旱生植物刺山柑不同种群茎叶的解剖学研究

刺山柑常分布于极端干旱的戈壁与砾石山坡,然而其适应干旱环境的解剖学机理却未见报道.对分布于新疆石河子、新疆库尔勒以及西藏札达的3个刺山柑种群茎、叶材料进行了比较解剖学研究.结果表明:不同种群材料均具有适应旱生环境的典型结构特征:茎表皮有表皮毛和发达的角质层,皮层较厚,维管组织发达,髓明显;叶为双栅型等面叶,上、下表皮均...     

刺山柑化学成分研究

采用硅胶、聚酰胺和Sephadex LH-20等色谱方法从维吾尔药刺山柑中分离得到11个化学成分,通过理化手段及波谱技术分别鉴定为正二十八烷(1)、β-胡萝卜苷(2)、正二十八烷醇(3)、正三十二烷酸(4)、正十六烷酸(5)、琥珀酸(6)、原儿茶酸(7)4、-羟基-5-甲基呋喃-3-羧酸(8)、山萘酚3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(9)、芦丁(10)和水苏碱(11)。其中化合物13、和4为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

青藏高原高山植物的形态和解剖结构及其对环境的适应性研究进展

高山植物是一类生长于树线以上至雪线的山地植物。揭示高山植物适应环境的形态和结构特征及其内在机制,对研究全球气候变化下,植物对环境的响应和适应具有重要的理论意义。然而,国内在高山植物功能生态学的研究上相对薄弱,已有研究主要集中在对青藏高原高山植物的报道上。结合国外高山植物的相关研究报道,从形态和解剖结构两个方面对青藏高原高山植物的研究进展进行了综述,重点阐述了高山植物的形态、解剖结构及其与环境的适应性关系。植株矮小（有的呈垫状）、叶片小而厚、具有通气组织、栅栏组织多层、机械组织发达、虫媒花性状、线粒体数量多和叶绿体基粒片层少等是这一地区高山植物普遍具有的形态和结构特征。高山植物形成上述结构的特异性是高山特殊综合生态环境长期作用的结果。同时,也是高山植物对高山环境的高度适应。最后,对这一领域存在的问题以及未来研究的重点和方向进行了探讨。目的是引起国内研究者的关注,促进我国高山植物功能生态学的研究与发展。     

都支杜鹃茎、叶解剖特征与环境的适应性

利用光学显微解剖技术,对生长于大别山区的都支杜鹃（Rhododendron shanii Fang)的茎、叶进行了解剖学与环境适应性之间的关系研究。结果表明：叶的上表皮具有厚的角质膜、复表皮、气孔缺失;下表皮被毛,气孔分布密集,气孔突出;叶肉中栅栏组织和纤维丰富,且纤维呈束存在,并形成了叶肉中的支撑系统,海绵组织内具有发达的通气组织;茎中木栓宽广,次生韧皮部与次生木质部厚度比是1/5,次生木质部中管孔直径狭窄、管密孔集,绝大多数为管胞,同时木纤维十分丰富。上述结构的特异性均表明茎和叶在诸多方面表现为结构与环境的统一性,是特殊综合生态环境长期作用的结果。复表皮、主脉周韧维管束、次生木质部缺少导管等这些特征均说明都支杜鹃在系统分类中应处于较原始的地位。     

喀斯特地区莎叶兰的解剖构造及其环境适应性

以广西西北部雅长兰科植物保护区的莎叶兰( Cymbidium cyperifolium)为对象,采用石蜡切片法对莎叶兰叶片和根的解剖构造及其对喀斯特环境的适应性进行了研究。结果表明：(1)莎叶兰叶片的上表皮覆盖有较厚的角质层,气孔均分布于下表皮,且凸出表皮细胞之上;各表皮性状在叶片不同部位存在显著差异,叶片下部的气孔密度、气孔指数和气孔长度最大,表皮细胞密度以叶片上部的最大;叶片属于等面叶,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化;叶脉为明显的平行脉,且粗细交互分布;(2)莎叶兰根的横切面包括根被、皮层、中柱3部分,其中根被细胞排列紧密,为生活细胞;皮层由薄壁细胞组成;根部维管束属于辐射维管束,14原型。菌根粗壮,稀根毛,共生真菌主要分布于根被及皮层中,菌丝体通过根被薄壁细胞间隙及内、外皮层的通道细胞进行侵染。(3)莎叶兰叶片和根的结构不仅有湿生植物特征,如叶片相对较薄、气孔少且凸出表皮细胞、冠/根比值大等;还有旱生植物的特征,如叶片角质层较厚、机械组织发达、细胞结构紧密、具含晶细胞,肉质根具根被,内、外皮层细胞壁明显增厚等。这些结构是莎叶兰对当地缺水、干湿季明显、分布于林下多石砾土壤的生长环境的一种高度适应性表现。     

