翘嘴鳜per1 mRNA表达量分析中采用的内参基因稳定性比较

为筛选生物钟核心基因per1表达定量中的相对稳定性最好的内参基因,本研究取翘嘴鳜成鱼心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑、红肌、白肌、肠、眼和脾等九个组织为研究对象,选取GAPDH、18S rRNA、β-actin、rps29、RPL13a、B2M和EF1a为内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对per1基因mRNA表达水平进行检测分析。研究结果表明18S rRNA和GAPDH的平均稳定值M最低,相对表达量最稳定。以18S rRNA和GAPDH为内参基因时分析发现per1基因表达量在肝脏中最高。本研究为在鱼类per1 mRNA表达检测过程中选用稳定的内参基因提供了实验和理论参考。     

鳜鱼基因表达转录分析中的内参选择比较

目前基因表达的转录分析多采用单一或多个看家基因作为内参来校正目的基因的表达量。该实验以鳜鱼6个不同组织和5个不同胚胎发育阶段为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,观察了GAPDH、β-actin和18S rRNA三个看家基因mRNA水平的表达情况。geNorm统计分析表明,胚胎发育阶段β-actin表达最为稳定;不同的组织样品间,GAPDH表达最为稳定;而18S rRNA 的表达在不同的发育阶段不稳定。当利用多基因作为内参时,使用两个最稳定表达的看家基因即可对目的基因的表达进行准确校正。该结果证实了基因表达转录分析中内参基因选择的必要性,同时为鳜鱼等鱼类基因表达分析时内参基因的选择提供有价值的参考     

草鱼MYH mRNA表达量分析中采用的内参基因稳定性比较

本研究分别以β-actin、18S rRNA和GAPDH为内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR对草鱼早期发育时期肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy light,MYH)基因的mRNA表达量进行分析,并比较不同内参基因对MYH基因mRNA表达水平检测结果的准确性.研究结果表明,以β-actin和GAPDH作为内参,MYH基因mRNA表达水平完全一致,其表达量从原肠到仔鱼阶段逐次递增,仔鱼与原肠期阶段相比表达量差异显著;当采用18S rRNA作为内参时,MYH基因mRNA在发育阶段的表达量呈不稳定状态.因此,β-actin和GAPDH均可作为内参基因,用于草鱼早期发育中MYH基因mRNA的相对定量研究:而18S rRNA作为内参时,可能会对检测结果造成偏差.本研究不仅准确的揭示了草鱼MYH基因mRNA的表达特征,并且为荧光定量PCR技术在鱼类基因表达研究方面提供了有价值的参考.     

Validation of reference genes of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus for the normalization of quantitative real-time PCR

Expression of four reference genes of grass carp, including β-actin (ACTB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18S rRNA (18S) and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α), was studied in tissues of normal individuals and bacteria-infected individuals. EF1α had the most stable expressions followed by 18S rRNA then GAPDH; ACTB had the least stability. After being infected with bacteria, the grass carp showed minimal changes in expression levels of EF1α in the liver and head kidney, while ACTB had the most stable expressions in spleen but the least stable in liver. EF1α is thus the optimal reference gene in quantitative real-time PCR analysis to quantitate the expression levels of target genes in tissues of grass carp.     

Selection of reference genes for normalization of real-time PCR data in minipig heart failure model and evaluation of TNF-α mRNA expression

Real-time PCR is the benchmark method for measuring mRNA expression levels, but the accuracy and reproducibility of its data greatly depend on appropriate normalization strategies. Though the minipig model is largely used to study cardiovascular disease, no specific reference genes have been identified in porcine myocardium. The aim of the study was to identify and validate reference gene to be used in RT-PCR studies of failing (HF) and non-failing pig hearts. Eight candidate reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, B2M, TBP, HPRT-1, PPIA, TOP2B, YWHAZ) were selected to compare cardiac tissue of normal (n=4) and HF (n=5) minipigs. The most stable genes resulted: HPRT-1, TBP, PPIA (right and left atrium); PPIA, GAPDH, ACTB (right ventricle); HPRT-1, TBP, GAPDH (left ventricle). The normalization strategy was tested analyzing mRNA expression of TNF-α, which is known to be up-regulated in HF and whose variations resulted more significant when normalized with the appropriately selected reference genes. The findings obtained in this study underline the importance to provide a set of reference genes to normalize mRNA expression in HF and control minipigs. The use of unvalidated reference genes can generate biased results because also their expression could be altered by the experimental conditions.     

五龄飞蝗不同发育时间实时定量PCR内参基因的筛选

【目的】筛选5龄飞蝗不同发育时间的最适内参基因,为相关研究提供基础数据。【方法】本文选取β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)、延长因子(EF-1α)、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、核糖体蛋白49(RP49)、α-微管蛋白(α-Tubulin)和18S核糖体RNA(18S rRNA)基因作为候选内参基因,运用实时定量PCR(qPCR)方法研究各基因在5龄飞蝗不同发育时间的相对表达量,用geNorm与Normfmder软件分析这6个基因表达稳定性。【结果】geNorm分析结果显示6个内参基因表达稳定度M值顺序为:β-actin(0.3720)>RP49(0.3750)>α-Tubulin(0.4030)>18S rRNA(0.4270)>EF-1α(0.4970)>GAPDH(0.6040)。M值越小表示基因表达稳定度越高,同时geNorm软件以标准化因子配对差异值(Pairwise variations)0.15默认为取舍值,由于V2/3=0.098<0.15,所以最适内参基因数目为2个。运用NormFinder软件也得出相似的结果。【结论】β-actin与RP49为5龄飞蝗不同发育时间的最适内参基因。     

