简单快速的DNA银染和胶保存方法

本文介绍了一套简单快速的DNA银染以及胶保存的方法,整个过程仅需10~15分钟,而且背景浅,条带清楚,灵敏度高,稳定性好。胶保存采用双层玻璃纸夹心法,可长久地保存胶显色时的原貌。以常规PAG胶检测和HLA的SSCP分型为例,利用该套方法进行了银染以及胶的保存,均得到了满意的结果。该方法具有推广价值。 Abstract:This paper introduced the simple and rapid methods of silver staining and gel preservation.It was taken only about 10 and 15 minutes to stain a gel.The background of gel was light,the bands were clear,the sensibility was high and the stabilization was well by the method of silver staining.The gel preservation adopted a method named two-layer transparent plastic paper "Sandwich" which could keep the gel with primitive colors for a long time.The methods were used on PAG checking and SSCP typing of HLA and the results were satisfactory.The set of methods are expected to be widely used in laboratories.     

The basis for colored silver-protein complex formation in stained polyacrylamide gels

Using a modified silver stain of Merril et al. [(1981) Science 211, 1437-1438] for staining polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, protein bands reproducibly stain different shades of blue, yellow, red, and gray. The procedure is highly temperature dependent, with optimal color formation at 42 degrees C. The procedure may be completed within 2 h. Color formation is due to silver ion complexes with charged amino acid side chains. The color of the silver-protein complex can be predicted if the amino acid sequence is known, although some exceptions are discussed. This provides another dimension to the characterization of proteins by gel electrophoresis.     

A new silver staining apparatus and procedure for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis of proteins after two-dimensional electrophoresis

We report on a new silver stain especially developed for staining large gels (25 cm x 20 cm) from the Hoefer ISO-DALT system for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis of proteins. The staining protocol can be summarized as follows: the gels are sensitised in tetrathionate/potassium acetate solution and washed several times in distilled water. After impregnation with silver nitrate, the silver is reduced in the presence of potassium carbonate, thiosulphate and formaldehyde. The staining procedure is stopped with Tris/acetate after which the gels are rinsed and stored in water before spot picking for MALDI-TOF analysis is performed. This protocol has several advantages over existing ones. The gels are stained in a new apparatus that reduces gel handling to a minimum thus also reducing the contamination with keratins to a minimum. The development times in potassium carbonate are very long (up to 40 min) thus improving batch-to-batch reproducibility. Only the surface of the proteins is stained and the silver can be oxidized, thereafter MALDI-TOF can be performed with protein loads as little as 100 micrograms per gel.     

"Two-in-one" gel for spot matching after two-dimensional electrophoresis

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is one of the most commonly used techniques in proteomic investigations. However, due to the complex interplay of incidence including significant biological sample variations, lengthy steps involved in performing 2-DE as well as exposure time with silver staining, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate authentic differences caused by drug treatment with those artifacts caused by sample variations, running conditions of 2-DE as well as treatment time in silver staining etc. If we can compare pooled samples of control and treatment groups run in a single gel and stained together, we would be more comfortable with our findings. We propose here a low cost and highly effective method for locating differentially expressed proteins before and after drug treatment. This "two-in-one gel" technique might partially solve the problems mentioned above.     

Advanced negative detection method comparable to silver stain for SDS-PAGE separated proteins detection

In order to achieve an easy, rapid and sensitive protocol to detect proteins in polyacrylamide gel, an advanced negative detection method comparable to silver stain is described. When a gel was incubated with Phloxine B and followed by the development in acidic solution, the zones where forming protein-dye complex were selectively transparent, unlike opaque gel background. Within 50 min after electrophoresis, down to 0.1–0.4 ng of gel-separated proteins (similar with silver stain) could be observed, without labor-intensive and time-consuming procedure. Comparing with the most common negative stain method, Imidazole-zinc stain, Phloxine B stain has been shown higher sensitivity and distinct contrast between the transparent protein bands/spots and opaque background than those; furthermore, it is no longer necessary to concern about retention time of observation. This technique may provide a sensitive and practical choice for proteomics researches.     

Development of polyacrylamide gels that improve the separation of proteins and their detection by silver staining

Background staining that is associated with silver detection of proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels has been shown to be due mostly to the amide groups in methylenebisacrylamide, a commonly used gel crosslinker. In attempts to reduce this background staining, eight existing crosslinking agents were tested. All of these proved to be unsuitable. Six new crosslinking agents were synthesized and tested. Of these, diacrylylpiperazine provided increased physical strength, improved electrophoretic separation of proteins, and silver staining detection of proteins with reduced background stain.     

Influence of urea on the resolution of lipopolysaccharides in sodium dodecylsulfate polycrylamide gels

The ability of SDS-polycrylamide gels to resolve relatively high concentrations of lipopolysaccharides was related to the concentration of urea in the separation gel. Adequate profiles of lipopolysaccharide in gels can be achieved by staining with the periodic acid-Schiff stain, and these serve as important controls to gels stained with the silver stain.     