青藏高原草地植物叶解剖特征

运用常规石蜡制片技术对我国青藏高原66种草地植物优势种的叶解剖特征进行研究,并分析了叶解剖特征与海拔、生长季降水及生长季均温之间的关系.结果表明:青藏高原草地植物叶片具有很多适应高寒环境的结构特征,如表皮层厚且表皮细胞大小差异显著,表皮毛等表皮附属物发达,异细胞丰富,通气组织普遍发达等;叶片各组成部分厚度的变异程度不同,其中海绵组织厚度变异最大,其次为上角质层、下表皮层、下角质层、上表皮层、栅栏组织,叶片厚度的变异最小;青藏高原草地植物叶片各组成部分的厚度存在协同进化,上下角质层厚度呈强烈正相关,海绵组织厚度与叶片厚度相关性最强;青藏高原草地植物叶片各组成部分的厚度与海拔、生长季降水、生长季均温3个重要环境变量呈较弱的相关性,总体表现为随海拔升高叶片各组成部分的厚度减小,而随生长季降水和生长季均温的增加叶片厚度增加.     

新疆刺山柑叶子挥发油化学成分的研究

目的:分析新疆刺山柑叶子部位挥发油成分.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取刺山柑叶子挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术进行挥发油成分分析.结果:检出50个色谱峰,鉴定出34个化合物,占总挥发油的94.93%.结论:新疆刺山柑叶子挥发油中的主要成分为硫化物,占总挥发油的80.72%;酮类(9.19%)为次要化学成分;醛类2.36%;萜烯类2.26%;烃0.32%;醇1.09%.这些数据为进一步开发利用刺山柑资源提供了可靠的依据.     

不同居群唐古特白刺叶片解剖特征对生境的响应研究

以河西走廊不同生境的3个天然居群(WMX、ZGL、JGC)唐古特白刺为研究对象,对叶片进行解剖观察,测定其叶片长、宽、厚,表皮毛长、宽及密度,气孔器长、宽、面积及密度,角质层厚,表皮细胞厚,栅栏组织厚,海绵组织厚,主脉直径,支脉直径,含晶细胞直径,粘液细胞长、宽,贮水组织长、宽;并对栅海比(P/S)、叶片组织结构紧密度(CTR)、疏松度(SR)等指标进行统计分析,比较同一指标在3个居群间的差异,以探讨其叶片的形态解剖特征对不同生境的适应性响应机制。结果表明:（1）3个天然居群唐古特白刺除叶片长、宽、长宽比及下表皮毛宽外,其余各指标均存在不同程度差异,其中叶厚、叶面积、上下表皮毛长度及密度、上下气孔器长度及密度、上表皮细胞厚度、上下栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、P/S、CTR、维管束直径以及粘液细胞长宽在3个居群间均显著差异。（2）3个居群的综合指标变异系数和可塑性指数的均值排序一致,指标均值的排序均为JGC＞WMX＞ZGL,表明3个居群唐古特白刺的生态适应性强弱为JGC＞WMX＞ZGL。（3）3个居群唐古特白刺的栅栏组织、海绵组织、表皮毛、角质层的可塑性指数均相对较高,说明在应对不同环境时这些组织起着主导作用,这可能是唐古特白刺叶片解剖特征对不同生境条件的适应性响应机制。     

刺山柑多酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性研究

采用Folin-Ciocalteu法,测定南疆地区刺山柑不同时期不同器官多酚类物质含量,并用DPPH法对其抗氧化活性进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)多酚类物质在不同时期刺山柑不同器官中均有分布,刺山柑不同器官中花蕾中多酚类物质含量最高,茎中多酚类物质含量最少;其中5～8月份花蕾中多酚类物质含量随月份的增加而减少,茎中多酚类物质含量随月份的增加而增加,其他器官中多酚类物质含量变化与花蕾基本相似。(2)不同时期刺山柑的不同器官均有清除DPPH自由基的能力,花蕾的抗氧化活性最强,且花蕾的抗氧化活性随月份的增加而减弱,茎的抗氧化活性最弱。     