Validation of internal controls for gene expression analysis in the intestine of rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta

The non-invasive parasitic cestode Hymenolepis diminuta induces hypertrophy, hyperplasia and other changes in cell activity in the intestine of rats which are indicated in the expression of mRNA. We have investigated various house-keeping genes (GAPDH, β-actin, 18S and HPRT) and other internal controls (total RNA/unit biomass, total RNA/unit length of intestine) to validate gene expression in the rat intestine after cestode infection and drug-induced neuromodulation. Variation in GAPDH, β-actin, 18S and HPRT expression was observed in rat jejunal tissue according to treatment. Total RNA/unit length of intestine was found to be the most suitable internal control for normalizing target gene mRNA expression in both infected and/or drug-induced rat intestine. This normalization method may be applied to studies of gene expression levels in intestinal tissue where hypertrophy, hyperplasia, rapid growth and cell differentiation generally occur.     

An appropriate loading control for western blot analysis in animal models of myocardial ischemic infarction

An appropriate loading control is critical for Western blot analysis. Housekeeping proteins (HKPs), such as β-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and β-tubulin, are commonly used to normalize protein expression. But HKP expression can be impacted by certain experimental conditions, such as ischemic myocardial infarction. This study was undertaken to look for an appropriate loading control for western blot analysis of ischemic myocardium. Myocardial ischemic infarction was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation in Rhesus monkeys and C57BL/6 mice. The heart tissue samples from different areas and time points after surgery were subjected to western blot or gel staining. The level of β-actin, GAPDH, β-tubulin, and total protein were tested. The total protein level was consistent in all groups, whereas the protein level of β-tubulin and β-actin were different in all groups. However, the protein level of GAPDH was stable in the Rhesus monkey model. We concluded that total protein was the most appropriate internal control in different stages of myocardial ischemic disease of various animal models. GAPDH is a reliable internal control only for ischemic myocardium of Rhesus monkey.     

苯酚胁迫下多刺裸腹溞实时定量PCR内参基因的筛选

为研究苯酚胁迫下多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa)相关基因的表达情况, 筛选用于实时定量PCR分析的最佳内参基因。利用内参基因表达的cycle threshold(Ct值)非参数检验、GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper四种方法对β-actin、16S rRNA和12S rRNA进行分析, 筛选出苯酚胁迫下多刺裸腹溞表达相对稳定的内参基因。结果显示, 从Ct值初步判定不同浓度苯酚胁迫后, 多刺裸腹溞体内β-actin、16S rRNA和12S rRNA均可稳定表达, 且稳定性顺序为: 16S rRNA>12S rRNA>β-actin, 从GeNorm软件分析显示内参基因的稳定性顺序为: 16S rRNA=β-actin>12S rRNA, NormFinder和Bestkeeper分析显示的稳定性顺序均为: 16S rRNA>β-actin>12S rRNA。基于以上四种方法对三个候选内参基因的筛选, 确定了16S rRNA作为多刺裸腹溞实时定量PCR的最佳内参基因, 有助于提高qRT-PCR分析的准确性, 为进一步研究苯酚胁迫多刺裸腹溞后目的基因功能的表达提供了基础。     

茶树实时荧光定量PCR分析中内参基因的选择

选择合适的内参基因是提高实时荧光定量PCR分析（qRT-PCR）准确性的先决条件。该文以茶树（Camellia sinensis）芽、叶、幼根、嫩茎、花瓣、种子和愈伤组织为材料,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了18S rRNA、GAPDH、β-actin和α-tubulin4个常用内参基因在茶树不同器官组织中的表达情况。经GeNorm和NormFinder软件分析发现,当利用荧光定量PCR分析比较茶树不同器官组织中的基因表达差异时,可选择β-actin作为校正内参基因;而比较不同成熟度的叶片和愈伤组织时,可以选择GAPDH作为校正内参基因。     

Validation of Zebrafish （Danio redo） Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Normalization

The normalization of quantitative real time RT-PCR （qRT-PCR） is important to obtain accurate gene expression data. The most common method for qRT-PCR normalization is to use reference, or housekeeping genes. However, there is emerging evidence that even reference genes can be regulated under different conditions, qRT-PCR has only recently been used in terms of zebrafish gene expression studies and there is no validated set of reference genes. This study characterizes the expression of nine possible reference genes during zebrafish embryonic development and in a zebrafish tissue panel. All nine reference genes exhibited variable expression. The fl-actin, EFlot and Rpll3ot genes comprise a validated reference gene panel for zebrafish developmental time course studies, and the EF1 or, Rpll3α and 18S rRNA genes are more suitable as a reference gene panel for zebrafish tissue analysis. Importantly, the zebrafish GAPDH gene appears unsuitable as reference gene for both types of studies.     

Differential expression of GAPDH and β-actin in growing collateral arteries

Housekeeping genes like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and -actin are often used as internal standards for quantitative RNA analysis. In our study we analyzed the relative expression level of GAPDH and -actin as well as of the 18S rRNA and the Poly (A)⁺ RNA in growing collateral arteries in a rabbit model of arteriogenesis which is not associated with ischemia. Relative quantitation of the housekeeping genes displayed a significant upregulation of the -actin- and GAPDH mRNA during the first 24 h of vessel growth. For day 3 our results revealed an even stronger upregulation of the -actin mRNA (140%) but a significant downregulation of the GAPDH mRNA (50% of control). The 18S rRNA, however, showed for the same periods only minor alterations compared to the Poly (A)⁺ RNA. From these results we conclude that the 18S rRNA, but not the GAPDH- or -actin mRNA is an appropriate internal control for relative quantitation of gene expression under conditions of cell proliferation in growing vessels.