM has shown that cytokinin (CK) accumulation is specifically enhanced by symbiosis throughout the plant. We propose a pathway of events linking enhanced CK to development of the AM. Additional and proposed involvement of other phytohormones are also described. The role of auxin in EC symbiosis and recent research advances on the topic are reviewed. We have reflected the literature bias in reporting individual growth regulator effects. However, we consider that gradients and ratios of these molecules are more likely to be the causal agents of morphologic changes resulting from fungal associations. We expect that once the individual roles of these compounds are explained, the subtleties of their function will be more clearly addressed.     

植物间挥发物信号的研究进展

植物VOCs信号是植物间进行信息交流的"语言",可由多种生物和非生物因素诱导产生。非寄生植物释放的VOCs信号可影响其所在群落中其它植物的种子萌发与幼苗生长;而寄主植物释放的VOCs信号却是诱导寄生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的信号物质。VOCs作为植物间的伤害信息可以诱导临近的同种或异种植物做好防御准备,从而通过主动或间接防御以减少外界的伤害。植物间通过VOCs信号进行信息交流,从而实现其繁衍与防御。该文通过对VOCs信号的种类、诱导产生因素、传递及作用进行综述,以期对VOCs信号的研究有所帮助。