青藏高原2种柳属植物叶片解剖结构和光合特征的比较

对青藏高原不同海拔生境条件下2种柳属植物墨竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis)和左旋柳(Salix paraplesia var.subintegra)叶片结构和光合特征进行了比较研究,以探讨植物对高原环境变化的适应性.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,2种柳的叶片解剖结构和光合特征呈规律性变化,主要表现为除气孔面积趋于变小外,叶片的厚度、栅栏细胞的层数、上下表皮的角质层厚度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度、气孔密度及叶片主脉厚度等指标均呈增加趋势;但海拔的变化对2种柳树叶片结构中的叶片类型、表皮细胞的形状和排列、栅栏细胞的形状、栅栏组织的发达程度、胞间隙以及主脉维管组织的发达程度的影响不明显;随海拔升高,2种柳树的Pn、Gs和Ci值均显著降低,而Ls值显著升高.通过叶片结构和光合数据分析,研究认为2种柳树叶片适应高原环境变化的策略相似,且均以结构变化和牺牲碳同化能力为代价来适应高原环境.     

药用植物刺山柑愈伤组织诱导及细胞生长代谢特征研究

本文研究了不同外植体及激素对刺山柑愈伤组织诱导的影响,不同激素配比对愈伤组织增殖培养以及悬浮细胞的生长与代谢特征.结果表明:以刺山柑叶片作为诱导愈伤组织的材料,效果较佳;愈伤组织诱导和继代的适宜培养条件是分别是MS+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+1.0mg/L6-BA和MS+1.0mg/L2,4-D+1.5mg/L6-BA.刺山柑悬浮培养细胞的生长周期为30天左右,细胞生长曲线呈"S"形,生物量增长2.8倍左右;细胞生长周期内,碳源消耗规律表现为蔗糖和可溶性总糖的浓度持续降低,而还原糖则表现为先升高后降低;过氧化物酶活测定显示酶活水平与蔗糖浓度的高低呈一定程度的正相关.     

药用植物刺山柑愈伤组织诱导及细胞生长代谢特征研究

本文研究了不同外植体及激素对刺山柑愈伤组织诱导的影响,不同激素配比对愈伤组织增殖培养以及悬浮细胞的生长与代谢特征。结果表明:以刺山柑叶片作为诱导愈伤组织的材料,效果较佳;愈伤组织诱导和继代的适宜培养条件是分别是MS 0.5mg/L 2,4-D 1.0mg/L6-BA和MS 1.0mg/L2,4-D 1.5mg/L6-BA。刺山柑悬浮培养细胞的生长周期为30天左右,细胞生长曲线呈"S"形,生物量增长2.8倍左右;细胞生长周期内,碳源消耗规律表现为蔗糖和可溶性总糖的浓度持续降低,而还原糖则表现为先升高后降低;过氧化物酶活测定显示酶活水平与蔗糖浓度的高低呈一定程度的正相关。     

Adaptive significances of sexual system in andromonoecious Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae)