An improved method for separation of low-molecular-weight polypeptides by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel

An improved system for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, capable of analyzing polypeptides having molecular weights from 1500 to 100,000 (especially showing high resolving power in the 1500 to 25,000 molecular weight range) is described. The 10 to 18% linear gradient gel containing 7 M urea with an acrylamide:bisacrylamide ratio of 20:1 and the Laemmli discontinuous buffer was used. The use of the gel with a high crosslinkage ratio is shown to be effective in lowering the leakage of low-molecular-weight polypeptides from the gel. This method has facilitated rapid detection of small amounts of low-molecular-weight polypeptides in body fluids by the use of silver stain. A procedure is presented for the elimination of false bands on the gel frequently encountered during silver staining. The separation patterns of enzymatic cleavage products of proteins, uremic plasma, and urines from nephropathy patients are illustrated. This system is also applicable in the separation of lipopolysaccharides and also for the detection of phospholipids.     

An improved mechanically durable electrophoresis gel matrix that is fully compatible with fluorescence-based protein detection technologies

Unfortunately, conventional large-format polyacrylamide gels are mechanically fragile, often tearing during the subsequent manipulations required for visualization of the proteins. This problem is compounded when large-format two-dimensional gels are subjected to multiple staining procedures in order to detect different classes of proteins, such as total protein, phosphoproteins, and glycoproteins. A mechanically durable liquid polyacrylamide-based matrix has been developed that, upon polymerization, facilitates the handling of one-dimensional and two-dimensional gels. The matrix, referred to as Rhinohide liquid acrylamide, is stable as a refrigerated solution for up to one year, and forms a polymer-reinforced polyacrylamide gel suitable for electrophoresis, upon addition of catalysts. The matrix is superior to previously reported durable gel matrices in that it does not cause distortion of high-molecular-weight bands and does not suffer from other spot morphology artifacts, such as doubling of protein spots in the molecular weight dimension. The matrix is particularly valuable for the analysis of proteins applying multiple applications of fluorescent dyes, as required with serial staining of proteins for phosphorylation, glycosylation, and total protein expression, using Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein stain, Pro-Q Emerald glycoprotein stain and SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain, respectively.     

Proteins C23 and B23 are the major nucleolar silver staining proteins.

To examine the silver staining proteins of Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli, the nucleolar proteins were separated on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels with an isoelectric focusing first dimension and an acid-urea gel second dimension. The nucleoli were sequentially extracted with (1) 0.6 M potassium acetate, pH 5.5 and (2) 2 M potassium acetate — 5 M urea — 10 mM Tris, pH 7.5. The silver staining method used for the detection of silver binding proteins in gels was similar to that used to stain the nucleolar granules on microscope slides. Two major silver staining proteins were found which were identified as (molecular weight × 10^?3/pI) proteins C23 (100/5.3) and B23 (37/5.1). These two proteins are the major acidic proteins in Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli.     

Carbon dioxide of air inhibits the formation of silver nanoparticles initiated by proteins in polyacrylamide gel and in solution

It was shown that the staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gel by silver is inhibited by contact with air of the ammonia complex with silver ions used at the first stage of detection. It was proved by experiments on the reduction of silver by ethanolamine from a complex with ethanolamine and by formaldehyde from a complex with ammonia that the formation of silver nanoparticles initiated by proteins is inhibited by air carbon dioxide. The participation of carbon dioxide in this process is discussed. It was found that even the breathing of an experimenter can induce variations in carbon dioxide concentration sufficient to adversely affect the reproducibility of the silver staining techniques. It was concluded that, for stable staining of proteins by silver in polyacrylamide gel, it is necessary to maintain a low concentration of carbon dioxide in air over the detection solutions.     

A faithful double stain of proteins in the polyacrylamide gels with Coomassie blue and silver

The conditions for prior fixing of proteins in a gel in order to attain a greater degree of faithful silver staining and sensitivity were examined. Fixing with formaldehyde enhanced the retention of proteins in a gel, particularly basic proteins such as histones and ribosomal proteins. The gel, one stained with Coomassie blue and following the removal of the free dyes, is capable of undergoing silver staining, and, moreover, the prestain considerably enhanced the staining intensity of various proteins differing in basicity in subsequent silver staining. Coupling the formaldehyde fixation with Coomassie brilliant blue prestain afforded a reproducible and pronounced stainability of various proteins.     