The sexual system of the perennial shrub Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae), which is distributed in arid deserts of northern Xinjiang, was investigated. The main results can be summarized as follows. (1) The species is andromonoecious, i.e. individuals possess both male and perfect flowers. Stamens of two floral morphs are normal and can be divided into long and short ones in each flower. The perfect flowers have well developed pistils, but male flowers have aborted pistils and only function as males. (2) There were very significant differ-ences among the populations in daily ratio of the two floral morphs, number of long and short stamens of perfect flowers and length of filaments and anthers of short stamens in male flowers (P<0.01), but no significant differ-ences occurred in biomass of floral organ (P>0.05). (3) Anthesis was nocturnal and lasted 15–16 h. Both male and perfect flowers opened about 18:00 at dusk. The number of two floral morphs produced on each individual was indeterminate every day during flowering, which would make the individual temporally androdioecious. However, the total number of male flowers was more than that of perfect flowers within the population every day. (4) The P/O ratios of perfect flowers in three populations were 1.57×104, 1.65×104 and 1.71×104. There was no significant difference in pollen numbers (P>0.05) within population between male and perfect flowers or between long and short stamens, and also no significant difference among the populations in pollen numbers of male and perfect flowers, and in ovule numbers and P/O ratios of perfect flowers (P>0.05). (5) Dynamic curves of pollen viability of long and short stamens in the two floral morphs were similar in three populations. Pollen longevity of both long and short stamens was about 18–20 h, and duration of stigmatic receptivity was about 16–18 h. (6) Floral visitors were hymenopterous and lepidopterous insects. There was a total of seven species of floral visitors in the three populations. The activities of them were greatly affected by the climate of the desert environment. (7) Perfect flowers were not apomictic and could produce fruits after self-pollination (autogamy and geitonogamy) and cross-pollination; thus they had a mixed mating system. These results suggest that the sexual system of andro-monoecy may reflect an environment-heredity interaction in C. spinosa. The male flowers increase the number of pollen grains, the P/O ratio and enhance male fitness of individuals. They also increase the floral display and consequently effect cross pollination by attracting more pollinators that bring cross-pollen to the stigmas of per-fect flowers, thus increase outcrossing rate and female fitness of individuals, which insure reproductive success of C. spinosa in the extreme desert environment.     

Phenological growth stages of caper plant (Capparis spinosa L.) according to the Biologische Bundesanstalt,Bundessortenamt and CHemical scale

Capparis spinosa is an evergreen perennial shrub known from ancient times. During the last years it has been intensively studied because of its multiple uses. The phenological growth stages of caper plant were described using the BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical industry). The decimal code established nine principal growth stages using a two‐digit numerical system, and every major stage was in turn subdivided into secondary growth stages.     

Intraspecific variation and evolutionary trends in Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae)

 In order to investigate the variability of the polymorphic Capparis spinosa L., a comparative study was carried out in Sicily on subsp. spinosa and subsp. rupestris. Autecology, phenology, quantitative morphology, plant architecture and leaf development of several populations were examined. These data reveal a parapatric distribution of the two subspecies and support their present taxonomic treatment. Subsp. spinosa is widespread on clay soils and shows remarkable intrapopulational variation. It is characterized by shortened reproductive and vegetative periods, high shoot growth rate, winter-desiccating shoot system and stipular thorns. Subsp. rupestris, less variable and linked with carbonatic and volcanic outcrops, shows prolonged phenological patterns, slow growth rate, woody habit and caducous stipules. A noteworthy phenotypic convergence with subsp. rupestris was observed in individuals of subsp. spinosa growing in rocky habitats. The evolutionary trends of Capparis spinosa in the Mediterranean region are discussed. Received March 29, 2000 Accepted April 6, 2001     

In vitro propagation of caper (Capparis spinosa L.)

Summary A twenty fold multiplication per twenty days of caper was achieved by culturing nodal shoot segments in the presence of BAP (4 μM) plus IAA (0.3 μM) and GA₃ (0.3 μM). The use of a modified MS medium facilitated this response. Plantlet regeneration was induced on single shoots taken from proliferating clusters subcultured for 20 days on a reduced BAP (2 μM) without auxin and gibberellin Higher rooting responses (70%) were obtained after a 20-day incubation period in darkness on solid half-strength MS1 medium plus IAA (30 μM), followed by a subsequent 20 day culture period on half-strength MSI basal medium. Proliferation was mainly due to axillary shoot-bud development as revealed by histological studies. The extensive meristematic activities observed indicated the enormous morphological potential of this species.     

Isolation of Two Plasticizers,Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Terephthalate and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate,from Capparis spinosa L. Leaves

Many plants have been known to be contaminated and accumulate plasticizers from the environment, including water sources, soil, and atmosphere. Plasticizers are used to confer elasticity and flexibility to various fiber and plastic products. Consumption of plasticizers can lead to many adverse effects on human health, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, and cancer. Herein, we report for the first time that two plasticizers, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been isolated from the leaves of Capparis spinosa L. (the caper bush), a plant that is widely used in food seasonings and traditional medicine. 297 mg/kg of DEHT and 48 mg/kg of DEHP were isolated from dried and grounded C. spinosa L. leaves using column chromatography and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study adds to the increase in the detection of plasticizers in our food and medicinal plants and to the alarming concern about their potential adverse effects on human health.