Analysis of differences between coomassie blue stain and silver stain procedures in polyacrylamide gels: conditions for the detection of calmodulin and troponin C

It is reported that the conditions used in some silver stain procedures can fail to detect calmodulin, troponin C, and other proteins with similar physical properties. Conditions are described that allow the reproducible detection of these proteins. Two phenomena are described: (1) lack of protein staining when treatment with glutaraldehyde is omitted from the protocol, and (2) loss of small proteins from the gel matrix during prolonged washing procedures. These data directly demonstrate that the use of some silver staining protocols can result in misleading data in biological studies and provide an explanation for at least one class of proteins of how silver staining and Coomassie blue staining of gels can give different results.     

Protein extraction and comparison of stain protocols for analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis gels

Protein extraction and the proteome of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were studied using different stains. The reversible silver staining technique was shown to be more sensitive than the irreversible silver stain. Coomassie colloidal was demonstrated to be as sensitive as reversible silver stain; however, the Coomassie colloidal blue solution developed a higher background and for sample preparation was more time-consuming.     

SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳快速染色新方法的研究

通过几种金融盐溶液对SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳染色的实验表明,0.25mol/L的CaCl2和MgCl2溶液能够对蛋白质进行有效的染色,经这2种溶液染色的蛋白质都能够从凝胶中洗脱回收。尤其是CaCl2法灵敏度更高,而且蛋白质条带形成之后也十分稳定,所以在运用制备电泳纯化蛋白质时这种新的染色方法较适用。     

一步法电泳分析肌联蛋白亚型和肌球蛋白重链

目的为研究超大分子量肌小节蛋白肌联蛋白(titin)的生理病理功能,在一次电泳过程中同时分离titin各亚型和中分子量肌小节蛋白肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chain,MHC)。方法使用16cm×18cm垂直电泳系统,在电泳板下1/3灌注10g/L SDS-PAGE胶,上2/3灌注60g/L SDS-琼脂糖(SDS-VAGE)胶。低温8℃下持续电泳5h,在电泳板上层以SDS-VAGE胶电泳分离titin亚型,下层以SDS-PAGE胶电泳分离MHC。电泳后VAGE胶使用银染法标记titin各亚型,PAGE胶使用考马斯亮蓝染色法标记MHC。结果 titin各亚型得到有效的分离,目标蛋白条带显示清晰,与其分子量大小一一对应,分离效果明确。结论一步法垂直电泳系统可应用于超大分子量蛋白的电泳,同时可分离多个分子量差距大的蛋白,提高蛋白电泳实验效率。     

Fast and sensitive detection of protein and DNA bands by treatment with potassium permanganate

A silver stain technique using treatment with potassium permanganate for visualisation of proteins and DNA separated by gel electrophoresis was developed and applied both to the very thin (thickness 0.1-0.2 mm) and to the usual 1-2 mm thick gels. The technique is reproducible, only stable chemicals are used and it is shortened to about 1 h even for the 1 mm gel (30 min for the 0.2 mm gel). It is applicable to gels thicker than 2 mm with somewhat longer washes. Amounts as low as 2 X 10(-10) g of protein per band have been detected. Protein bands of different colours are obtained. The technique has been used with success in continuous, discontinuous and 2D-gel systems. Bands have been detected which were not observed when the other silver staining techniques were used.     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分离方法的研究

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ）与小麦面包烘烤质量和面粉的加工特性密切相关,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ是其常用的分离方法之一。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ方法一般分为２类：第一类采用１１％和５％浓度的胶,后者用于分离２亚基和２＾＊亚基,该种方法常使用碱性提取液,需要２次电泳过程,且在５％浓度的胶中ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ易于和麦醇蛋白混淆;另外一类ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ采用梯度胶,配合使用银染方法,制梯度胶则使用梯度仪及磁力搅拌     

Membrane proteins PmpG and PmpH are major constituents of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 outer membrane complex

The outer membrane complex of Chlamydia is involved in the initial adherence and ingestion of Chlamydia by the host cell. In order to identify novel proteins in the outer membrane of Chlamydia trachomatis L2, proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By silver staining of the protein profile, a major protein doublet of 100-110 kDa was detected. In-gel tryptic digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry identified these proteins as the putative outer membrane proteins PmpG and PmpH.     

Influence of the protein staining in the fast ultrasonic sample treatment for protein identification through peptide mass fingerprint and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry

The influence of the protein staining used to visualize protein bands, after in-gel protein separation, for the correct identification of proteins by peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) after application of the ultrasonic in-gel protein protocol was studied. Coomassie brilliant blue and silver nitrate, both visible stains, and the fluorescent dyes Sypro Red and Sypro Orange were evaluated. Results obtained after comparison with the overnight in-gel protocol showed that good results, in terms of protein sequence coverage and number of peptides matched, can be obtained with anyone of the four stains studied. Two minutes of enzymatic digestion time was enough for proteins stained with coomassie blue, while 4 min was necessary when silver or Sypro stainings were employed in order to reach equivalent results to those obtained for the overnigh in-gel protein protocol. For the silver nitrate stain, the concentration of silver present in the staining solution must be 0.09% (w/v) to minimize background in the MALDI mass spectra.